Commercialisation of water supply in Zimbabwe and its effects on the poor : a working framework
- Mukonavanhu, Tinashe, Ukwandu, Damian, Nel-Sanders, Danielle
- Authors: Mukonavanhu, Tinashe , Ukwandu, Damian , Nel-Sanders, Danielle
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Neoliberalism , Commercialisation , Water
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/482703 , uj:43781 , Citation: Mukonavanhu, T., Ukwandu, D. & Nel-Sanders, D., 2021, ‘Commercialisation of water supply in Zimbabwe and its effects on the poor: A working framework’, Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 9(1), a536. https://doi.org/ 10.4102/apsdpr.v9i1.536
- Description: Abstract: Background: Neoliberalism favours the existence of free markets with limited government interference as the best way to conduct business. A feasibility study is necessary regarding the practicality of the application of neoliberalist policies in Zimbabwe’s water sector. This is important because there has been a lack of water in urban and rural areas of Zimbabwe even before the COVID-19 era. Aim: The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of the commercialisation of water in Zimbabwe. Setting: The formation of the state-owned Zimbabwe National Water Authority signified a move towards the solidification of the commercialisation of the water sector in Zimbabwe, based in part on neoliberal principles. Methods: This study is a conceptual study, involving the review of various sources of literature to identify trends in the commercialisation of Zimbabwe’s water sector. This study is descriptive in nature and involves the use of secondary data gathered from various publications. This study also makes use of a case study approach. Results: The findings of this study show that the commercialisation of the water sector in Zimbabwe is practical to a certain extent; however, it needs to be performed in a way that acknowledges existing strengths and weaknesses with continuous monitoring and evaluation taking place. Conclusion: While commercialisation is a necessary tool to incentivising economic water usage and generate revenue, there is a need to ensure that those who cannot afford to pay for water in Zimbabwe are safeguarded in order to guarantee their access to basic water, which is their human right.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mukonavanhu, Tinashe , Ukwandu, Damian , Nel-Sanders, Danielle
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Neoliberalism , Commercialisation , Water
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/482703 , uj:43781 , Citation: Mukonavanhu, T., Ukwandu, D. & Nel-Sanders, D., 2021, ‘Commercialisation of water supply in Zimbabwe and its effects on the poor: A working framework’, Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 9(1), a536. https://doi.org/ 10.4102/apsdpr.v9i1.536
- Description: Abstract: Background: Neoliberalism favours the existence of free markets with limited government interference as the best way to conduct business. A feasibility study is necessary regarding the practicality of the application of neoliberalist policies in Zimbabwe’s water sector. This is important because there has been a lack of water in urban and rural areas of Zimbabwe even before the COVID-19 era. Aim: The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of the commercialisation of water in Zimbabwe. Setting: The formation of the state-owned Zimbabwe National Water Authority signified a move towards the solidification of the commercialisation of the water sector in Zimbabwe, based in part on neoliberal principles. Methods: This study is a conceptual study, involving the review of various sources of literature to identify trends in the commercialisation of Zimbabwe’s water sector. This study is descriptive in nature and involves the use of secondary data gathered from various publications. This study also makes use of a case study approach. Results: The findings of this study show that the commercialisation of the water sector in Zimbabwe is practical to a certain extent; however, it needs to be performed in a way that acknowledges existing strengths and weaknesses with continuous monitoring and evaluation taking place. Conclusion: While commercialisation is a necessary tool to incentivising economic water usage and generate revenue, there is a need to ensure that those who cannot afford to pay for water in Zimbabwe are safeguarded in order to guarantee their access to basic water, which is their human right.
- Full Text:
Failed intentions? : Meeting the water needs of PLHIV in South Africa
- Galvin, Mary, Masombuka, Linah N.
- Authors: Galvin, Mary , Masombuka, Linah N.
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: HIV , Water , Activist
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/459698 , uj:40872 , Citation: Galvin, M. & Masombuka, L.N. 2020. Failed intentions? : Meeting the water needs of PLHIV in South Africa.
- Description: Abstract: Researchers, activists, practitioners and policy-makers have grappled with the challenge of providing people living with HIV (PLHIV), now 13 percent of the overall population or 7.52 million people, with an adequate amount of safe water for drinking and taking medication; preparing food; and personal hygiene and cleaning to minimise infections. This article examines the responses of the different stakeholders to this challenge and their impact on the water and health policy process. It finds that activists were able to emphasise the dimensions of the challenge; practitioners worked to implement provision more effectively within existing policy frameworks; and a range of stakeholders made a thoughtful and promising policy proposal for direct action, which the Department of Water and Sanitation ultimately failed to embrace. This article is based on an extensive review of academic research and publications by development agencies on HIV and water as well as engagement with policies and documents in the South African water sector related to water services delivery for PLHIV. While the widespread provision of anti-retrovirals from 2004 has changed the context, the above findings are significant in understanding and reviewing the impact of various stakeholders on the water and health policy process. They raise questions regarding the effectiveness of NGO advocacy, the means of delivering improved services to specific populations, and the ability of a range of stakeholders to inform the policy approaches of government departments.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Galvin, Mary , Masombuka, Linah N.
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: HIV , Water , Activist
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/459698 , uj:40872 , Citation: Galvin, M. & Masombuka, L.N. 2020. Failed intentions? : Meeting the water needs of PLHIV in South Africa.
- Description: Abstract: Researchers, activists, practitioners and policy-makers have grappled with the challenge of providing people living with HIV (PLHIV), now 13 percent of the overall population or 7.52 million people, with an adequate amount of safe water for drinking and taking medication; preparing food; and personal hygiene and cleaning to minimise infections. This article examines the responses of the different stakeholders to this challenge and their impact on the water and health policy process. It finds that activists were able to emphasise the dimensions of the challenge; practitioners worked to implement provision more effectively within existing policy frameworks; and a range of stakeholders made a thoughtful and promising policy proposal for direct action, which the Department of Water and Sanitation ultimately failed to embrace. This article is based on an extensive review of academic research and publications by development agencies on HIV and water as well as engagement with policies and documents in the South African water sector related to water services delivery for PLHIV. While the widespread provision of anti-retrovirals from 2004 has changed the context, the above findings are significant in understanding and reviewing the impact of various stakeholders on the water and health policy process. They raise questions regarding the effectiveness of NGO advocacy, the means of delivering improved services to specific populations, and the ability of a range of stakeholders to inform the policy approaches of government departments.
- Full Text:
Solubility of organics in water and silicon oil: a comparative study
- Authors: Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Volatile organic compounds , Solubility , Water , Silicon oil , Activity coefficients , Henry’s Law constants
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5321 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8228
- Description: The aim of this study was to compare the solubility of selected volatile organic compounds in water and silicon oil using the simple static headspace method. The experimental design allowed equilibrium achievement within 30 – 60 minutes. Infinite dilution activity coefficients and Henry’s law constants for various organics representing esters, ketones, alkanes, aromatics, cycloalkanes and amines were measured at 303K. The measurements were reproducible with a relative standard deviation and coefficient of variation of 1.3x10-3 and 1.3 respectively. The static determined activity coefficients using shaker flasks were reasonably comparable to those obtained using the gas liquid - chromatographic technique and those predicted using the group contribution methods mainly the UNIFAC. Silicon oil chemically known as polydimethysiloxane was found to be better absorbent for VOCs than water which quickly becomes saturated. For example the infinite dilution mole fraction based activity coefficients of hexane is 0.503 and 277 000 in silicon oil and water respectively. Thus silicon oil gives a superior factor of 550 696. Henry’s law constants and activity coefficients at infinite dilution play a significant role in the design of scrubbers for abatement of volatile organic compounds from contaminated air streams. This paper presents the phase equilibrium of volatile organic compounds in very dilute aqueous and polymeric solutions indicating the movement and fate of chemical in air and solvent. The successful comparison of the results obtained here and those obtained using other methods by the same authors and in literature, means that the results obtained here are reliable.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Volatile organic compounds , Solubility , Water , Silicon oil , Activity coefficients , Henry’s Law constants
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5321 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8228
- Description: The aim of this study was to compare the solubility of selected volatile organic compounds in water and silicon oil using the simple static headspace method. The experimental design allowed equilibrium achievement within 30 – 60 minutes. Infinite dilution activity coefficients and Henry’s law constants for various organics representing esters, ketones, alkanes, aromatics, cycloalkanes and amines were measured at 303K. The measurements were reproducible with a relative standard deviation and coefficient of variation of 1.3x10-3 and 1.3 respectively. The static determined activity coefficients using shaker flasks were reasonably comparable to those obtained using the gas liquid - chromatographic technique and those predicted using the group contribution methods mainly the UNIFAC. Silicon oil chemically known as polydimethysiloxane was found to be better absorbent for VOCs than water which quickly becomes saturated. For example the infinite dilution mole fraction based activity coefficients of hexane is 0.503 and 277 000 in silicon oil and water respectively. Thus silicon oil gives a superior factor of 550 696. Henry’s law constants and activity coefficients at infinite dilution play a significant role in the design of scrubbers for abatement of volatile organic compounds from contaminated air streams. This paper presents the phase equilibrium of volatile organic compounds in very dilute aqueous and polymeric solutions indicating the movement and fate of chemical in air and solvent. The successful comparison of the results obtained here and those obtained using other methods by the same authors and in literature, means that the results obtained here are reliable.
- Full Text:
Treatability of South African surface waters by enhanced coagulation
- Lobanga, K. P., Haarhoff, J., Van Staden, S. J.
- Authors: Lobanga, K. P. , Haarhoff, J. , Van Staden, S. J.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Water , Water treatment , Surface waters - South Africa , Water - Coagulation
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/23782 , uj:16223 , Lobanga, K.P., Haarhoff, J. & Van Staden, S.J. 2014. Treatability of SA surface waters by enhanced coagulation. Water SA, 40(3):529-534.
- Description: Abstract: The majority of South African inland surface water sources are compromised due to a long-standing national policy of mandatory return flows. With renewed emphasis on the removal of organic carbon in the latest SANS 241 water quality standard, many South African water treatment managers may need to consider adoption of enhanced coagulation (EC) in the near future to achieve both turbidity and NOM removal. From the study of 4 South African inland waters, this paper demonstrates that UV254 absorbance provides a more accessible, reliable and rapid way of monitoring NOM at treatment plant level. This report also provides a detailed procedure for determining the dosages for EC in terms of UV254 absorbance at jar test level. Using ferric chloride as coagulant, a correlation was established to estimate the coagulant dosage for any desired level of UV254 absorbance removal. This correlation enables a preliminary assessment of EC as a means of planned NOM removal. Should EC promise to be a candidate process for NOM removal, it should be verified at jar test level using the proposed procedure.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Lobanga, K. P. , Haarhoff, J. , Van Staden, S. J.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Water , Water treatment , Surface waters - South Africa , Water - Coagulation
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/23782 , uj:16223 , Lobanga, K.P., Haarhoff, J. & Van Staden, S.J. 2014. Treatability of SA surface waters by enhanced coagulation. Water SA, 40(3):529-534.
- Description: Abstract: The majority of South African inland surface water sources are compromised due to a long-standing national policy of mandatory return flows. With renewed emphasis on the removal of organic carbon in the latest SANS 241 water quality standard, many South African water treatment managers may need to consider adoption of enhanced coagulation (EC) in the near future to achieve both turbidity and NOM removal. From the study of 4 South African inland waters, this paper demonstrates that UV254 absorbance provides a more accessible, reliable and rapid way of monitoring NOM at treatment plant level. This report also provides a detailed procedure for determining the dosages for EC in terms of UV254 absorbance at jar test level. Using ferric chloride as coagulant, a correlation was established to estimate the coagulant dosage for any desired level of UV254 absorbance removal. This correlation enables a preliminary assessment of EC as a means of planned NOM removal. Should EC promise to be a candidate process for NOM removal, it should be verified at jar test level using the proposed procedure.
- Full Text:
- «
- ‹
- 1
- ›
- »