Die verband tussen aandaggebrek-hiperaktiwiteit-sindroom en middelmisbruik: 'n verkennende loodsstudie
- Authors: Kleynhans, Alta
- Date: 2008-11-06T07:28:52Z
- Subjects: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder , Etiology , Substance abuse
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:14615 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1534
- Description: M.A. , This study is an exploratory pilot study that investigates the relationship between a childhood diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adult substance use disorders. The existing literature suggests four links in this relationship, namely: self – medication, the priming effect of psycho – stimulants, adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and psychiatric comorbidity. This study found that the relationship is not as linear as what the literature suggests. The full impact of the relationship between a childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adult substance use disorders should be investigated in terms of the lifelong development of ADHD. A deve-lopmental approach to psychopathology should be adopted. This study also identified a number of risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology. These risk and protective factors are another area for further research.
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- Authors: Kleynhans, Alta
- Date: 2008-11-06T07:28:52Z
- Subjects: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder , Etiology , Substance abuse
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:14615 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1534
- Description: M.A. , This study is an exploratory pilot study that investigates the relationship between a childhood diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adult substance use disorders. The existing literature suggests four links in this relationship, namely: self – medication, the priming effect of psycho – stimulants, adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and psychiatric comorbidity. This study found that the relationship is not as linear as what the literature suggests. The full impact of the relationship between a childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adult substance use disorders should be investigated in terms of the lifelong development of ADHD. A deve-lopmental approach to psychopathology should be adopted. This study also identified a number of risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology. These risk and protective factors are another area for further research.
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Evaluation of primary prevention of substance abuse program amongst young people at Tembisa
- Authors: Twala, Khanyisile
- Date: 2008-10-27T06:34:55Z
- Subjects: Substance abuse , Teenagers substance abuse , Substance abuse prevention , Tembisa (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:13145 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1313
- Description: M.A. , The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of a substance abuse primary prevention programme and ascertain its influence on three variables namely; attitude behaviour and knowledge of grade eight learners. The literature review revealed that there is a possibility that substance abuse awareness talk changes the behaviour and attitude of learners thus improving their knowledge about substance abuse effects. Whereas the United Nations indicated that for the success of the prevention programme it should be coupled with life skills. It was also revealed in the literature that the evaluation of prevention programmes was rarely done in South Africa due to lack of funding. The Elim Clinic as the organisation that deals with substance abuse treatment and prevention maintains that prevention is better than cure, therefore, all young people must be exposed to their substance abuse awareness talks. Peer educators of the secondary school presented the programme for grade 8 learners. A sample of thirty grade eight learners was systematically selected for this study in one of the secondary schools at Tembisa. The data were collected by means a of questionnaire based on background information of respondents, attitude, knowledge and behaviour of substance abuse. Due to the quantitative approach employed the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was utilized to determine the difference between the pre-test and post-test results. The findings of the study clarified that the program had an effect on knowledge and no statistical significance on attitude and behaviour. It was concluded, too, that information given to young people cannot determine change in behaviour and attitude, and increasing their knowledge does not mean they will not abuse substances in the future. , Prof. B. Mitchell
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- Authors: Twala, Khanyisile
- Date: 2008-10-27T06:34:55Z
- Subjects: Substance abuse , Teenagers substance abuse , Substance abuse prevention , Tembisa (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:13145 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1313
- Description: M.A. , The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of a substance abuse primary prevention programme and ascertain its influence on three variables namely; attitude behaviour and knowledge of grade eight learners. The literature review revealed that there is a possibility that substance abuse awareness talk changes the behaviour and attitude of learners thus improving their knowledge about substance abuse effects. Whereas the United Nations indicated that for the success of the prevention programme it should be coupled with life skills. It was also revealed in the literature that the evaluation of prevention programmes was rarely done in South Africa due to lack of funding. The Elim Clinic as the organisation that deals with substance abuse treatment and prevention maintains that prevention is better than cure, therefore, all young people must be exposed to their substance abuse awareness talks. Peer educators of the secondary school presented the programme for grade 8 learners. A sample of thirty grade eight learners was systematically selected for this study in one of the secondary schools at Tembisa. The data were collected by means a of questionnaire based on background information of respondents, attitude, knowledge and behaviour of substance abuse. Due to the quantitative approach employed the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was utilized to determine the difference between the pre-test and post-test results. The findings of the study clarified that the program had an effect on knowledge and no statistical significance on attitude and behaviour. It was concluded, too, that information given to young people cannot determine change in behaviour and attitude, and increasing their knowledge does not mean they will not abuse substances in the future. , Prof. B. Mitchell
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Father-child relationship-dynamics in adolescent chemical dependency
- Authors: Nel, Erika
- Date: 2008-10-20T09:13:58Z
- Subjects: Father and child , Effect of paternal deprivation on children , Substance abuse
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:12788 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1267
- Description: M.A. , In the social work field of chemical substance abuse the success of rehabilitation of drug-dependent adolescents is greatly influenced by the support and involvement of their families. Experience in this field showed that the mothers of these adolescents are usually involved in the treatment programme, whereas the fathers are emotionally distant. This is often the way in which these families function. The researcher wanted to find out which aspects influence the dynamics of the relationship between an emotionally distant father and his chemically dependent adolescent. Subsequently, the following question was formulated as a research question: “what influences emotional involvement in the relationship between the emotionally absent father and his chemically dependent adolescent that causes it be emotionally distant?” In this study the researcher will aim to determine that aspects which contribute to emotional distance in the relationship between the emotionally absent father and his chemically dependent adolescent. In doing so the researcher will achieve the following objectives: • To improve professional skill and knowledge by providing new information; • To use qualitative data collection method; • To define and study an emotional absent father, a chemically dependent adolescent and the relationship between them; • To collect data about the causes of emotional absence in the relationship between an emotional absent father and a chemically dependent adolescent; • To explain and understand the relationship between an emotionally absent father and his chemically dependent adolescent in the context of the Systems theory; • To compare the findings of the study with relevant literature; • To understand the forces which influence the relationship between an emotional absent father and his chemical dependent adolescent; and • To get permission of the different role-players to conduct the study. The study is of a qualitative nature. Data was collected by using in-depth, guided interviews and field notes. Data was recorded by using audio recordings and transcriptions. The sample was collected using purposeful sampling. It was divided in two parts, namely adolescents and parents. The researcher used the QSR Nudist program to assist with data analysis. After data collection and analysis, a literature control was done as one of the ways of ensuring validity and reliability. The researcher concluded that various aspects contributed to emotional distance and absence on the father’s side. The relationship between father and child had been distant before the adolescent had been drugging, as early as early childhood. The adolescent’s drugging had little to do with the fact that there is emotional distance between father and child. Although both parties hoped for change, neither of them was sure that it could be obtained. Lastly, based on t he results of the study, the researcher made the following recommendations: 1. Further research be done with regards to aspects such as developing a practice model that will address the emotional distance between an emotionally absent father and a chemically dependent adolescent; 2. To incorporate the results of the study in treatment programmes where applicable in both in-patient and out-patient programmes as well as to act preventatively with regard to this particular relationship; and 3. The professional community can be trained in the dynamics of this particular relationship in order to address similar problems in other fields, for instance pastoral counsellors and psychologists. , Dr. W.J.H. Roestenburg
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- Authors: Nel, Erika
- Date: 2008-10-20T09:13:58Z
- Subjects: Father and child , Effect of paternal deprivation on children , Substance abuse
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:12788 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1267
- Description: M.A. , In the social work field of chemical substance abuse the success of rehabilitation of drug-dependent adolescents is greatly influenced by the support and involvement of their families. Experience in this field showed that the mothers of these adolescents are usually involved in the treatment programme, whereas the fathers are emotionally distant. This is often the way in which these families function. The researcher wanted to find out which aspects influence the dynamics of the relationship between an emotionally distant father and his chemically dependent adolescent. Subsequently, the following question was formulated as a research question: “what influences emotional involvement in the relationship between the emotionally absent father and his chemically dependent adolescent that causes it be emotionally distant?” In this study the researcher will aim to determine that aspects which contribute to emotional distance in the relationship between the emotionally absent father and his chemically dependent adolescent. In doing so the researcher will achieve the following objectives: • To improve professional skill and knowledge by providing new information; • To use qualitative data collection method; • To define and study an emotional absent father, a chemically dependent adolescent and the relationship between them; • To collect data about the causes of emotional absence in the relationship between an emotional absent father and a chemically dependent adolescent; • To explain and understand the relationship between an emotionally absent father and his chemically dependent adolescent in the context of the Systems theory; • To compare the findings of the study with relevant literature; • To understand the forces which influence the relationship between an emotional absent father and his chemical dependent adolescent; and • To get permission of the different role-players to conduct the study. The study is of a qualitative nature. Data was collected by using in-depth, guided interviews and field notes. Data was recorded by using audio recordings and transcriptions. The sample was collected using purposeful sampling. It was divided in two parts, namely adolescents and parents. The researcher used the QSR Nudist program to assist with data analysis. After data collection and analysis, a literature control was done as one of the ways of ensuring validity and reliability. The researcher concluded that various aspects contributed to emotional distance and absence on the father’s side. The relationship between father and child had been distant before the adolescent had been drugging, as early as early childhood. The adolescent’s drugging had little to do with the fact that there is emotional distance between father and child. Although both parties hoped for change, neither of them was sure that it could be obtained. Lastly, based on t he results of the study, the researcher made the following recommendations: 1. Further research be done with regards to aspects such as developing a practice model that will address the emotional distance between an emotionally absent father and a chemically dependent adolescent; 2. To incorporate the results of the study in treatment programmes where applicable in both in-patient and out-patient programmes as well as to act preventatively with regard to this particular relationship; and 3. The professional community can be trained in the dynamics of this particular relationship in order to address similar problems in other fields, for instance pastoral counsellors and psychologists. , Dr. W.J.H. Roestenburg
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Interactional group psychotherapy with substance abusers
- Authors: Levendis, John
- Date: 2014-09-15
- Subjects: Group psychotherapy , Group relations training , Substance abuse
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:12297 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12083
- Description: M.A. (Clinical Psychology) , Please refer to full text to view abstract
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- Authors: Levendis, John
- Date: 2014-09-15
- Subjects: Group psychotherapy , Group relations training , Substance abuse
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:12297 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12083
- Description: M.A. (Clinical Psychology) , Please refer to full text to view abstract
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Neuropsychological correlates of adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (aADHD), psychotic disorders and Substance Use Disorders (SUD) : a comparative study
- Boyers, Megan Barbara Patricia
- Authors: Boyers, Megan Barbara Patricia
- Date: 2013-04-10
- Subjects: Attention-deficit disorder in adults , Substance abuse
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:7420 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8279
- Description: M.A. (Psychology) , Psychotic Disorders, adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (aADHD) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD). Although the different groups were compared the primary aim was to learn more about the cognitive functioning of aADHD. Although there is greater emphasis on aADHD as it may be included in the new diagnostic systems, a clear clinical picture still eludes us. Participants were recruited from different sources, by means of purposive sampling. As a general rule all potential participants with a history of a head injury or any other neurological disorders were excluded. Due to the fact that participants had to comply with strict including criteria, certain screening tests were used. The group were screened by the research team by means of clinical interviews as well as the ASRS and the MCMI. In order to control for the type of substances as well as their history of substance abuse the Mini Plus Questionnaire was used. Furthermore the psychosis group only consisted of individuals with positive Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorders. The research instrument that was used was the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), of which a number of subtests of the CANTAB were used to assess the cognitive ability of the groups. The included subtests were the Motor Control Task, the Rapid Visual Information Processing, the Spatial Working Memory and finally the Stop Signal Test.The CANTAB revealed similar impairments the aADHD, SUD and psychotic groups, specifically relating to impairments in attention, memory and impulsivity, however the main difference that has been displayed in this research is the degree of impairment in cognitive functioning, the psychotic group functioned the poorest compared to the ADHD group, showing that the psychotic group may have a greater level of dysfunction in executive functioning, attention and memory. In conclusion the results indicated that the aADHD group had a lower level of cognitive functioning when compared to both the non-clinical and SUD groups, but higher than the psychotic group.
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- Authors: Boyers, Megan Barbara Patricia
- Date: 2013-04-10
- Subjects: Attention-deficit disorder in adults , Substance abuse
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:7420 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8279
- Description: M.A. (Psychology) , Psychotic Disorders, adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (aADHD) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD). Although the different groups were compared the primary aim was to learn more about the cognitive functioning of aADHD. Although there is greater emphasis on aADHD as it may be included in the new diagnostic systems, a clear clinical picture still eludes us. Participants were recruited from different sources, by means of purposive sampling. As a general rule all potential participants with a history of a head injury or any other neurological disorders were excluded. Due to the fact that participants had to comply with strict including criteria, certain screening tests were used. The group were screened by the research team by means of clinical interviews as well as the ASRS and the MCMI. In order to control for the type of substances as well as their history of substance abuse the Mini Plus Questionnaire was used. Furthermore the psychosis group only consisted of individuals with positive Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorders. The research instrument that was used was the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), of which a number of subtests of the CANTAB were used to assess the cognitive ability of the groups. The included subtests were the Motor Control Task, the Rapid Visual Information Processing, the Spatial Working Memory and finally the Stop Signal Test.The CANTAB revealed similar impairments the aADHD, SUD and psychotic groups, specifically relating to impairments in attention, memory and impulsivity, however the main difference that has been displayed in this research is the degree of impairment in cognitive functioning, the psychotic group functioned the poorest compared to the ADHD group, showing that the psychotic group may have a greater level of dysfunction in executive functioning, attention and memory. In conclusion the results indicated that the aADHD group had a lower level of cognitive functioning when compared to both the non-clinical and SUD groups, but higher than the psychotic group.
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Perception of the effects of substance abuse among university students : a case of built environment and civil engineering students at a South African university in Gauteng Province
- Authors: Agumba, J. N. , Musonda, I.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Substance abuse , University students - Substance abuse
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4988 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13120
- Description: Background: Substance abuse among youths is a worldwide epidemic that impacts negatively on the health sector as well as the family and society. Early student life at the university is a time of tremendous high motivation to conform to the behaviours, values and attitudes that are valued by the student culture. However, students observe their peers’ behaviour and alter their own behaviour with their peers’ norms and expectations. Some of the perceived peer norms can however lead to substance abuse, which has led students’ not to complete their education. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine students’ perception on the effects of substance abuse on their physical, cognitive and affective development. Methods: The research philosophy adopted was positivism and the approach was deductive. Hence, a self-administered questionnaire containing items developed from literature review was administered to 199 built environment and civil engineering students at a South African university. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. The reliability for internal consistency of the measured constructs i.e. physical, cognitive and affective was determined using Cronbach’s alpha test. Independent sample t-test was used to test the hypotheses on the perception of students who had experiment on drugs and those who have not experimented on drugs on the physical, cognitive and affective development of students. Results: Slightly over 40 percent of students in this university are not aware of the substance abuse policy in the university. There was no statistical significant difference on the perception of the effect of students who have experimented on drugs and those who have not experimented on drugs on their physical and affective development. However, there was a significant difference on the effect on cognitive development. Conclusions: The students at this university should be made aware of the substance abuse policy. Furthermore those who experimented on substances e.g. drugs indicated less perception on their effects on their cognitive development.
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- Authors: Agumba, J. N. , Musonda, I.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Substance abuse , University students - Substance abuse
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4988 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13120
- Description: Background: Substance abuse among youths is a worldwide epidemic that impacts negatively on the health sector as well as the family and society. Early student life at the university is a time of tremendous high motivation to conform to the behaviours, values and attitudes that are valued by the student culture. However, students observe their peers’ behaviour and alter their own behaviour with their peers’ norms and expectations. Some of the perceived peer norms can however lead to substance abuse, which has led students’ not to complete their education. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine students’ perception on the effects of substance abuse on their physical, cognitive and affective development. Methods: The research philosophy adopted was positivism and the approach was deductive. Hence, a self-administered questionnaire containing items developed from literature review was administered to 199 built environment and civil engineering students at a South African university. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. The reliability for internal consistency of the measured constructs i.e. physical, cognitive and affective was determined using Cronbach’s alpha test. Independent sample t-test was used to test the hypotheses on the perception of students who had experiment on drugs and those who have not experimented on drugs on the physical, cognitive and affective development of students. Results: Slightly over 40 percent of students in this university are not aware of the substance abuse policy in the university. There was no statistical significant difference on the perception of the effect of students who have experimented on drugs and those who have not experimented on drugs on their physical and affective development. However, there was a significant difference on the effect on cognitive development. Conclusions: The students at this university should be made aware of the substance abuse policy. Furthermore those who experimented on substances e.g. drugs indicated less perception on their effects on their cognitive development.
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Perception on the effects of substance abuse in a comprehensive university: a case of gender
- Agumba, Justus N., Musonda, Innocent
- Authors: Agumba, Justus N. , Musonda, Innocent
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Effects , Substance abuse , Gender
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/93897 , uj:20405 , Citation: Agumba, J.N. & Musonda, I. 2016. Perception on the effects of substance abuse in a comprehensive university: a case of gender.
- Description: Abstract: Substance abuse has been identified to interfere with the students’ physical, cognitive and affective development. The main aim of this study was to determine the perception of gender on the effects of substance abuse on their physical, cognitive and affective development. Methodology: The research philosophy adopted was positivism and the approach was deductive. A self-administered questionnaire containing items developed from literature review was administered to 199 built environment and civil engineering students at a South African university. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Cronbach alpha was used to achieve the reliability for internal consistency of the measured constructs i.e. physical, cognitive and affective development. Item correlation identified the correlation of the measures of physical, cognitive and affective development. T-test was further conducted to test gender perception on the effects of substance abuse on the physical, cognitive and affective development. Findings: The measures of physical, cognitive and affective development had a strong relationship and were reliable measures. Furthermore, the results suggest that there was no statistical significant difference on the perception of the effect of substance abuse on cognitive development as informed by male and female students. However, there was a significant difference on their perception on substance abuse on physical and affective development. Limitation(s): The respondents were from one comprehensive university, therefore the findings cannot be generalized for all the tertiary institutions in South Africa...
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- Authors: Agumba, Justus N. , Musonda, Innocent
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Effects , Substance abuse , Gender
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/93897 , uj:20405 , Citation: Agumba, J.N. & Musonda, I. 2016. Perception on the effects of substance abuse in a comprehensive university: a case of gender.
- Description: Abstract: Substance abuse has been identified to interfere with the students’ physical, cognitive and affective development. The main aim of this study was to determine the perception of gender on the effects of substance abuse on their physical, cognitive and affective development. Methodology: The research philosophy adopted was positivism and the approach was deductive. A self-administered questionnaire containing items developed from literature review was administered to 199 built environment and civil engineering students at a South African university. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Cronbach alpha was used to achieve the reliability for internal consistency of the measured constructs i.e. physical, cognitive and affective development. Item correlation identified the correlation of the measures of physical, cognitive and affective development. T-test was further conducted to test gender perception on the effects of substance abuse on the physical, cognitive and affective development. Findings: The measures of physical, cognitive and affective development had a strong relationship and were reliable measures. Furthermore, the results suggest that there was no statistical significant difference on the perception of the effect of substance abuse on cognitive development as informed by male and female students. However, there was a significant difference on their perception on substance abuse on physical and affective development. Limitation(s): The respondents were from one comprehensive university, therefore the findings cannot be generalized for all the tertiary institutions in South Africa...
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The relationship between drug abuse and learner behaviour in secondary schools in Parys
- Authors: Khatite, Magauta Dianah
- Date: 2012-02-06
- Subjects: Drug abuse , Substance abuse , High school students' drug use
- Type: Mini-Dissertation
- Identifier: uj:2025 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4377
- Description: M.Ed. , The secondary schools in Parys are characterized by serious erosion of academic performance and acceptable behaviour. Drug abuse is very rife. This state of affairs prompted educators to embark on a research in an attempt to revive the culture of learning at schools. The research investigated the relationship between learners' academic performance and behaviour. The research questions which emerged, were: • What is the relationship between drug abuse and learners' academic performance? • What is the relationship between drug abuse and the learners' behaviour? Data pertaining to the respondents was obtained from the incidents book, which is obtained by the school principal's permission. This data consists of the respondents personal information. However, the names of the respondents are not used in the research but are expressed in numbers. The second set of data was obtained from the class schedules. From the schedules, it was investigated whether a learner has improved or has declined in performance from the first date of the identification as drug abuser to the last date of identification. The research found that family set up serve to contribute to drug abuse. Learners who are taken care by other people who are not their biological parents tend to abuse drugs. The respondents comprised of females and males. The female respondents participated in abusing other drugs, but did not participate in smoking habit. This may be culture determined because it is acceptable in African culture for a male child to smoke when he turns 18 years, but girls are ridiculed. It is found that under educational category, whether a learner is a senior or junior, they abuse drugs in anyway. Drug abuse is not determined by the age of a learner. All learners who are respondents are in Grade 8 - 12 ages ranging from 13 - 22, and they all abuse drugs. Advancement in age in some cases may be the reason for drug abuse, drop out of school and other problem behaviour mentioned in the research. Distance from the school is also associated with drug abuse. Learners who walk 6 -1 0 km per day going to school and back, abuse other drugs and smoke cigarettes because of the ample time they have to experiment with various kinds of drugs (Note should be taken that only male respondents smoke cigarettes).
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- Authors: Khatite, Magauta Dianah
- Date: 2012-02-06
- Subjects: Drug abuse , Substance abuse , High school students' drug use
- Type: Mini-Dissertation
- Identifier: uj:2025 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4377
- Description: M.Ed. , The secondary schools in Parys are characterized by serious erosion of academic performance and acceptable behaviour. Drug abuse is very rife. This state of affairs prompted educators to embark on a research in an attempt to revive the culture of learning at schools. The research investigated the relationship between learners' academic performance and behaviour. The research questions which emerged, were: • What is the relationship between drug abuse and learners' academic performance? • What is the relationship between drug abuse and the learners' behaviour? Data pertaining to the respondents was obtained from the incidents book, which is obtained by the school principal's permission. This data consists of the respondents personal information. However, the names of the respondents are not used in the research but are expressed in numbers. The second set of data was obtained from the class schedules. From the schedules, it was investigated whether a learner has improved or has declined in performance from the first date of the identification as drug abuser to the last date of identification. The research found that family set up serve to contribute to drug abuse. Learners who are taken care by other people who are not their biological parents tend to abuse drugs. The respondents comprised of females and males. The female respondents participated in abusing other drugs, but did not participate in smoking habit. This may be culture determined because it is acceptable in African culture for a male child to smoke when he turns 18 years, but girls are ridiculed. It is found that under educational category, whether a learner is a senior or junior, they abuse drugs in anyway. Drug abuse is not determined by the age of a learner. All learners who are respondents are in Grade 8 - 12 ages ranging from 13 - 22, and they all abuse drugs. Advancement in age in some cases may be the reason for drug abuse, drop out of school and other problem behaviour mentioned in the research. Distance from the school is also associated with drug abuse. Learners who walk 6 -1 0 km per day going to school and back, abuse other drugs and smoke cigarettes because of the ample time they have to experiment with various kinds of drugs (Note should be taken that only male respondents smoke cigarettes).
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