An investigation of gender differences in Holland’s circular/hexagonal model
- Authors: Mintram, Kersha Natalja
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Sex differences (Psychology) , Vocational guidance - Technique
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/271892 , uj:28926
- Description: M.A. (Industrial Psychology) , Abstract: Two main aims were assessed in this study. Firstly, the intention was to investigate structural invariance in Holland’s circular/hexagonal model across gender (i.e., to investigate whether or not there is construct or structural equivalence across gender). The second aim was to evaluate if mean score differences in the RIASEC types (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional) and the People-Things and Data-Ideas dimensions across gender exist. This study also investigated if item level bias (differential item functioning) across gender had an impact on the structure of Holland’s circular/hexagonal model or mean scores on the RIASEC types. In total 407 men and women who completed the South African Career Interest Inventory (SACII) participated in the study. A two-way analysis of variance was used to investigate uniform and non-uniform differential item functioning. Only 18 of the 142 SACII items were found to have differential item functioning. The structure of Holland’s vocational/personality model was examined using multidimensional scaling, the randomisation test of hypothesised order relations, and circumplex covariance structure modelling. RIASEC ordering was detected within the obtained data, thus supporting international and South African research. Although the model fit both genders sufficiently and was mostly invariant across gender, the model produced a better fit for women when compared to men. The results are different from earlier South African research that noted that Holland’s circular/hexagonal model was not appropriate for the South African population. Although a better fit was observed for women, the results from this study propose that Holland’s circular ordering/hexagonal model might be more applicable in South Africa than what was suggested in earlier research. Differential item functioning had little impact on the structure of Holland’s circular/hexagonal model as the results held true regardless of whether or not DIF items were removed. The study further investigated if mean score differences in the RIASEC types and the People-Things and Data-Ideas dimensions exist between men and women and if these differences could be attributed to items with differential item functioning. Mean score differences were investigated using independent samples t-tests and discriminant analysis. Mean score differences were noted on the Realistic scale (with men receiving a higher score) and the Social scale (with women scoring higher). Men also scored higher on the Things pole and women higher on the People pole. The mean score differences remained even after items with differential item
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- Authors: Mintram, Kersha Natalja
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Sex differences (Psychology) , Vocational guidance - Technique
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/271892 , uj:28926
- Description: M.A. (Industrial Psychology) , Abstract: Two main aims were assessed in this study. Firstly, the intention was to investigate structural invariance in Holland’s circular/hexagonal model across gender (i.e., to investigate whether or not there is construct or structural equivalence across gender). The second aim was to evaluate if mean score differences in the RIASEC types (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional) and the People-Things and Data-Ideas dimensions across gender exist. This study also investigated if item level bias (differential item functioning) across gender had an impact on the structure of Holland’s circular/hexagonal model or mean scores on the RIASEC types. In total 407 men and women who completed the South African Career Interest Inventory (SACII) participated in the study. A two-way analysis of variance was used to investigate uniform and non-uniform differential item functioning. Only 18 of the 142 SACII items were found to have differential item functioning. The structure of Holland’s vocational/personality model was examined using multidimensional scaling, the randomisation test of hypothesised order relations, and circumplex covariance structure modelling. RIASEC ordering was detected within the obtained data, thus supporting international and South African research. Although the model fit both genders sufficiently and was mostly invariant across gender, the model produced a better fit for women when compared to men. The results are different from earlier South African research that noted that Holland’s circular/hexagonal model was not appropriate for the South African population. Although a better fit was observed for women, the results from this study propose that Holland’s circular ordering/hexagonal model might be more applicable in South Africa than what was suggested in earlier research. Differential item functioning had little impact on the structure of Holland’s circular/hexagonal model as the results held true regardless of whether or not DIF items were removed. The study further investigated if mean score differences in the RIASEC types and the People-Things and Data-Ideas dimensions exist between men and women and if these differences could be attributed to items with differential item functioning. Mean score differences were investigated using independent samples t-tests and discriminant analysis. Mean score differences were noted on the Realistic scale (with men receiving a higher score) and the Social scale (with women scoring higher). Men also scored higher on the Things pole and women higher on the People pole. The mean score differences remained even after items with differential item
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Subjective well-being : gender differences in South Africa
- Authors: Fisher, Bianca Lara
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Happiness , Well-being , Sex differences (Psychology)
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/421197 , uj:35892
- Description: Abstract: The main aim of this minor dissertation is to gain a greater understanding of gender differences in subjective well-being in South Africa. Happiness1 or subjective well-being is the primary objective of most, if not all, people (Veenhoven, 1984; Ng, 1996). In an attempt to better understand which factors influence one’s happiness, economists in both developed and developing countries have turned to self-reported life satisfaction surveys to identify the possible determinants of subjective well-being. Previous South African studies have found that the level of life satisfaction is not the same for males and females. This is problematic, as differences in happiness between genders may have potential unwanted spill-overs by adding to other disparities in society (Veenhoven, 2005). Empirical research on gender gaps in subjective well-being is well-documented in developed countries such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom. However, there are no studies in South Africa that explicitly decompose the gender gaps in happiness. Against this background, this minor dissertation contributes to the international literature by decomposing a gender happiness gap for a developing, upper middle-income country, which has previously not been done before. In addition, this minor dissertation contributes to the South African literature by examining changes in the gender happiness gap at two points in time. .. , M.Com. (Development Economics)
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- Authors: Fisher, Bianca Lara
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Happiness , Well-being , Sex differences (Psychology)
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/421197 , uj:35892
- Description: Abstract: The main aim of this minor dissertation is to gain a greater understanding of gender differences in subjective well-being in South Africa. Happiness1 or subjective well-being is the primary objective of most, if not all, people (Veenhoven, 1984; Ng, 1996). In an attempt to better understand which factors influence one’s happiness, economists in both developed and developing countries have turned to self-reported life satisfaction surveys to identify the possible determinants of subjective well-being. Previous South African studies have found that the level of life satisfaction is not the same for males and females. This is problematic, as differences in happiness between genders may have potential unwanted spill-overs by adding to other disparities in society (Veenhoven, 2005). Empirical research on gender gaps in subjective well-being is well-documented in developed countries such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom. However, there are no studies in South Africa that explicitly decompose the gender gaps in happiness. Against this background, this minor dissertation contributes to the international literature by decomposing a gender happiness gap for a developing, upper middle-income country, which has previously not been done before. In addition, this minor dissertation contributes to the South African literature by examining changes in the gender happiness gap at two points in time. .. , M.Com. (Development Economics)
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