Beneficiation of pyrolitic carbon black
- Pilusa, Jefrey, Muzenda, Edison
- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Activated carbon , Briquettes , Waste tyre pyrolysis , Crude carbon black
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/385444 , uj:4843 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12510
- Description: This research investigated treatment of crude carbon black produced from pyrolysis of waste tyres in order to evaluate its quality and possible industrial applications. A representative sample of crude carbon black was dry screened to determine the initial particle size distribution. This was followed by pulverizing the crude carbon black and leaching in hot concentrated sulphuric acid for the removal of heavy metals and other contaminants. Analysis of the refined carbon black showed a significant improvement of the product quality compared to crude carbon black. It was discovered that refined carbon black can be further classified into multiple high value products for various industrial applications such as filler, paint pigment, activated carbon and fuel briquettes.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Activated carbon , Briquettes , Waste tyre pyrolysis , Crude carbon black
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/385444 , uj:4843 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12510
- Description: This research investigated treatment of crude carbon black produced from pyrolysis of waste tyres in order to evaluate its quality and possible industrial applications. A representative sample of crude carbon black was dry screened to determine the initial particle size distribution. This was followed by pulverizing the crude carbon black and leaching in hot concentrated sulphuric acid for the removal of heavy metals and other contaminants. Analysis of the refined carbon black showed a significant improvement of the product quality compared to crude carbon black. It was discovered that refined carbon black can be further classified into multiple high value products for various industrial applications such as filler, paint pigment, activated carbon and fuel briquettes.
- Full Text:
Characteristics of tyre derived fuel-diesel blends
- Sebola, Rebecca, Pilusa, Jefrey, Muzenda, Edison
- Authors: Sebola, Rebecca , Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Pyrolysis fuel , Waste tyre pyrolysis , Tyre derived fuel
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4891 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12605
- Description: This paper reviews the behavior of diesel-tyre derived fuel blends as a modified fuel for diesel engines. Gas phase de-sulphurisation distillation over membrane sieves was used to prepare tyre derived fuel samples. The samples were blended with 50ppm commercial diesel at various volume ratios. The contamination characteristics of such blends were investigated whereby continuous single pass filtration technique was employed to remove solids contaminants in the fuel blends. It was observed that gas phase de-sulphurisation distillation of crude tyre derived fuel reduces total sulphur content by up to 40%. Blending the distilled tyre derived fuel with low sulphur diesel has shown that up to 25vol. % of distilled tyre fuel can be added to low sulphur diesel without compromising the recommended physical properties of the blend. However the total sulphur content remains higher than the recommended specification as per SANS 342 despite the 85% reduction from the crude tyre derived fuel state.
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- Authors: Sebola, Rebecca , Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Pyrolysis fuel , Waste tyre pyrolysis , Tyre derived fuel
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4891 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12605
- Description: This paper reviews the behavior of diesel-tyre derived fuel blends as a modified fuel for diesel engines. Gas phase de-sulphurisation distillation over membrane sieves was used to prepare tyre derived fuel samples. The samples were blended with 50ppm commercial diesel at various volume ratios. The contamination characteristics of such blends were investigated whereby continuous single pass filtration technique was employed to remove solids contaminants in the fuel blends. It was observed that gas phase de-sulphurisation distillation of crude tyre derived fuel reduces total sulphur content by up to 40%. Blending the distilled tyre derived fuel with low sulphur diesel has shown that up to 25vol. % of distilled tyre fuel can be added to low sulphur diesel without compromising the recommended physical properties of the blend. However the total sulphur content remains higher than the recommended specification as per SANS 342 despite the 85% reduction from the crude tyre derived fuel state.
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Investigation of single pass filtration of tyre derived fuel-diesel blend
- Pilusa, Jefrey T., Muzenda, Edison, Shukla, Mukul
- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey T. , Muzenda, Edison , Shukla, Mukul
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Waste tyre pyrolysis , Tyre derived fuel , Single pass filtration
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4893 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12607
- Description: This research reports the experimental investigation of single pass filtration of tyre derived fuel and low sulphur diesel blend using a bench scale two stage micro-molecular filtration set-up. Crude tyre pyrolitic oil obtained from slow pyrolysis of waste tyres was distillated at 250ºC to recover the light to medium fraction from the oil. The distillate was characterized and blended with low sulphur diesel at a volume ratio of 1.5:1 for bench scale filtration tests. Optimum packing densities for both micro and molecular filter media were determined followed by single pass filtration to evaluate the contaminants removal efficiencies. It was observed that the selected packing density of 168kg/m3 and pattern for micro filter medium can remove up to 2.5μm particle size in the fuel. The 18% reduction in total sulphur in the fuel after filtration was an indication of liquid phase mass transfer (molecular filtration) on the active surface of the molecular sieves.
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- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey T. , Muzenda, Edison , Shukla, Mukul
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Waste tyre pyrolysis , Tyre derived fuel , Single pass filtration
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4893 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12607
- Description: This research reports the experimental investigation of single pass filtration of tyre derived fuel and low sulphur diesel blend using a bench scale two stage micro-molecular filtration set-up. Crude tyre pyrolitic oil obtained from slow pyrolysis of waste tyres was distillated at 250ºC to recover the light to medium fraction from the oil. The distillate was characterized and blended with low sulphur diesel at a volume ratio of 1.5:1 for bench scale filtration tests. Optimum packing densities for both micro and molecular filter media were determined followed by single pass filtration to evaluate the contaminants removal efficiencies. It was observed that the selected packing density of 168kg/m3 and pattern for micro filter medium can remove up to 2.5μm particle size in the fuel. The 18% reduction in total sulphur in the fuel after filtration was an indication of liquid phase mass transfer (molecular filtration) on the active surface of the molecular sieves.
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Pyrolitic tyre derived fuel : a review
- Pilusa, Jefrey T., Shukla, Mukul, Muzenda, Edison
- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey T. , Shukla, Mukul , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Alternative fuel , Waste tyre pyrolysis , Waste tyre utilization
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4859 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12535
- Description: This paper reviews the potential of using waste tyre pyrolitic fuel as an alternative energy taking into account its environmental impact and national regulations. The properties of tyre derived oil and its derivatives were evaluated as a potential alternative low cost fuel for various industrial applications. The benefit of pyrolysis versus landfill disposal of waste tyres while producing low cost fuel and other value add products remains a driving force for this initiative. The downstream challenges associated with combustion of high sulphur bearing fuels such as tyre pyrolitic fuels calls for more research to into purification and refining of these fuels. Environmental Legislations on permitting the fuel production facilities, blending of the fuel derivatives with existing commercial diesel need to be clearly defined and facilitated accordingly.
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- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey T. , Shukla, Mukul , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Alternative fuel , Waste tyre pyrolysis , Waste tyre utilization
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4859 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12535
- Description: This paper reviews the potential of using waste tyre pyrolitic fuel as an alternative energy taking into account its environmental impact and national regulations. The properties of tyre derived oil and its derivatives were evaluated as a potential alternative low cost fuel for various industrial applications. The benefit of pyrolysis versus landfill disposal of waste tyres while producing low cost fuel and other value add products remains a driving force for this initiative. The downstream challenges associated with combustion of high sulphur bearing fuels such as tyre pyrolitic fuels calls for more research to into purification and refining of these fuels. Environmental Legislations on permitting the fuel production facilities, blending of the fuel derivatives with existing commercial diesel need to be clearly defined and facilitated accordingly.
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Pyrolytic tyre derived fuel : potential diesel additive
- Pilusa, Jefrey, Muzenda, Edison
- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Alternative fuel , Pyrolysis oil , Waste-to-energy , Waste tyre pyrolysis
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4940 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13040
- Description: Characteristics of distilled oil derived from slow pyrolysis of waste rubber were investigated in order to explore its application as diesel additive for application in compression ignition (CI) engines. Light oil fractions were obtained from batch distillation of crude rubber pyrolysis oil at 250oC. Physical properties such as calorific value, density, viscosity, flash point, water content, total contamination and sulphur were measured followed by functional group identification using a Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Distilled tyre oil exhibited near comparable properties to diesel fuel with low viscosity, flash point and high sulphur content. A number of functional groups were identified in distilled oil which were also found in commercial diesel. It was observed that distilled rubber oil that is filtered through 13X molecular sieves may be potentially used as an alternative diesel additive.
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- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Alternative fuel , Pyrolysis oil , Waste-to-energy , Waste tyre pyrolysis
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4940 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13040
- Description: Characteristics of distilled oil derived from slow pyrolysis of waste rubber were investigated in order to explore its application as diesel additive for application in compression ignition (CI) engines. Light oil fractions were obtained from batch distillation of crude rubber pyrolysis oil at 250oC. Physical properties such as calorific value, density, viscosity, flash point, water content, total contamination and sulphur were measured followed by functional group identification using a Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Distilled tyre oil exhibited near comparable properties to diesel fuel with low viscosity, flash point and high sulphur content. A number of functional groups were identified in distilled oil which were also found in commercial diesel. It was observed that distilled rubber oil that is filtered through 13X molecular sieves may be potentially used as an alternative diesel additive.
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Tyre derived fuel as an alternative fuel for CI engines
- Pilusa, T. J., Shukla, M., Muzenda, E., Pilusa, T.J
- Authors: Pilusa, T. J. , Shukla, M. , Muzenda, E. , Pilusa, T.J
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Tyre derived fuel-diesel , Waste tyre pyrolysis , Alternative fuel , Crude oil
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4957 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13058
- Description: The study presented in this article investigated the potential use of tyre derived fuel-diesel blends as an alternative low cost fuel for compression ignition engines. A short review was conducted on waste tyre pyrolysis technology and its benefits in addressing the waste tyre management while providing an alternative usable fuel for diesel engines. Crude oil obtained from slow pyrolysis of waste tyres was distillated and its respective fractions were characterized and blended with low sulphur diesel fuel for fuelling a stationery truck engine linked to a hydraulic dynamometer. The test results revealed that fuel fraction blends with low sulphur diesel can be used to fuel a conventional compression ignition engine, however special attention is required to manage the exhausts emission due to high concentration of sulphur dioxide. There is no doubt that tyre derived fuel has a potential as future alternative fuel for compression ignition engines.
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- Authors: Pilusa, T. J. , Shukla, M. , Muzenda, E. , Pilusa, T.J
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Tyre derived fuel-diesel , Waste tyre pyrolysis , Alternative fuel , Crude oil
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4957 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13058
- Description: The study presented in this article investigated the potential use of tyre derived fuel-diesel blends as an alternative low cost fuel for compression ignition engines. A short review was conducted on waste tyre pyrolysis technology and its benefits in addressing the waste tyre management while providing an alternative usable fuel for diesel engines. Crude oil obtained from slow pyrolysis of waste tyres was distillated and its respective fractions were characterized and blended with low sulphur diesel fuel for fuelling a stationery truck engine linked to a hydraulic dynamometer. The test results revealed that fuel fraction blends with low sulphur diesel can be used to fuel a conventional compression ignition engine, however special attention is required to manage the exhausts emission due to high concentration of sulphur dioxide. There is no doubt that tyre derived fuel has a potential as future alternative fuel for compression ignition engines.
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A comparative review of waste tyre pyrolysis, gasification and liquefaction (PGL) processes
- Authors: Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Pyrolysis , Gases - Liquefaction , Waste tyre pyrolysis , Waste tyres - Environmental aspects
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5030 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13550
- Description: This article reviews remedial waste tyre technologies as well as utilization for energy and material recovery. Application examples and scenarios are drawn from developing countries such as South Africa. Waste minimization and utilization technologies are required to address the growing waste tyre problem. Waste tyres cause a variety of environmental and health challenges as they are bulk and non-degradable. Potential solutions to address the waste tyre problem are pyrolysis, gasification and liquefaction (PGL) processes. Process conditions and potential products for each process are reviewed and discussed in this paper. An environmental impact assessment of PGL processes and potential remedial solutions are also presented. PGL processes have huge potential for business. However the success of any operation depends on several economic and environmental factors such as capital and operating costs, feed availability, permitting process and emission from these operations.
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- Authors: Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Pyrolysis , Gases - Liquefaction , Waste tyre pyrolysis , Waste tyres - Environmental aspects
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5030 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13550
- Description: This article reviews remedial waste tyre technologies as well as utilization for energy and material recovery. Application examples and scenarios are drawn from developing countries such as South Africa. Waste minimization and utilization technologies are required to address the growing waste tyre problem. Waste tyres cause a variety of environmental and health challenges as they are bulk and non-degradable. Potential solutions to address the waste tyre problem are pyrolysis, gasification and liquefaction (PGL) processes. Process conditions and potential products for each process are reviewed and discussed in this paper. An environmental impact assessment of PGL processes and potential remedial solutions are also presented. PGL processes have huge potential for business. However the success of any operation depends on several economic and environmental factors such as capital and operating costs, feed availability, permitting process and emission from these operations.
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A review and discussion of waste tyre pyrolysis and derived products
- Nkosi, Nhlanhla, Muzenda, Edison
- Authors: Nkosi, Nhlanhla , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Waste tyre pyrolysis
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4782 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11965
- Description: This paper reviews and discusses the waste tyre pyrolysis process and the applications of the derived products. The primary and secondary applications of oil, char, gas and steel wires are discussed. The paper also reviews the influence of operating parameters such as feed size, temperature and residence time. An analysis of the pyrolysis products market is also given. The study objectives were achieved through a triangulation procedure comprising of literature analysis, site visits and as well as personal and telephonic interviews. The paper concludes by discussing the successes and failures of the pyrolysis process.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Nkosi, Nhlanhla , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Waste tyre pyrolysis
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4782 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11965
- Description: This paper reviews and discusses the waste tyre pyrolysis process and the applications of the derived products. The primary and secondary applications of oil, char, gas and steel wires are discussed. The paper also reviews the influence of operating parameters such as feed size, temperature and residence time. An analysis of the pyrolysis products market is also given. The study objectives were achieved through a triangulation procedure comprising of literature analysis, site visits and as well as personal and telephonic interviews. The paper concludes by discussing the successes and failures of the pyrolysis process.
- Full Text:
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