A basic model to predict water quality changes in the Vaal Dam
- Authors: Kneidinger, Tanya Michaela
- Date: 2012-02-06
- Subjects: Water quality , Water quality management
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:2011 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4364
- Description: M.Sc. , The Vaal Dam (South Africa) and its tributaries have been extensively affected by domestic, mining, agricultural and industrial activities, as well as the release of effluents. These practices have contributed to large-scale algal blooms that have caused serious ecological, aesthetic, water purification and water distribution problems. This study addresses the need to develop a system that enables forecasts to be made regarding potential changes in the water quality ofthe Vaal Dam, especially with regards to predicting algal blooms. The primary aim was to develop a simple spreadsheet based model to predict the occurrence of algal blooms and other water quality changes in the Vaal Dam, making use of environmental parameters recorded at several sites located upstream of the Rand Water intake point at the Vaal Dam wall. Accurately forecasting sudden changes in water quality would enable proactive resource management, ensuring that Rand Water maintains a high standard of potable water delivered to its customers. Statistical model equations, to predict the concentrations of various water quality constituents, were obtained by step-wise regression analysis. These equations were then entered into MS-Excel spreadsheets. This allowed the input of environmental data and the subsequent calculation of the predicted value. This also allowed for the manipulation of various parameters to forecast the effects any changing values will have on the water quality. These "if-then'' scenarios would be of considerable use in implementing management measures to achieve the desired water quality. The performance of the model was statistically tested to determine if it adequately represents the study system. The models to determine chlorophyll-a concentration and several other water quality constituents proved to be fairly accurate in representing the study system. However, the model to predict nitrate concentrations did not perform satisfactorily. The limitations in model performance were attributed to the low frequency of water quality sampling and the effects of undetermined variables not represented by the water quality parameters selected for model development. The model is compact, does not require specialised software, and is applicable in practice. The predictive and scenario forecasting abilities make this model useful for the identification, monitoring and prediction of changes or trends in water quality over time. The benefits arising from this model will thus contribute to more cost efficient water treatment, improved response times to algal blooms, improved decision-making and proactive water resource management.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Kneidinger, Tanya Michaela
- Date: 2012-02-06
- Subjects: Water quality , Water quality management
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:2011 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4364
- Description: M.Sc. , The Vaal Dam (South Africa) and its tributaries have been extensively affected by domestic, mining, agricultural and industrial activities, as well as the release of effluents. These practices have contributed to large-scale algal blooms that have caused serious ecological, aesthetic, water purification and water distribution problems. This study addresses the need to develop a system that enables forecasts to be made regarding potential changes in the water quality ofthe Vaal Dam, especially with regards to predicting algal blooms. The primary aim was to develop a simple spreadsheet based model to predict the occurrence of algal blooms and other water quality changes in the Vaal Dam, making use of environmental parameters recorded at several sites located upstream of the Rand Water intake point at the Vaal Dam wall. Accurately forecasting sudden changes in water quality would enable proactive resource management, ensuring that Rand Water maintains a high standard of potable water delivered to its customers. Statistical model equations, to predict the concentrations of various water quality constituents, were obtained by step-wise regression analysis. These equations were then entered into MS-Excel spreadsheets. This allowed the input of environmental data and the subsequent calculation of the predicted value. This also allowed for the manipulation of various parameters to forecast the effects any changing values will have on the water quality. These "if-then'' scenarios would be of considerable use in implementing management measures to achieve the desired water quality. The performance of the model was statistically tested to determine if it adequately represents the study system. The models to determine chlorophyll-a concentration and several other water quality constituents proved to be fairly accurate in representing the study system. However, the model to predict nitrate concentrations did not perform satisfactorily. The limitations in model performance were attributed to the low frequency of water quality sampling and the effects of undetermined variables not represented by the water quality parameters selected for model development. The model is compact, does not require specialised software, and is applicable in practice. The predictive and scenario forecasting abilities make this model useful for the identification, monitoring and prediction of changes or trends in water quality over time. The benefits arising from this model will thus contribute to more cost efficient water treatment, improved response times to algal blooms, improved decision-making and proactive water resource management.
- Full Text:
An assessment of the health-related microbiological water quality of the Blesbok Spruit
- Authors: Swanepoel, Cheryl Lynne
- Date: 2012-05-29
- Subjects: Water quality , Blesbok Spruit (South Africa) , Water pollution , Wetlands
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:2274 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4736
- Description: M.Tech. , South Africa is a water scarce country. The characteristic water pollution problems associated with both developing and developed economies are evident. Indicator organisms have been enumerated from samples collected from the Blesbok Spruit (Gauteng Province) over one year. Standard membrane filtration techniques were used followed by cultivation of E. coli and enterococcus on selective agars. Rainfall data was collected to enable a determination of differences, between “wet” and “dry” sampling runs. Descriptive statistics applied to the data include the calculation of the geometric mean for each sampling run and the geometric mean per sampling site in both wet and dry conditions. The Mann- Whitney Rank Sum Test and Kruskal-Wallis One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to compare data sets. The capacity of the Blesbok Spruit, containing wetland areas, to assimilate the microbiological load was more effective than that of the Renoster Spruit (Free State Province) which does not contain distinctive wetland areas. The risk of infection has been determined by comparing the levels of E. coli and enterococcus to a set of site-specific guidelines. The water is not suitable for drinking or domestic purposes and full contact recreation will pose a risk of infection to users. The lower Blesbok Spruit has the poorest water quality and this water is unsuitable for livestock watering being only suitable for the irrigation of crops. The effects of diffuse pollution on the health related microbiological water quality need to be considered in the management of this sub-catchment.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Swanepoel, Cheryl Lynne
- Date: 2012-05-29
- Subjects: Water quality , Blesbok Spruit (South Africa) , Water pollution , Wetlands
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:2274 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4736
- Description: M.Tech. , South Africa is a water scarce country. The characteristic water pollution problems associated with both developing and developed economies are evident. Indicator organisms have been enumerated from samples collected from the Blesbok Spruit (Gauteng Province) over one year. Standard membrane filtration techniques were used followed by cultivation of E. coli and enterococcus on selective agars. Rainfall data was collected to enable a determination of differences, between “wet” and “dry” sampling runs. Descriptive statistics applied to the data include the calculation of the geometric mean for each sampling run and the geometric mean per sampling site in both wet and dry conditions. The Mann- Whitney Rank Sum Test and Kruskal-Wallis One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to compare data sets. The capacity of the Blesbok Spruit, containing wetland areas, to assimilate the microbiological load was more effective than that of the Renoster Spruit (Free State Province) which does not contain distinctive wetland areas. The risk of infection has been determined by comparing the levels of E. coli and enterococcus to a set of site-specific guidelines. The water is not suitable for drinking or domestic purposes and full contact recreation will pose a risk of infection to users. The lower Blesbok Spruit has the poorest water quality and this water is unsuitable for livestock watering being only suitable for the irrigation of crops. The effects of diffuse pollution on the health related microbiological water quality need to be considered in the management of this sub-catchment.
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An investigation into the effect of water quality on flotation performance
- Authors: Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Flotation , Water quality
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/383046 , uj:4695 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10732
- Description: A study was carried out to determine the effect of water quality on flotation performance. The experimental test work comprised of batch flotation tests using Denver lab cell for a period of 10 minutes. Nine different test runs were carried out in triplicates to ensure reproducibility using different water types from different thickener overflows, return and sewage effluent water (process water) and portable water. The water sources differed in pH, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids and conductivity. Process water was found to reduce the concentrate recovery and mass pull, while portable water increased the concentrate recovery and mass pull. Portable water reduced the concentrate grade while process water increased the concentrate grade. It is proposed that a combination of process water and portable water supply be used in flotation circuits to balance the different effects
- Full Text:
- Authors: Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Flotation , Water quality
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/383046 , uj:4695 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10732
- Description: A study was carried out to determine the effect of water quality on flotation performance. The experimental test work comprised of batch flotation tests using Denver lab cell for a period of 10 minutes. Nine different test runs were carried out in triplicates to ensure reproducibility using different water types from different thickener overflows, return and sewage effluent water (process water) and portable water. The water sources differed in pH, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids and conductivity. Process water was found to reduce the concentrate recovery and mass pull, while portable water increased the concentrate recovery and mass pull. Portable water reduced the concentrate grade while process water increased the concentrate grade. It is proposed that a combination of process water and portable water supply be used in flotation circuits to balance the different effects
- Full Text:
Assessment and management of the impact of platinum mining on water quality and selected aquatic organisms in the Hex River, Rustenburg Region, South Africa
- Authors: Gumede, Sabelo Victor
- Date: 2012-11-02
- Subjects: Platinum mines and mining - Environmental aspects , Water quality , Mineral industries - Waste disposal , Mine water - Environmental aspects , Mine water - Management
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:7325 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8062
- Description: Ph.D. , Mining operations significantly influence the environment due to direct and indirect discharges of waste products into the aquatic systems. The primary aim of this study was to assess the current situation in the platinum mining area and develop a management plan to ensure that existing and potential environmental impacts caused by platinum mining and processing are mitigated. To do this, an assessment was carried out to investigate changes in critical aquatic invertebrate and fish community distributions and assess how they relate to measured environmental factors. Five sites were selected, one reference site which is upstream of heavy mining activities and four sites within heavy mining and processing activities. Standard techniques for water, sediment, invertebrate and fish sampling were used. Macro-invertebrates sampled were identified to family level whereas fish were identified to species level. Multivariate analysis used was cluster analysis by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) for both macro-invertebrates and fish. Three methods of ordination were used to analyze the biotic and abiotic data namely N-MDS, Correspondence Analysis (CA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Cluster analysis of macro-invertebrates data revealed three major groups based on sampling period (low flow or high flow) and the last cluster according to the locality. Multidimensional scaling ordination of high and low flow for macro-invertebrate communities confirmed the groupings detected by cluster analysis. Cluster analysis for fish communities revealed two groups at 50% similarity; the first group is the combination of reference and exposure sites for both high and low flow sampling regimes. No fish were sampled at site 4 during both low and high flow regimes. Multidimensional scaling ordination of high and low flow fish communities confirmed the groupings detected by cluster analysis. Analysis using a similarity profile (SIMPROF) test indicated that fish communities are statistically (p=5%) the same. It was found that macro-invertebrates and fish respond differently to environmental variables.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Gumede, Sabelo Victor
- Date: 2012-11-02
- Subjects: Platinum mines and mining - Environmental aspects , Water quality , Mineral industries - Waste disposal , Mine water - Environmental aspects , Mine water - Management
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:7325 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8062
- Description: Ph.D. , Mining operations significantly influence the environment due to direct and indirect discharges of waste products into the aquatic systems. The primary aim of this study was to assess the current situation in the platinum mining area and develop a management plan to ensure that existing and potential environmental impacts caused by platinum mining and processing are mitigated. To do this, an assessment was carried out to investigate changes in critical aquatic invertebrate and fish community distributions and assess how they relate to measured environmental factors. Five sites were selected, one reference site which is upstream of heavy mining activities and four sites within heavy mining and processing activities. Standard techniques for water, sediment, invertebrate and fish sampling were used. Macro-invertebrates sampled were identified to family level whereas fish were identified to species level. Multivariate analysis used was cluster analysis by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) for both macro-invertebrates and fish. Three methods of ordination were used to analyze the biotic and abiotic data namely N-MDS, Correspondence Analysis (CA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Cluster analysis of macro-invertebrates data revealed three major groups based on sampling period (low flow or high flow) and the last cluster according to the locality. Multidimensional scaling ordination of high and low flow for macro-invertebrate communities confirmed the groupings detected by cluster analysis. Cluster analysis for fish communities revealed two groups at 50% similarity; the first group is the combination of reference and exposure sites for both high and low flow sampling regimes. No fish were sampled at site 4 during both low and high flow regimes. Multidimensional scaling ordination of high and low flow fish communities confirmed the groupings detected by cluster analysis. Analysis using a similarity profile (SIMPROF) test indicated that fish communities are statistically (p=5%) the same. It was found that macro-invertebrates and fish respond differently to environmental variables.
- Full Text:
Biotic responses to alterations in habitat-flow as a result of water abstraction and release in the lower Elands (Mpumalanga) and Mvoti (Kwazulu-Natal) Rivers, South Africa
- Authors: Von Bratt, Cameron
- Date: 2008-08-15T07:42:46Z
- Subjects: Ecosystem management , Water quality , Ecological disturbances , Aquatic sciences , Elands River (South Africa) , Mvoti River (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:7739 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/860
- Description: The South African National Water Act (NWA) (No. 36 of 1998) recognises that in order to sustain the goods and services that are provided by rivers and their associated biological communities, it is necessary to conserve the entire aquatic ecosystem. Conservation and maintenance of ecosystem functioning entails the protection of the biotic components (i.e. fish, macroinvertebrates, riparian vegetation, etc.) and ensuring that the abiotic driver aspects (i.e. required amount and variability of flow, water quality and fluvial geomorphology) are addressed and met (Malan and Day, 2003). According to the Reserve Determination methodology (DWAF, 2003), sustainable utilisation of the river resources requires proper, responsible management and that exploitation without understanding or limits, impacts negatively on the ecological processes, functions and communities, both in the present and the future. Manipulation of the flow regimes of rivers, to provide water when and where people need it, has resulted in a growing deterioration in the condition (health) of riverine ecosystems (King et al., 2000). Stressors on aquatic ecosystems originating from these anthropogenic activities, include point and non-point loadings, land use influences and changes, and stream modification. These are usually defined by the drivers of aquatic ecosystems namely the geomorphology, hydrology and water quality. In turn, the effects on the physical habitat and water quality have both direct and indirect effects on the biotic communities present and are usually defined by biological responses to these changes (Kleynhans et al., 2005). There is currently limited data available to formally propose a methodology to quantify the significance of altered flows in riverine ecosystems brought about by the abstraction or excessive release of water by industrial activities on a reach scale. The aim of this study was to determine the degree and magnitude of habitat-flow alterations caused by pulp and paper mill activities in the Elands and Mvoti Rivers and to link the related biological responses to them. , Prof. V. Wepener
- Full Text:
- Authors: Von Bratt, Cameron
- Date: 2008-08-15T07:42:46Z
- Subjects: Ecosystem management , Water quality , Ecological disturbances , Aquatic sciences , Elands River (South Africa) , Mvoti River (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:7739 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/860
- Description: The South African National Water Act (NWA) (No. 36 of 1998) recognises that in order to sustain the goods and services that are provided by rivers and their associated biological communities, it is necessary to conserve the entire aquatic ecosystem. Conservation and maintenance of ecosystem functioning entails the protection of the biotic components (i.e. fish, macroinvertebrates, riparian vegetation, etc.) and ensuring that the abiotic driver aspects (i.e. required amount and variability of flow, water quality and fluvial geomorphology) are addressed and met (Malan and Day, 2003). According to the Reserve Determination methodology (DWAF, 2003), sustainable utilisation of the river resources requires proper, responsible management and that exploitation without understanding or limits, impacts negatively on the ecological processes, functions and communities, both in the present and the future. Manipulation of the flow regimes of rivers, to provide water when and where people need it, has resulted in a growing deterioration in the condition (health) of riverine ecosystems (King et al., 2000). Stressors on aquatic ecosystems originating from these anthropogenic activities, include point and non-point loadings, land use influences and changes, and stream modification. These are usually defined by the drivers of aquatic ecosystems namely the geomorphology, hydrology and water quality. In turn, the effects on the physical habitat and water quality have both direct and indirect effects on the biotic communities present and are usually defined by biological responses to these changes (Kleynhans et al., 2005). There is currently limited data available to formally propose a methodology to quantify the significance of altered flows in riverine ecosystems brought about by the abstraction or excessive release of water by industrial activities on a reach scale. The aim of this study was to determine the degree and magnitude of habitat-flow alterations caused by pulp and paper mill activities in the Elands and Mvoti Rivers and to link the related biological responses to them. , Prof. V. Wepener
- Full Text:
Characterization and pre-treatment of water from the Vaal River
- Vessal, Ali R., Ntuli, Freeman, Ngoie, Sonia K.
- Authors: Vessal, Ali R. , Ntuli, Freeman , Ngoie, Sonia K.
- Date: 2015-07-14
- Subjects: Water quality , Vaal River (South Africa) , Water - Pollution - Control
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5242 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14842
- Description: Extensive urbanization, economic development, and industrialization coupled with water wastage are placing increased pressure on the quality of water from the Vaal River system. This research study was carried out to assess the water quality of the Vaal River in terms of physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals concentration. Three (3) locations were identified within the Upper Vaal Water Management Area (WMA) where water samples were collected in the months of July and September 2014. A total of eight water quality parameters namely pH, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (CaCO3), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrate (NO3-), Phosphate (PO43-), Sulphate (SO42-) and Heavy Metals concentration were measured in the laboratory using standard analytical procedures. Values of measured parameters were then compared with the South African water quality guidelines for domestic use and aquatic ecosystems. The findings showed that all the physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals concentration measured were within the tolerable limits except nitrate which exceeded the recommended limit of 6 mg/l, with values ranging from 30-31 mg/l in July and 19-21 mg/l in September. The analytical data also indicated that after pre-treatment of the water sample by filtration and adsorption, the TSS level, TDS concentration, and nitrate content were significantly lowered. Nitrate was reduced to below the acceptable limit after treatment. It was therefore concluded that the river water in the Upper Vaal Water Management Area was not suitable for domestic purposes without any form of treatment and frequent monitoring of physico-chemical parameters is imperative in order to have a full representation of the variations in the water quality.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Vessal, Ali R. , Ntuli, Freeman , Ngoie, Sonia K.
- Date: 2015-07-14
- Subjects: Water quality , Vaal River (South Africa) , Water - Pollution - Control
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5242 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14842
- Description: Extensive urbanization, economic development, and industrialization coupled with water wastage are placing increased pressure on the quality of water from the Vaal River system. This research study was carried out to assess the water quality of the Vaal River in terms of physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals concentration. Three (3) locations were identified within the Upper Vaal Water Management Area (WMA) where water samples were collected in the months of July and September 2014. A total of eight water quality parameters namely pH, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (CaCO3), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrate (NO3-), Phosphate (PO43-), Sulphate (SO42-) and Heavy Metals concentration were measured in the laboratory using standard analytical procedures. Values of measured parameters were then compared with the South African water quality guidelines for domestic use and aquatic ecosystems. The findings showed that all the physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals concentration measured were within the tolerable limits except nitrate which exceeded the recommended limit of 6 mg/l, with values ranging from 30-31 mg/l in July and 19-21 mg/l in September. The analytical data also indicated that after pre-treatment of the water sample by filtration and adsorption, the TSS level, TDS concentration, and nitrate content were significantly lowered. Nitrate was reduced to below the acceptable limit after treatment. It was therefore concluded that the river water in the Upper Vaal Water Management Area was not suitable for domestic purposes without any form of treatment and frequent monitoring of physico-chemical parameters is imperative in order to have a full representation of the variations in the water quality.
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Determination of the ground and surface water quality in the vicinity of the Ballengeich coal mine in Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal
- Authors: Bridgett, Jackie
- Date: 2009-02-09T09:16:47Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Groundwater , Newcastle (KwaZulu-Natal)
- Type: Mini-Dissertation
- Identifier: uj:8123 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2098
- Description: M.Sc. , This thesis evaluates and interprets the quality of surface (Horn and Ngagane Rivers) and groundwater in the vicinity of a coal mine. The research takes place at the Ballengeich coal mine, 15 km south of Newcastle, in Kwazulu-Natal. This study is important because coal mining operations have been seen by environmentalists and conservationists alike, as contributing to the degradation of the aquatic environment. Moreover, mining activities such as the extraction of coal, its subsequent preparation, and disposal of mine waste as spoil dumps, interact with natural water in the vicinity of the mine. This interaction reduces the biological, physical and chemical quality of the water. Undoubtedly, the operations of coal producers have caused varying degrees of environmental damage in mining areas, which are often located in remote regions near water sources. Water pollution, as a result of coal mining, does not only influence the local area, but communities are also affected downstream of the source. In order to assess the extent of water pollution attributed to the coal mining activities, as well as to ascertain the relationship between water quality parameter concentrations and river flow at sampling points, two analyses have been employed. The chemical analysis determines whether the water quality parameter concentration is within the Target Water Quality Range (TWQR) as stipulated by Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) for various uses, whilst a regression analysis determines the relationship between the water quality parameter concentration and the flow of the specific river at the time of sampling. These analyses give an indication of the potential liability of the coal mine as far as the degradation of the local water quality is concerned. The present study proved that previous coal mining activities and the current state of the mined area are influencing the local water quality. There is an urgent need for mitigatory and management measures in order to rehabilitate the local water quality in the area. Certain parameters are within the acceptable norm, as stipulated by DWAF, however, some have been found to be influenced by the change in river flow as a result of seasonal changes and man- made structures such as the Chelmsford Dam upstream of the Ngagane River. It is therefore concluded that the local water quality has been degraded and the relationship between river flow and certain water quality parameters can be predicted, but not for others owing to the debilitating nature of coal mining on the local water quality.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Bridgett, Jackie
- Date: 2009-02-09T09:16:47Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Groundwater , Newcastle (KwaZulu-Natal)
- Type: Mini-Dissertation
- Identifier: uj:8123 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2098
- Description: M.Sc. , This thesis evaluates and interprets the quality of surface (Horn and Ngagane Rivers) and groundwater in the vicinity of a coal mine. The research takes place at the Ballengeich coal mine, 15 km south of Newcastle, in Kwazulu-Natal. This study is important because coal mining operations have been seen by environmentalists and conservationists alike, as contributing to the degradation of the aquatic environment. Moreover, mining activities such as the extraction of coal, its subsequent preparation, and disposal of mine waste as spoil dumps, interact with natural water in the vicinity of the mine. This interaction reduces the biological, physical and chemical quality of the water. Undoubtedly, the operations of coal producers have caused varying degrees of environmental damage in mining areas, which are often located in remote regions near water sources. Water pollution, as a result of coal mining, does not only influence the local area, but communities are also affected downstream of the source. In order to assess the extent of water pollution attributed to the coal mining activities, as well as to ascertain the relationship between water quality parameter concentrations and river flow at sampling points, two analyses have been employed. The chemical analysis determines whether the water quality parameter concentration is within the Target Water Quality Range (TWQR) as stipulated by Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) for various uses, whilst a regression analysis determines the relationship between the water quality parameter concentration and the flow of the specific river at the time of sampling. These analyses give an indication of the potential liability of the coal mine as far as the degradation of the local water quality is concerned. The present study proved that previous coal mining activities and the current state of the mined area are influencing the local water quality. There is an urgent need for mitigatory and management measures in order to rehabilitate the local water quality in the area. Certain parameters are within the acceptable norm, as stipulated by DWAF, however, some have been found to be influenced by the change in river flow as a result of seasonal changes and man- made structures such as the Chelmsford Dam upstream of the Ngagane River. It is therefore concluded that the local water quality has been degraded and the relationship between river flow and certain water quality parameters can be predicted, but not for others owing to the debilitating nature of coal mining on the local water quality.
- Full Text:
Development of a wireless sensor network based water quality monitoring and notification system
- Sithole, M.P.P., Nwulu, N.I., Dogo, E.M.
- Authors: Sithole, M.P.P. , Nwulu, N.I. , Dogo, E.M.
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Water quality , Sensors , IoT
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/${Handle} , uj:34290 , Citation: Sithole, M.P.P., Nwulu, N.I. & Dogo, E.M. 2019. Development of a wireless sensor network based water quality monitoring and notification system.
- Description: Abstract: In this paper, we present a water quality monitoring and notification system. It is also integrated with a consumer alert system on the safety of the water in accordance with the WHO water quality standard. The consumer alert system is made up of a buzzer for notification, a red-Light Emitting Diode (LED) and green-LED as an indicator for unsafe water and safe water respectively. Five sources of contaminants in water namely, soil, chlorine, vinegar, salt, washing powder and their combination were used in this to validate the performance of the system. Wireless communication between the measuring subsystem and the analysis and notification subsystem was established for mobility using radio frequency modules. The error in measurements and the consumption risk per water parameter were calculated on MS Excel as part of the analysis and presented in this document. This paper also presents an added functionality by using a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) for turbidity measurement and LEDs in the notification subsystem. The notification system accommodates people with disabilities as the buzzer can be heard by those who can’t see, and the LEDs can be seen by those who can’t hear. The developed system was compared for functionality and performance using the quality of the results measured in comparison with the expected results.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Sithole, M.P.P. , Nwulu, N.I. , Dogo, E.M.
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Water quality , Sensors , IoT
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/${Handle} , uj:34290 , Citation: Sithole, M.P.P., Nwulu, N.I. & Dogo, E.M. 2019. Development of a wireless sensor network based water quality monitoring and notification system.
- Description: Abstract: In this paper, we present a water quality monitoring and notification system. It is also integrated with a consumer alert system on the safety of the water in accordance with the WHO water quality standard. The consumer alert system is made up of a buzzer for notification, a red-Light Emitting Diode (LED) and green-LED as an indicator for unsafe water and safe water respectively. Five sources of contaminants in water namely, soil, chlorine, vinegar, salt, washing powder and their combination were used in this to validate the performance of the system. Wireless communication between the measuring subsystem and the analysis and notification subsystem was established for mobility using radio frequency modules. The error in measurements and the consumption risk per water parameter were calculated on MS Excel as part of the analysis and presented in this document. This paper also presents an added functionality by using a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) for turbidity measurement and LEDs in the notification subsystem. The notification system accommodates people with disabilities as the buzzer can be heard by those who can’t see, and the LEDs can be seen by those who can’t hear. The developed system was compared for functionality and performance using the quality of the results measured in comparison with the expected results.
- Full Text:
Ecotoxicological assessment of the impact of paper and pulp effluent on the lower Thukela River catchment, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and the toxicological assessment of similar effluent from two other mills
- Stryftombolas, Irene Christina
- Authors: Stryftombolas, Irene Christina
- Date: 2010-03-16T07:28:10Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Water pollution , Paper mills toxicology , Pulp mills toxicology , Thukela River catchment (South Africa) , KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:6678 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3082
- Description: M.Sc. , The lower Thukela River catchment supports the highly industrialised Mandini/Sundumbili Industrial Complex, which in turn supports Tugela Rail, a textile factory, a vegetable-oil factory, as well as the Sundumbili Sewerage Treatment works. All of these industries release their wastes into the Mandini River that leads into the lower Thukela River. Another major potential impacting factor on the lower Thukela River is the Sappi Tugela pulp and paper mill that has both abstraction and discharge points in the same region. In 2004 the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry completed a comprehensive Reserve Determination study for the Thukela River. Upon reviewing the results it was clear that many of the variables assessed were of low confidence or there was not sufficient data collected within the region of the Mandini and Thukela River confluence and further downstream (Resource Unit K). Therefore the previous studies were not able to determine the degree to which the industries in the lower Thukela system impacted upon the integrity of the system. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the contributing impacts of the Tugela pulp and paper mill and other industrial activities on the ecological integrity of the lower Thukela River. This was done by through a toxicity assessment of the potential impacts of effluent and wastewater using the Direct Estimation of Ecological Effect Potential (DEEEP) methodologies. The toxicity of pulp and paper effluent from the Thukela mill and the receiving water body was compared to effluents from two other mills (Stanger and Ngodwana), assessing the water quality in relation to the input of different industrial effluents in the lower Thukela River. The general integrity of the lower Thukela River in relation to the input of different industrial effluents was assessed using the Habitat Quality Index (HQI), Habitat Assessment Index (HAI), macroinvertebrate and fish population studies. These studies were integrated to derive the Ecostatus of the lower Thukela River using the Macro-invertebrate and Fish Response Assessment Indices (MIRAI and FAII respectively). The toxicity testing (DEEEP) showed the paper mill effluent in the Mandini River was the least hazardous whilst Ngodwana effluent showed the highest potential to elicit a harmful impact on the receiving water body. The latter effluent displayed the highest LC50 values for the fish and the Daphnia toxicity tests, as well as an extremely high base-pair substitution mutagen activity. Toxicity was also found in algae at 100% raw effluent exposure. Tugela and Stanger mill effluent samples were very similar in their toxicity, except that Stanger effluent showed greater mutagenicity potential with exceptionally high values of revertants. The Tugela effluent samples showed no concerning levels of mutagenicity. The fish showed lower levels of response to the Tugela sample when compared to the Stanger sample. Thus comparatively the Thukela system is regarded to be the least at risk with regards to effluent discharge into the receiving water body. The lower Thukela River integrity assessment showed a sharp increase in temperature below the discharge point of the pulp and paper mill effluent. This was attributed to the excessive temperatures recorded in the pulp and paper effluent itself. There was further decrease in dissolved oxygen, which was due a combination of the industrial waste water in the Mandini River and the pulp and paper effluent. The increased organic content in the sediments of the lowest site situated downstream (TR5) is a combination of both reduced velocity of the stream flow entering the upper reaches of the estuary as well as increased organic material entering the river via the pulp and paper effluent and the Mandini River above TR3-D. This was accompanied by increased contribution of fine particle size sediments to the overall sediment composition. Habitat conditions were near natural at sites upstream of the Mandini River and effluent discharge confluences with the Thukela River. The exception was at TR1 as the weir results in unnatural inundation of biotopes upstream. The habitat conditions around the confluences of the Mandini River and pulp and paper mill effluent discharge are diminished with a recovery noted further downstream at TR4 and TR5. Invertebrate assessment shows the upstream sites to be natural, while the impact sites were largely to seriously modified. Once again the downstream sites (TR4 and TR5) show an improvement to recover to a moderately modified state. The fish assessment also shows a decrease in the FAII score below the impacts when compared to the integrity above the impacts. However these results are of low confidence due to insufficient sampling effort as only electronarcosis, seine and cast nets were used. The Ecoclassification assessment indicated a clear decrease in Ecostatus between the sites that are upstream of the impacts caused by the industrial effluent from the Mandini River and the pulp and paper mill effluent from the effluent discharge stream. The MIRAI also clearly indicated that the major impacts are caused by the combination of the Mandini River and the pulp and paper effluent. However there was a recovery in the river further downstream from the impacts.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Stryftombolas, Irene Christina
- Date: 2010-03-16T07:28:10Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Water pollution , Paper mills toxicology , Pulp mills toxicology , Thukela River catchment (South Africa) , KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:6678 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3082
- Description: M.Sc. , The lower Thukela River catchment supports the highly industrialised Mandini/Sundumbili Industrial Complex, which in turn supports Tugela Rail, a textile factory, a vegetable-oil factory, as well as the Sundumbili Sewerage Treatment works. All of these industries release their wastes into the Mandini River that leads into the lower Thukela River. Another major potential impacting factor on the lower Thukela River is the Sappi Tugela pulp and paper mill that has both abstraction and discharge points in the same region. In 2004 the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry completed a comprehensive Reserve Determination study for the Thukela River. Upon reviewing the results it was clear that many of the variables assessed were of low confidence or there was not sufficient data collected within the region of the Mandini and Thukela River confluence and further downstream (Resource Unit K). Therefore the previous studies were not able to determine the degree to which the industries in the lower Thukela system impacted upon the integrity of the system. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the contributing impacts of the Tugela pulp and paper mill and other industrial activities on the ecological integrity of the lower Thukela River. This was done by through a toxicity assessment of the potential impacts of effluent and wastewater using the Direct Estimation of Ecological Effect Potential (DEEEP) methodologies. The toxicity of pulp and paper effluent from the Thukela mill and the receiving water body was compared to effluents from two other mills (Stanger and Ngodwana), assessing the water quality in relation to the input of different industrial effluents in the lower Thukela River. The general integrity of the lower Thukela River in relation to the input of different industrial effluents was assessed using the Habitat Quality Index (HQI), Habitat Assessment Index (HAI), macroinvertebrate and fish population studies. These studies were integrated to derive the Ecostatus of the lower Thukela River using the Macro-invertebrate and Fish Response Assessment Indices (MIRAI and FAII respectively). The toxicity testing (DEEEP) showed the paper mill effluent in the Mandini River was the least hazardous whilst Ngodwana effluent showed the highest potential to elicit a harmful impact on the receiving water body. The latter effluent displayed the highest LC50 values for the fish and the Daphnia toxicity tests, as well as an extremely high base-pair substitution mutagen activity. Toxicity was also found in algae at 100% raw effluent exposure. Tugela and Stanger mill effluent samples were very similar in their toxicity, except that Stanger effluent showed greater mutagenicity potential with exceptionally high values of revertants. The Tugela effluent samples showed no concerning levels of mutagenicity. The fish showed lower levels of response to the Tugela sample when compared to the Stanger sample. Thus comparatively the Thukela system is regarded to be the least at risk with regards to effluent discharge into the receiving water body. The lower Thukela River integrity assessment showed a sharp increase in temperature below the discharge point of the pulp and paper mill effluent. This was attributed to the excessive temperatures recorded in the pulp and paper effluent itself. There was further decrease in dissolved oxygen, which was due a combination of the industrial waste water in the Mandini River and the pulp and paper effluent. The increased organic content in the sediments of the lowest site situated downstream (TR5) is a combination of both reduced velocity of the stream flow entering the upper reaches of the estuary as well as increased organic material entering the river via the pulp and paper effluent and the Mandini River above TR3-D. This was accompanied by increased contribution of fine particle size sediments to the overall sediment composition. Habitat conditions were near natural at sites upstream of the Mandini River and effluent discharge confluences with the Thukela River. The exception was at TR1 as the weir results in unnatural inundation of biotopes upstream. The habitat conditions around the confluences of the Mandini River and pulp and paper mill effluent discharge are diminished with a recovery noted further downstream at TR4 and TR5. Invertebrate assessment shows the upstream sites to be natural, while the impact sites were largely to seriously modified. Once again the downstream sites (TR4 and TR5) show an improvement to recover to a moderately modified state. The fish assessment also shows a decrease in the FAII score below the impacts when compared to the integrity above the impacts. However these results are of low confidence due to insufficient sampling effort as only electronarcosis, seine and cast nets were used. The Ecoclassification assessment indicated a clear decrease in Ecostatus between the sites that are upstream of the impacts caused by the industrial effluent from the Mandini River and the pulp and paper mill effluent from the effluent discharge stream. The MIRAI also clearly indicated that the major impacts are caused by the combination of the Mandini River and the pulp and paper effluent. However there was a recovery in the river further downstream from the impacts.
- Full Text:
Interpretation of the Blesbokspruit's six-year macroinvertebrate and water quality sampling results to determine the catchment's ability to meet the regulated requirements for aquatic ecosystem and water users
- Authors: Setshedi, Kobela Bridgette
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Aquatic ecology , Watersheds , Blesbokspruit (Gauteng, South Africa : River) , Water quality
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/418799 , uj:35522
- Description: Abstract: Please refer to full text to view abstract. , M.Sc. (Aquatic Health)
- Full Text:
- Authors: Setshedi, Kobela Bridgette
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Aquatic ecology , Watersheds , Blesbokspruit (Gauteng, South Africa : River) , Water quality
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/418799 , uj:35522
- Description: Abstract: Please refer to full text to view abstract. , M.Sc. (Aquatic Health)
- Full Text:
Looking beyond the brink of water and crises! What crises, really?
- Authors: Mamba, Bhekie
- Date: 2011-11-23
- Subjects: Water quality , Water crises , Climate change , Water conservation , Water resource development
- Type: Inaugural
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/382819 , uj:15235 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4069
- Description: Inaugural lecture--Chemistry Department, University of Johannesburg, 21 September 2011 , Globally, water related matters tend to take centre stage because while mankind can do without electricity as a form of energy source, one would never survive after a prolonged period without water. To illustrate the point, healthy adults and children can live only up to ten and five days, respectively, without water, but without food it is possible to survive for several weeks. Water may not necessarily be equated to bread but it constitutes a large percentage of the human body. The body needs water to support a lot of chemical processes within itself, to absorb beneficial nutrients, to excrete waste and to maintain the core body temperature through sweating. So much has been written and debated regarding water quality and scarcity globally and more importantly in South Africa. The voices being heard have predominantly been those of the articulate social scientists who have a greater appeal to the print and electronic media. Is there empirical data and scientifically tested evidence to suggest that South Africa should now start pressing “water crises” panic buttons? The scientists’ and engineers’ voices have been largely shrouded, masked and even, in many cases, “loudly” unheard in the entire discourse and we, the University of Johannesburg’s Water Research group, have been doing most of the talking in the laboratories in a desperate effort to answer these burning questions but, needless to say, there are still lots of questions that are begging for answers! Taking a short trip to memory lane, we recall a “load shedding” energy crises but the question that lingers in most people’s minds, with climate change impact taken into account, is whether or not a water crises is looming. In the lecture, the current state of affairs will be discussed and more importantly, we expose the opportunities for research at present and in the immediate future.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mamba, Bhekie
- Date: 2011-11-23
- Subjects: Water quality , Water crises , Climate change , Water conservation , Water resource development
- Type: Inaugural
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/382819 , uj:15235 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4069
- Description: Inaugural lecture--Chemistry Department, University of Johannesburg, 21 September 2011 , Globally, water related matters tend to take centre stage because while mankind can do without electricity as a form of energy source, one would never survive after a prolonged period without water. To illustrate the point, healthy adults and children can live only up to ten and five days, respectively, without water, but without food it is possible to survive for several weeks. Water may not necessarily be equated to bread but it constitutes a large percentage of the human body. The body needs water to support a lot of chemical processes within itself, to absorb beneficial nutrients, to excrete waste and to maintain the core body temperature through sweating. So much has been written and debated regarding water quality and scarcity globally and more importantly in South Africa. The voices being heard have predominantly been those of the articulate social scientists who have a greater appeal to the print and electronic media. Is there empirical data and scientifically tested evidence to suggest that South Africa should now start pressing “water crises” panic buttons? The scientists’ and engineers’ voices have been largely shrouded, masked and even, in many cases, “loudly” unheard in the entire discourse and we, the University of Johannesburg’s Water Research group, have been doing most of the talking in the laboratories in a desperate effort to answer these burning questions but, needless to say, there are still lots of questions that are begging for answers! Taking a short trip to memory lane, we recall a “load shedding” energy crises but the question that lingers in most people’s minds, with climate change impact taken into account, is whether or not a water crises is looming. In the lecture, the current state of affairs will be discussed and more importantly, we expose the opportunities for research at present and in the immediate future.
- Full Text:
Natural and anthropogenic influences on the water quality of the Orange River, South Africa
- Authors: Bucas, Kelly
- Date: 2008-05-23T13:56:27Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Orange River (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:2190 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/456
- Description: The natural condition of the Orange River should be evaluated in order to develop baseline information so that it can be used for comparison, monitoring and informed decision-making. This will also allow for further research to take place. Although there is a lot of data available on the Orange River, little work has been done on the evaluation of the natural conditions that influence the inorganic water chemistry Inorganic data, from 1986 to 2006, obtained from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) was evaluated for six sample stations along the Orange River (D1H009Q01, D3H008Q01, D3H012Q01, D3H013Q01, D7H008Q01 and D7H005Q01). Climate data (1986-2006) was obtained from the South African Weather Service. The following water quality data was used in the evaluation: pH and the concentrations of major elements (all in mg/L). The major elements include sodium (Na ), potassium (K ), calcium (Ca ), magnesium (Mg ), silica (Si ), fluoride (F ), orthophosphate (PO ), chloride (Cl ), total alkalinity (TAL) assumed to be bicarbonate (HCO ), sulphate (SO ), nitrate (NO ) (assuming that NO >>> NO ) and the total dissolved solids (TDS). Various geochemical techniques were used to analyse the data. The results of this study show that the water chemistry of the Orange River is controlled by: 1. Chemical weathering of siliceous sediment, intrusive igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks (Na , K , Mg , Ca , HCO , F and Si ). 2. Input from agricultural and urban activities affecting, in particular, the concentrations of PO , NO , SO and Cl . There is an increase in cation and anion concentrations from 1986-2006. The concentration of cations and anions increases downstream from D1H009Q01 to D7H005Q01 i.e. from a colder wetter climate to a drier hotter climate. Based on the chemical characteristics, two groups were identified. The stations in each group include: Group 1: D1H009Q01, D3H013Q01, D3H012Q01 and D3H008Q01 and Group 2: D7H008Q01 and D7H005Q01. For group 1 the degree of pollution is generally consistent (between 10 and 30 percent). The element concentration was plotted against the total annual runoff and the visual trend shows a decrease in Na , K , Mg , Ca , HCO and F as the annual runoff increases. This is because the dilution effect is stronger than the release of cations and anions due to chemical weathering. This decrease is typical for weathering of rock types such as granites, shale and metamorphic rocks. Si shows an increase in concentration as total annual runoff increases. This indicates that feldspar is the dominant mineral that is being weathered. Chemical weathering of feldspars (specifically Na- and K-feldspars) releases more Si compared to other species. PO and SO show no visual trend and Cl and NO show a possible increase in concentration with an increase in total annual runoff. This is most likely due to greater input of these species from the surrounding agricultural and urban areas when the runoff increases. For group 2 the degree of pollution is generally higher and shows a greater fluctuation compared to group 1. The visual trend for the concentration of Na , K , Mg , Ca , Cl , SO , HCO and F shows a sharp decline at low runoff, dilution is the dominant process. The concentration of these then increases as chemical weathering becomes more dominant, the effect of chemical weathering becomes greater than the effect of dilution. After this the effect of dilution becomes greater and the species concentrations show a steady, slight decrease, similar to group 1. Si shows a sharp increase as total annual runoff increases to 5000 million m3, thereafter it decreases slightly. The increase of the Si concentration is due to chemical weathering which is stronger than the dilution effect. The increase in NO and PO is most likely due to agricultural activities and urbanisation in the immediate area. As surface runoff increases it increases transport of these chemical species into the river. Both the agricultural/urban input and the release of cations and anions by chemical weathering are severely influenced by the stream runoff. Any evaluation of the inorganic chemistry from the Orange River should include runoff. The variation of the annual runoff affects the percentage of pollution, especially for the lower Orange River. , Prof. J.M. Huizenga
- Full Text:
- Authors: Bucas, Kelly
- Date: 2008-05-23T13:56:27Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Orange River (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:2190 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/456
- Description: The natural condition of the Orange River should be evaluated in order to develop baseline information so that it can be used for comparison, monitoring and informed decision-making. This will also allow for further research to take place. Although there is a lot of data available on the Orange River, little work has been done on the evaluation of the natural conditions that influence the inorganic water chemistry Inorganic data, from 1986 to 2006, obtained from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) was evaluated for six sample stations along the Orange River (D1H009Q01, D3H008Q01, D3H012Q01, D3H013Q01, D7H008Q01 and D7H005Q01). Climate data (1986-2006) was obtained from the South African Weather Service. The following water quality data was used in the evaluation: pH and the concentrations of major elements (all in mg/L). The major elements include sodium (Na ), potassium (K ), calcium (Ca ), magnesium (Mg ), silica (Si ), fluoride (F ), orthophosphate (PO ), chloride (Cl ), total alkalinity (TAL) assumed to be bicarbonate (HCO ), sulphate (SO ), nitrate (NO ) (assuming that NO >>> NO ) and the total dissolved solids (TDS). Various geochemical techniques were used to analyse the data. The results of this study show that the water chemistry of the Orange River is controlled by: 1. Chemical weathering of siliceous sediment, intrusive igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks (Na , K , Mg , Ca , HCO , F and Si ). 2. Input from agricultural and urban activities affecting, in particular, the concentrations of PO , NO , SO and Cl . There is an increase in cation and anion concentrations from 1986-2006. The concentration of cations and anions increases downstream from D1H009Q01 to D7H005Q01 i.e. from a colder wetter climate to a drier hotter climate. Based on the chemical characteristics, two groups were identified. The stations in each group include: Group 1: D1H009Q01, D3H013Q01, D3H012Q01 and D3H008Q01 and Group 2: D7H008Q01 and D7H005Q01. For group 1 the degree of pollution is generally consistent (between 10 and 30 percent). The element concentration was plotted against the total annual runoff and the visual trend shows a decrease in Na , K , Mg , Ca , HCO and F as the annual runoff increases. This is because the dilution effect is stronger than the release of cations and anions due to chemical weathering. This decrease is typical for weathering of rock types such as granites, shale and metamorphic rocks. Si shows an increase in concentration as total annual runoff increases. This indicates that feldspar is the dominant mineral that is being weathered. Chemical weathering of feldspars (specifically Na- and K-feldspars) releases more Si compared to other species. PO and SO show no visual trend and Cl and NO show a possible increase in concentration with an increase in total annual runoff. This is most likely due to greater input of these species from the surrounding agricultural and urban areas when the runoff increases. For group 2 the degree of pollution is generally higher and shows a greater fluctuation compared to group 1. The visual trend for the concentration of Na , K , Mg , Ca , Cl , SO , HCO and F shows a sharp decline at low runoff, dilution is the dominant process. The concentration of these then increases as chemical weathering becomes more dominant, the effect of chemical weathering becomes greater than the effect of dilution. After this the effect of dilution becomes greater and the species concentrations show a steady, slight decrease, similar to group 1. Si shows a sharp increase as total annual runoff increases to 5000 million m3, thereafter it decreases slightly. The increase of the Si concentration is due to chemical weathering which is stronger than the dilution effect. The increase in NO and PO is most likely due to agricultural activities and urbanisation in the immediate area. As surface runoff increases it increases transport of these chemical species into the river. Both the agricultural/urban input and the release of cations and anions by chemical weathering are severely influenced by the stream runoff. Any evaluation of the inorganic chemistry from the Orange River should include runoff. The variation of the annual runoff affects the percentage of pollution, especially for the lower Orange River. , Prof. J.M. Huizenga
- Full Text:
Natural and anthropogenic influences on water quality: an example from rivers draining the Johannesburg Granite Dome
- Authors: Huizenga, Jan-Marten
- Date: 2009-02-05T07:11:31Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Effect of human beings on nature , Chemical weathering , Johannesburg (South Africa)
- Type: Mini-Dissertation
- Identifier: uj:8078 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2008
- Description: M.Sc. , Please refer to full text to view abstract
- Full Text:
- Authors: Huizenga, Jan-Marten
- Date: 2009-02-05T07:11:31Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Effect of human beings on nature , Chemical weathering , Johannesburg (South Africa)
- Type: Mini-Dissertation
- Identifier: uj:8078 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2008
- Description: M.Sc. , Please refer to full text to view abstract
- Full Text:
Perceptions of residents of Hartenbos regarding the status of the water quality of the Hartenbos River
- Authors: Terblanche, Juan
- Date: 2008-08-25T06:28:27Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Hartenbos River (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:3730 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/910
- Description: Having a perception about the water quality of a river can determine its usefulness, as a supply of water and also for recreational purposes. If it is determined that the river water is in a poor state, then it can have an impact on the community’s health, the economy of a settlement, as well as the natural environment along the course of the river. The main aim of this research is to determine what the community of Hartenbos’ opinion is concerning the water quality of the Hartenbos River and what is the true state of the water quality of the Hartenbos River? This could seem as a positive or negative influence on sustainable development and environmental conservation. The town of Hartenbos and the Hartenbos River is situated on the Southern Cape Coast in the Western Cape Province. A questionnaire survey, employing a stratified random sample method, is conducted during the month of April 2005. The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (Belville) obtain water quality variables from nine sampling points. The results are analysed for a ten-year period (1994-2004) by STATKON, an independent statistical consultant based at the University of Johannesburg (Kingsway Campus). Analysis methods include a repeated measure of variance (ANOVA) and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. These results are compared with the South African Water Quality Guidelines for domestic, recreational and agricultural (irrigation and livestock watering) use. The results show that the state of the water quality of the Hartenbos River is in a good condition and thus acceptable within the modern urban environment. The researched population mainly disagrees with this statement. According to the opinion of the research population, the water quality is in a poor condition, thus unacceptable within the modern urban environment. According to them, human activities within the river and its catchment and poor management are to be blamed. Although the opinion of the research population is genuine and rightful, the opinion is overruled by the water quality results. Economic development such as tourism and residential development will improve the local economy. The local community’s opinion can alter new developments because of their perception regarding the water quality of the Hartenbos River. How the local community’s opinion compare with actual scientific information, will determine its value or correctness and thus, the positive or negative impact on economic development. The state of water quality and the ecosystem must be maintained. An appropriate environmental management plan and enforcement of existing laws will ensure harmony between any existing or future economic development and the conservation of the Hartenbos River. The Hartenbos River with all its functional and aesthetic properties has to be conserved for generations to come. , Dr. P.J. Wolfaardt
- Full Text:
- Authors: Terblanche, Juan
- Date: 2008-08-25T06:28:27Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Hartenbos River (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:3730 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/910
- Description: Having a perception about the water quality of a river can determine its usefulness, as a supply of water and also for recreational purposes. If it is determined that the river water is in a poor state, then it can have an impact on the community’s health, the economy of a settlement, as well as the natural environment along the course of the river. The main aim of this research is to determine what the community of Hartenbos’ opinion is concerning the water quality of the Hartenbos River and what is the true state of the water quality of the Hartenbos River? This could seem as a positive or negative influence on sustainable development and environmental conservation. The town of Hartenbos and the Hartenbos River is situated on the Southern Cape Coast in the Western Cape Province. A questionnaire survey, employing a stratified random sample method, is conducted during the month of April 2005. The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (Belville) obtain water quality variables from nine sampling points. The results are analysed for a ten-year period (1994-2004) by STATKON, an independent statistical consultant based at the University of Johannesburg (Kingsway Campus). Analysis methods include a repeated measure of variance (ANOVA) and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. These results are compared with the South African Water Quality Guidelines for domestic, recreational and agricultural (irrigation and livestock watering) use. The results show that the state of the water quality of the Hartenbos River is in a good condition and thus acceptable within the modern urban environment. The researched population mainly disagrees with this statement. According to the opinion of the research population, the water quality is in a poor condition, thus unacceptable within the modern urban environment. According to them, human activities within the river and its catchment and poor management are to be blamed. Although the opinion of the research population is genuine and rightful, the opinion is overruled by the water quality results. Economic development such as tourism and residential development will improve the local economy. The local community’s opinion can alter new developments because of their perception regarding the water quality of the Hartenbos River. How the local community’s opinion compare with actual scientific information, will determine its value or correctness and thus, the positive or negative impact on economic development. The state of water quality and the ecosystem must be maintained. An appropriate environmental management plan and enforcement of existing laws will ensure harmony between any existing or future economic development and the conservation of the Hartenbos River. The Hartenbos River with all its functional and aesthetic properties has to be conserved for generations to come. , Dr. P.J. Wolfaardt
- Full Text:
Technologies for groundwater quality monitoring in rural areas
- Authors: Mahwayi, M.P. , Joseph, M.K.
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Water quality , Determining chemical constituents of groundwater
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/91635 , uj:20125 , Citation: Mahwayi, M.P. & Joseph, M.K. 2016. Technologies for groundwater quality monitoring in rural areas.
- Description: Abstract: Access to clean and portable water is a great challenge to most rural communities of South Africa’s Mpumalanga province. Studies have revealed that groundwater, the main source of drinking water was not fit for human consumption in some rural areas in Mpumalanga province due to high concentration of certain elements. The water from groundwater sources is distributed directly to communities without any purification or regular water quality monitoring. Some rural areas have mostly relied on groundwater for domestic and agricultural use due to the recent reports of water shortages in South Africa. A scalable and flexible model developed as part of this research will respond quickly to change and will assist with the monitoring of the quality of the groundwater from the boreholes. In this research we proposed technologies that could be used to build a model to analyse the physical and chemical constituents that highly contaminate groundwater, the main source of drinking water in Mpumalanga province. The quantitative research method was used to determine the chemical constituents that highly contaminated groundwater supplied by the boreholes in the rural communities of Mpumalanga province.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mahwayi, M.P. , Joseph, M.K.
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Water quality , Determining chemical constituents of groundwater
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/91635 , uj:20125 , Citation: Mahwayi, M.P. & Joseph, M.K. 2016. Technologies for groundwater quality monitoring in rural areas.
- Description: Abstract: Access to clean and portable water is a great challenge to most rural communities of South Africa’s Mpumalanga province. Studies have revealed that groundwater, the main source of drinking water was not fit for human consumption in some rural areas in Mpumalanga province due to high concentration of certain elements. The water from groundwater sources is distributed directly to communities without any purification or regular water quality monitoring. Some rural areas have mostly relied on groundwater for domestic and agricultural use due to the recent reports of water shortages in South Africa. A scalable and flexible model developed as part of this research will respond quickly to change and will assist with the monitoring of the quality of the groundwater from the boreholes. In this research we proposed technologies that could be used to build a model to analyse the physical and chemical constituents that highly contaminate groundwater, the main source of drinking water in Mpumalanga province. The quantitative research method was used to determine the chemical constituents that highly contaminated groundwater supplied by the boreholes in the rural communities of Mpumalanga province.
- Full Text:
The assessment of the influence of treated underground mine water on the benthic fauna in a portion of the Blesbokspruit Ramsar Site
- Authors: Van der Merwe, Charl
- Date: 2009-02-02T07:15:06Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Water pollution , Mine water , Blesbokspruit (South Africa) , Effect of water pollution on benthic animals
- Type: Thesis (M. Sc.)
- Identifier: uj:14865 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1986
- Description: M.A. , The increased demand on resources and particular on water in South Africa is, inter alia, owing to the high population growth, urbanisation and concomitant industrial development. A decrease in water quality impairs the sustainable use of water, economic development and environmental health. Although water quality monitoring in the past focused mainly on the determination of the chemical and physical variables it is currently accepted as inadequate to determine the “health” of an aquatic ecosystem. This study does not concentrate on the impact of the chemical and physical variables on the ecosystem but rather determines the biological affect of treated underground mine water pumped into an aquatic ecosystem. The causes of water pollution can be point source in origin, for example, from water purification works and mines or it could also be from a diverse source such as stormwater, agricultural activities, seepage from various sources such as dumpsites, slimes dams and even from some geological formations. Mining, as one of the major job creators in South Africa, is also one of the major sources of pollution of aquatic systems. This is, in particular, relevant to worked out mines, older mines and marginal mines. The area of investigation is a portion of the Blesbokspruit Ramsar Site on the East Rand and, with its large bird specie diversity, appears to be a healthy system. This study shows that there is extensive debilitation of water quality in this portion of the Blesbokspruit which is further being impaired by the treated underground water pumped into the Blesbokspruit by the Grootvlei Mine. The purpose of this study was to determine the probable hazard of the polluted water of the Blesbokspruit for biota by making use of benthic faunal studies. Previous studies (Adendorff, 1997; Chutter, 1998 and Davies & Day, 1998) proved that the benthic fauna decrease with an increase in water pollution. The water quality of the Blesbokspruit in the test area was compared with the water quality standards for natural water set by the National Department of Water Affairs and Forestry as well as the water quality targets as set by Rand Water. The water quality of the test area was below standard when compared with both sets of standards. Biomonitoring also indicated that, because of the low counts of invertebrates, compared to the high counts of invertebrates in pristine aquatic systems, that this system is under pressure. This study indicates that the water quality of the Blesbokspruit Ramsar Site seriously impacts upon the benthic fauna and that the treated mine water from Grootvlei Mine, which is being pumped into the system, leaves this system stripped of all benthic fauna over an undetermined area. From this study it is also clear that managerial standards are urgently needed for water quality control and that water quality management should not only take the data of chemical water analysis into account but biological compounds should also be considered.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Van der Merwe, Charl
- Date: 2009-02-02T07:15:06Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Water pollution , Mine water , Blesbokspruit (South Africa) , Effect of water pollution on benthic animals
- Type: Thesis (M. Sc.)
- Identifier: uj:14865 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1986
- Description: M.A. , The increased demand on resources and particular on water in South Africa is, inter alia, owing to the high population growth, urbanisation and concomitant industrial development. A decrease in water quality impairs the sustainable use of water, economic development and environmental health. Although water quality monitoring in the past focused mainly on the determination of the chemical and physical variables it is currently accepted as inadequate to determine the “health” of an aquatic ecosystem. This study does not concentrate on the impact of the chemical and physical variables on the ecosystem but rather determines the biological affect of treated underground mine water pumped into an aquatic ecosystem. The causes of water pollution can be point source in origin, for example, from water purification works and mines or it could also be from a diverse source such as stormwater, agricultural activities, seepage from various sources such as dumpsites, slimes dams and even from some geological formations. Mining, as one of the major job creators in South Africa, is also one of the major sources of pollution of aquatic systems. This is, in particular, relevant to worked out mines, older mines and marginal mines. The area of investigation is a portion of the Blesbokspruit Ramsar Site on the East Rand and, with its large bird specie diversity, appears to be a healthy system. This study shows that there is extensive debilitation of water quality in this portion of the Blesbokspruit which is further being impaired by the treated underground water pumped into the Blesbokspruit by the Grootvlei Mine. The purpose of this study was to determine the probable hazard of the polluted water of the Blesbokspruit for biota by making use of benthic faunal studies. Previous studies (Adendorff, 1997; Chutter, 1998 and Davies & Day, 1998) proved that the benthic fauna decrease with an increase in water pollution. The water quality of the Blesbokspruit in the test area was compared with the water quality standards for natural water set by the National Department of Water Affairs and Forestry as well as the water quality targets as set by Rand Water. The water quality of the test area was below standard when compared with both sets of standards. Biomonitoring also indicated that, because of the low counts of invertebrates, compared to the high counts of invertebrates in pristine aquatic systems, that this system is under pressure. This study indicates that the water quality of the Blesbokspruit Ramsar Site seriously impacts upon the benthic fauna and that the treated mine water from Grootvlei Mine, which is being pumped into the system, leaves this system stripped of all benthic fauna over an undetermined area. From this study it is also clear that managerial standards are urgently needed for water quality control and that water quality management should not only take the data of chemical water analysis into account but biological compounds should also be considered.
- Full Text:
The assessment of the water quality of the Hex River Catchment- North West Province
- Authors: Du Plessis, Janel
- Date: 2008-06-02T12:51:09Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Hex River Watershed , North West (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:8696 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/504
- Description: This minor-dissertation established the long-term (July 2002 to June 2006) as well as present day (July 2005 to June 2006) water quality conditions of the Hex River and its tributaries the Dorp-, Paardekraal- , Klipgat- and Klipfontein Spruit, upstream of the Bospoort Dam. The Hex River is situated in the North-West Province, in close proximity of the town Rustenburg. The Hex River falls within the associated Hex River catchment. Various anthropogenic activities impact negatively on the water quality of the Hex River. These impacts include agriculture, livestock production, industrial effluent, mining activities, and processing as well as residential impacts including treated and untreated sewage from the town of Rustenburg as well as informal settlements in the Hex River catchment. The various land uses for the Hex River include domestic use by informal settlements in the area, including mining concessions, livestock watering as well as irrigation and the aquatic environment of the Hex River catchment and the receiving water body the Bospoort Dam. The Hex River, therefore, not only has a effect on the environment but also on the social and economic aspects in the region. Owing to the severity of these impacts it was deemed necessary to determine the long-term water quality trends of the Hex River as well as the prevailing water quality conditions. The primary tributaries of the Hex River were included in the study to determine the source of possible pollution influx. In order to achieve the aim of the study a literature review was conducted on chemical, physical and biological water quality as well as legislative requirements controlling water quality management. A proper understanding of the various impacts as well as land uses in the area is essential in demarcating possible pollution sources. The assessment of the long-term water quality data was conducted to determine the historical water quality trends of the Hex River and associated tributaries and the deterioration in water quality over a four year period. The most recent water quality data were compared against the Target Water Quality Guideline Ranges (DWAF, 1996) for domestic use, irrigation, livestock watering as well as aquatic ecosystems. The long-term water quality trends showed a significant mine water, industrial effluent and sewage impact on the Hex River after the confluence with the tributaries. The assessment of the current water quality situation indicated non-compliance towards the Target Water Quality Guideline Ranges (TWQGR) as stipulated by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF, 1996a-d), rendering the water unfit for domestic use, irrigation and livestock watering. The sources feeding the tributaries iii contain water of inferior quality with a direct associated environmental risk. However, at present the risk potential is contained in the system but with a specific environmental event, such as high rainfall over a short period of time, could be released with a significant environmental impact and decrease in aquatic biodiversity. , Dr. J.M. Meeuwis
- Full Text:
- Authors: Du Plessis, Janel
- Date: 2008-06-02T12:51:09Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Hex River Watershed , North West (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:8696 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/504
- Description: This minor-dissertation established the long-term (July 2002 to June 2006) as well as present day (July 2005 to June 2006) water quality conditions of the Hex River and its tributaries the Dorp-, Paardekraal- , Klipgat- and Klipfontein Spruit, upstream of the Bospoort Dam. The Hex River is situated in the North-West Province, in close proximity of the town Rustenburg. The Hex River falls within the associated Hex River catchment. Various anthropogenic activities impact negatively on the water quality of the Hex River. These impacts include agriculture, livestock production, industrial effluent, mining activities, and processing as well as residential impacts including treated and untreated sewage from the town of Rustenburg as well as informal settlements in the Hex River catchment. The various land uses for the Hex River include domestic use by informal settlements in the area, including mining concessions, livestock watering as well as irrigation and the aquatic environment of the Hex River catchment and the receiving water body the Bospoort Dam. The Hex River, therefore, not only has a effect on the environment but also on the social and economic aspects in the region. Owing to the severity of these impacts it was deemed necessary to determine the long-term water quality trends of the Hex River as well as the prevailing water quality conditions. The primary tributaries of the Hex River were included in the study to determine the source of possible pollution influx. In order to achieve the aim of the study a literature review was conducted on chemical, physical and biological water quality as well as legislative requirements controlling water quality management. A proper understanding of the various impacts as well as land uses in the area is essential in demarcating possible pollution sources. The assessment of the long-term water quality data was conducted to determine the historical water quality trends of the Hex River and associated tributaries and the deterioration in water quality over a four year period. The most recent water quality data were compared against the Target Water Quality Guideline Ranges (DWAF, 1996) for domestic use, irrigation, livestock watering as well as aquatic ecosystems. The long-term water quality trends showed a significant mine water, industrial effluent and sewage impact on the Hex River after the confluence with the tributaries. The assessment of the current water quality situation indicated non-compliance towards the Target Water Quality Guideline Ranges (TWQGR) as stipulated by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF, 1996a-d), rendering the water unfit for domestic use, irrigation and livestock watering. The sources feeding the tributaries iii contain water of inferior quality with a direct associated environmental risk. However, at present the risk potential is contained in the system but with a specific environmental event, such as high rainfall over a short period of time, could be released with a significant environmental impact and decrease in aquatic biodiversity. , Dr. J.M. Meeuwis
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The effect of Grootvlei mine water on the Blesbokspruit
- Authors: Thorius, Tanja
- Date: 2009-02-02T07:15:44Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Mine water , Gold mines and mining , Blesbokspruit (South Africa)
- Type: Mini-Dissertation
- Identifier: uj:14868 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1989
- Description: M.Sc. , Gold mining activities are widespread in the Witwatersrand area of South Africa. These have significant influences, both positive and negative, on the socio-economic and bio-physical environments. In the case of South Africa’s river systems and riparian zones, mining and its associated activities have negatively impacted upon these systems. The Blesbokspruit Catchment Area and Grootvlei Mines Limited (hereafter called “Grootvlei”) are located in Gauteng Province of South Africa. The chosen study area is east of the town of Springs in the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality on the East Rand of Gauteng Province. Grootvlei, which has been operating underground mining activities since 1934, is one of the last operational mines in this area. Grootvlei pumps extraneous water from its underground mine workings into the Blesbokspruit, which includes the Blesbokspruit Ramsar site. This pumping ensures that the mine workings are not flooded, which would result in the gold reserves becoming inaccessible and would shortly lead to the closure of Grootvlei. This closure would further affect at least three other marginal gold mines in the area, namely, Springs-Dagga, Droogebult-Wits and Nigel Gold Mine, all which rely on Grootvlei’s pumping to keep their workings dry. Being shallower than Grootvlei, they are currently able to operate without themselves having to pump any extraneous water from their underground workings. A cessation of pumping would also cause flooding of the lower workings of the neighbouring Consolidated Modderfontein Mine. If pumping does not take place the water will eventually percolate to the surface, initially in the Nigel area and eventually throughout the entir e Far East Rand, which would lead to substantial economic losses. This study was undertaken to establish whether Grootvlei’s pumping activities of extraneous water from underground mine workings into the Blesbokspruit has had, and is still having, an impact on the water quality of the Blesbokspruit and, if so, how this impact can be minimized or eliminated. Water quality of the Blesbokspruit was analysed and trends in four selected variables, i.e. pH, Electric Conductivity, magnesium and sulphate content, are discussed in this report. These variables were analysed in relation to three categories, namely the sample point position, seasonal influences and four periods of pumping operations. The sample position immediately downstream of the discharge point of Grootvlei, where the extraneous water from their underground mine workings is pumped into the Blesbokspruit, as well as the samples collected in the dry seasons, recorded the poorest overall water quality values in The Impact of Grootvlei Mine on the Water Quality of the Blesbokspruit ii all four variables. Although the sample position and seasonal changes influenced the water quality of the Blesbokspruit, it was found that the periods of pumping had the most significant influence on the water quality, with a decrease in water quality after the huge increase in pumping volumes, which commenced in October 1995. It was also established that the Blesbokspruit wetland does not have the capacity to purify the water in the Blesbokspruit in order to maintain similar water quality conditions found upstream from the mine. This could be due to the wetland already having too many contaminants in it. The analysis concludes that the pumping of extraneous water from underground mine workings into the Blesbokspruit has had and is still having, although to a lesser degree, a major influence on the deterioration of water quality of the Blesbokspruit. The strategic management plan of Grootvlei, as well as the feasibility study to establish the best -suited scenario for reducing water ingress into the underground mine workings were discussed. In addition, the following recommendations were made in order to assist Grootvlei in improving the water quality of the Blesbokspruit: Strict compliance with environmental law regarding the requirements set out in the water extraction licence of Grootvlei. Grootvlei should adhere to its statements and undertakings to improve the water quality pumped into the Blesbokspruit. Grootvlei should expand on its increased environmental awareness by ensuring that communication channels are open between Grootvlei and the community. This is essential to ensure that Grootvlei is made aware of issues and concerns of the community and that the community is aware that their issues and concerns have been heard, understood and acted upon by Grootvlei. Grootvlei should become actively involved in the activities and decisions of the Blesbokspruit Catchment Forum, and should be a permanent member thereof. The use of Phytoremediation, trees and riparian zones could be implemented as an alternative to, or in conjunction with current practices to improve the water quality of the water before it is pumped into the Blesbokspruit by Grootvlei. Phytoremediation can also be used in order to reduce the amount of water ingress into underground workings, by establishing vegetation, such as trees, to absorb and evapotranspirate water at areas where ingress occurs. Procedures in the reduction of the surface water ingress to the underground mine workings should also be implemented. Monitoring the water quality pumped into the Blesbokspruit, as well as monitoring the amount of water ingress into the underground mine workings must be continued. A study for the restoration of the Blesbokspruit wetland needs to be implemented urgently.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Thorius, Tanja
- Date: 2009-02-02T07:15:44Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Mine water , Gold mines and mining , Blesbokspruit (South Africa)
- Type: Mini-Dissertation
- Identifier: uj:14868 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1989
- Description: M.Sc. , Gold mining activities are widespread in the Witwatersrand area of South Africa. These have significant influences, both positive and negative, on the socio-economic and bio-physical environments. In the case of South Africa’s river systems and riparian zones, mining and its associated activities have negatively impacted upon these systems. The Blesbokspruit Catchment Area and Grootvlei Mines Limited (hereafter called “Grootvlei”) are located in Gauteng Province of South Africa. The chosen study area is east of the town of Springs in the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality on the East Rand of Gauteng Province. Grootvlei, which has been operating underground mining activities since 1934, is one of the last operational mines in this area. Grootvlei pumps extraneous water from its underground mine workings into the Blesbokspruit, which includes the Blesbokspruit Ramsar site. This pumping ensures that the mine workings are not flooded, which would result in the gold reserves becoming inaccessible and would shortly lead to the closure of Grootvlei. This closure would further affect at least three other marginal gold mines in the area, namely, Springs-Dagga, Droogebult-Wits and Nigel Gold Mine, all which rely on Grootvlei’s pumping to keep their workings dry. Being shallower than Grootvlei, they are currently able to operate without themselves having to pump any extraneous water from their underground workings. A cessation of pumping would also cause flooding of the lower workings of the neighbouring Consolidated Modderfontein Mine. If pumping does not take place the water will eventually percolate to the surface, initially in the Nigel area and eventually throughout the entir e Far East Rand, which would lead to substantial economic losses. This study was undertaken to establish whether Grootvlei’s pumping activities of extraneous water from underground mine workings into the Blesbokspruit has had, and is still having, an impact on the water quality of the Blesbokspruit and, if so, how this impact can be minimized or eliminated. Water quality of the Blesbokspruit was analysed and trends in four selected variables, i.e. pH, Electric Conductivity, magnesium and sulphate content, are discussed in this report. These variables were analysed in relation to three categories, namely the sample point position, seasonal influences and four periods of pumping operations. The sample position immediately downstream of the discharge point of Grootvlei, where the extraneous water from their underground mine workings is pumped into the Blesbokspruit, as well as the samples collected in the dry seasons, recorded the poorest overall water quality values in The Impact of Grootvlei Mine on the Water Quality of the Blesbokspruit ii all four variables. Although the sample position and seasonal changes influenced the water quality of the Blesbokspruit, it was found that the periods of pumping had the most significant influence on the water quality, with a decrease in water quality after the huge increase in pumping volumes, which commenced in October 1995. It was also established that the Blesbokspruit wetland does not have the capacity to purify the water in the Blesbokspruit in order to maintain similar water quality conditions found upstream from the mine. This could be due to the wetland already having too many contaminants in it. The analysis concludes that the pumping of extraneous water from underground mine workings into the Blesbokspruit has had and is still having, although to a lesser degree, a major influence on the deterioration of water quality of the Blesbokspruit. The strategic management plan of Grootvlei, as well as the feasibility study to establish the best -suited scenario for reducing water ingress into the underground mine workings were discussed. In addition, the following recommendations were made in order to assist Grootvlei in improving the water quality of the Blesbokspruit: Strict compliance with environmental law regarding the requirements set out in the water extraction licence of Grootvlei. Grootvlei should adhere to its statements and undertakings to improve the water quality pumped into the Blesbokspruit. Grootvlei should expand on its increased environmental awareness by ensuring that communication channels are open between Grootvlei and the community. This is essential to ensure that Grootvlei is made aware of issues and concerns of the community and that the community is aware that their issues and concerns have been heard, understood and acted upon by Grootvlei. Grootvlei should become actively involved in the activities and decisions of the Blesbokspruit Catchment Forum, and should be a permanent member thereof. The use of Phytoremediation, trees and riparian zones could be implemented as an alternative to, or in conjunction with current practices to improve the water quality of the water before it is pumped into the Blesbokspruit by Grootvlei. Phytoremediation can also be used in order to reduce the amount of water ingress into underground workings, by establishing vegetation, such as trees, to absorb and evapotranspirate water at areas where ingress occurs. Procedures in the reduction of the surface water ingress to the underground mine workings should also be implemented. Monitoring the water quality pumped into the Blesbokspruit, as well as monitoring the amount of water ingress into the underground mine workings must be continued. A study for the restoration of the Blesbokspruit wetland needs to be implemented urgently.
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The impact of industrial effluences on water quality in the Waterval River catchment
- Authors: Nel, Selma
- Date: 2009-03-31T09:45:32Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Water quality management , Water pollution , Klipspruit River (South Africa)
- Type: Mini-Dissertation
- Identifier: uj:8278 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2387
- Description: M.A. , The goal of this study is to determine the water quality of the Klipspruit River over a six-year period, from 2000 to 2005. The Klipspruit lies within the sub-catchment area of the Waterval River, which in itself forms part of the Upper Vaal Catchment. The Klipspruit runs through the city of Secunda in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, its catchment area providing two percent of the water to the Vaal Dam. In its turn, the Vaal Dam is the main raw water source for Rand Water that provides potable water to 10 million people in its 18 000 square kilometre service area. This study specifically focuses on the long-term trends of six selected water-quality parameters related to the effluent generated at the Sasol Secunda Industrial Complex (SSIC) during its coal-to-fuel operations. Certain physical, chemical and organic water-quality parameters of the Klipspruit were investigated on the basis of samples taken from three monitoring points in it. The water samples were analysed in terms of the water quality guidelines stipulated by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), as well as the In-stream Water Quality Guidelines laid down by the Waterval River Catchment Management Agency. This was done to determine how industrial effluent impacts upon water quality in general and also how it affects water usage in other respects. The water-use categories considered in this study include aquatic ecosystems, domestic systems, livestock watering and irrigation systems. The results of conducting a regression analysis on the data collected from the monitoring points on the Klipspruit and assessing it in terms of the specifications laid down by the guidelines in question show that the respective concentrations of a number of water quality parameters in the upper part of the Klipspruit often exceed the ideal water quality levels. However, these concentration levels stabilize over time as the river continues to flow downstream. This is mainly due to the location of the first monitoring point which is close to the Sasol Secunda Industrial Complex (SSIC), where the effluent is generated, and also because the Secunda Sewage Treatment Plant is in the vicinity.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Nel, Selma
- Date: 2009-03-31T09:45:32Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Water quality management , Water pollution , Klipspruit River (South Africa)
- Type: Mini-Dissertation
- Identifier: uj:8278 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2387
- Description: M.A. , The goal of this study is to determine the water quality of the Klipspruit River over a six-year period, from 2000 to 2005. The Klipspruit lies within the sub-catchment area of the Waterval River, which in itself forms part of the Upper Vaal Catchment. The Klipspruit runs through the city of Secunda in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, its catchment area providing two percent of the water to the Vaal Dam. In its turn, the Vaal Dam is the main raw water source for Rand Water that provides potable water to 10 million people in its 18 000 square kilometre service area. This study specifically focuses on the long-term trends of six selected water-quality parameters related to the effluent generated at the Sasol Secunda Industrial Complex (SSIC) during its coal-to-fuel operations. Certain physical, chemical and organic water-quality parameters of the Klipspruit were investigated on the basis of samples taken from three monitoring points in it. The water samples were analysed in terms of the water quality guidelines stipulated by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), as well as the In-stream Water Quality Guidelines laid down by the Waterval River Catchment Management Agency. This was done to determine how industrial effluent impacts upon water quality in general and also how it affects water usage in other respects. The water-use categories considered in this study include aquatic ecosystems, domestic systems, livestock watering and irrigation systems. The results of conducting a regression analysis on the data collected from the monitoring points on the Klipspruit and assessing it in terms of the specifications laid down by the guidelines in question show that the respective concentrations of a number of water quality parameters in the upper part of the Klipspruit often exceed the ideal water quality levels. However, these concentration levels stabilize over time as the river continues to flow downstream. This is mainly due to the location of the first monitoring point which is close to the Sasol Secunda Industrial Complex (SSIC), where the effluent is generated, and also because the Secunda Sewage Treatment Plant is in the vicinity.
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The impact of Katse Dam water on water quality in the Ash, Liebenbergsvlei and Wilge Rivers and the Vaal Dam
- Authors: Wright, Jacqueline Sharon
- Date: 2008-06-24T10:28:00Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Dams , Katse Dam (Lesotho) , Ash River (South Africa) , Liebenbergsvlei River (South Africa) , Wilge River (South Africa) , Vaal Dam (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:9762 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/716
- Description: The main purpose of this study is to determine the difference in water quality of the rivers between the Katse and Vaal Dams (Wilge River and Vaal Dam reservoir sub-catchments) after the construction of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. These rivers include the Ash, Liebenbergsvlei and Wilge Rivers. The temporal changes in water constituents, namely: electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, pH, turbidity, ammonia, calcium, manganese and chlorophyll a, at selected water sampling points were analysed to clarify if Katse Dam water has had any impact on the water quality of the Ash, Liebenbergsvlei and Wilge Rivers and the Vaal Dam. The water quality was studied over an eleven-year period from November 1994 until December 2005. This includes a five-year period prior to, and a six-year period following the completion of the Katse Dam. The Ash, Liebenbergsvlei and Wilge Rivers fall within the Wilge sub-catchment, and the Vaal Dam falls within the Vaal Dam reservoir sub-catchment. Both the aforementioned sub-catchments form part of the Vaal River catchment. Physical, chemical and microbiological sampling results were obtained from Rand Water. The results were compared with the in-stream water quality guidelines as set by the Vaal Barrage Catchment Executive Committee. The results of the selected constituents were depicted visually in the form of graphs. Trends in the constituents over the period were then determined. The graphs were divided into two sections namely, pre-Katse Dam (before 1999) and post-Katse Dam (1999 to 2005). Differences in water quality before and after the construction of the Katse Dam were determined from sampling and chemical analysis at six locations, and hence evaluations were made whether the release of Katse Dam water has had a significant effect on the water quality results in the Vaal River System. The water quality results with respect to the different water constituents illustrated a distinct change in water quality over the period. Northwards, towards the Vaal Dam, the difference in water quality became less apparent. Sampling points throughout the study area experienced decreases in: electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, ammonia, and manganese. Hence, the release of Katse Dam water into the Vaal River system has had a ii positive influence on the water quality and thus changed the riverine environments in the Vaal River system. The high quality water from the Katse Dam that enters the Vaal River system thus initially increases the quality of the water in the recipient system with a lesser effect downstream. The result is an improvement of water quality in the upper reaches of the Vaal River system and no significant influence on the Vaal Dam itself. However, the change in water quality may have a detrimental effect on the river environment as a result of the increased volume of water entering the system and the resultant soil erosion, which serves for further studies. Consequently, the advantageous high quality water from the Lesotho Highlands is not being optimally utilised, hence the proposed recommendation by Rand Water to alternatively transfer Katse Dam water via a gravity-fed pipeline to the Vaal Dam thereby receiving the full benefit of high quality water, leaving river environments unaltered and possibly lowering purification costs. , Prof. J. T. Harmse Prof. H. J. Annegarn
- Full Text:
- Authors: Wright, Jacqueline Sharon
- Date: 2008-06-24T10:28:00Z
- Subjects: Water quality , Dams , Katse Dam (Lesotho) , Ash River (South Africa) , Liebenbergsvlei River (South Africa) , Wilge River (South Africa) , Vaal Dam (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:9762 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/716
- Description: The main purpose of this study is to determine the difference in water quality of the rivers between the Katse and Vaal Dams (Wilge River and Vaal Dam reservoir sub-catchments) after the construction of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. These rivers include the Ash, Liebenbergsvlei and Wilge Rivers. The temporal changes in water constituents, namely: electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, pH, turbidity, ammonia, calcium, manganese and chlorophyll a, at selected water sampling points were analysed to clarify if Katse Dam water has had any impact on the water quality of the Ash, Liebenbergsvlei and Wilge Rivers and the Vaal Dam. The water quality was studied over an eleven-year period from November 1994 until December 2005. This includes a five-year period prior to, and a six-year period following the completion of the Katse Dam. The Ash, Liebenbergsvlei and Wilge Rivers fall within the Wilge sub-catchment, and the Vaal Dam falls within the Vaal Dam reservoir sub-catchment. Both the aforementioned sub-catchments form part of the Vaal River catchment. Physical, chemical and microbiological sampling results were obtained from Rand Water. The results were compared with the in-stream water quality guidelines as set by the Vaal Barrage Catchment Executive Committee. The results of the selected constituents were depicted visually in the form of graphs. Trends in the constituents over the period were then determined. The graphs were divided into two sections namely, pre-Katse Dam (before 1999) and post-Katse Dam (1999 to 2005). Differences in water quality before and after the construction of the Katse Dam were determined from sampling and chemical analysis at six locations, and hence evaluations were made whether the release of Katse Dam water has had a significant effect on the water quality results in the Vaal River System. The water quality results with respect to the different water constituents illustrated a distinct change in water quality over the period. Northwards, towards the Vaal Dam, the difference in water quality became less apparent. Sampling points throughout the study area experienced decreases in: electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, ammonia, and manganese. Hence, the release of Katse Dam water into the Vaal River system has had a ii positive influence on the water quality and thus changed the riverine environments in the Vaal River system. The high quality water from the Katse Dam that enters the Vaal River system thus initially increases the quality of the water in the recipient system with a lesser effect downstream. The result is an improvement of water quality in the upper reaches of the Vaal River system and no significant influence on the Vaal Dam itself. However, the change in water quality may have a detrimental effect on the river environment as a result of the increased volume of water entering the system and the resultant soil erosion, which serves for further studies. Consequently, the advantageous high quality water from the Lesotho Highlands is not being optimally utilised, hence the proposed recommendation by Rand Water to alternatively transfer Katse Dam water via a gravity-fed pipeline to the Vaal Dam thereby receiving the full benefit of high quality water, leaving river environments unaltered and possibly lowering purification costs. , Prof. J. T. Harmse Prof. H. J. Annegarn
- Full Text: