Synthesis and characterization of cyclodextrin based chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery of essential oil
- Authors: Matshetshe, Kabo I.
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Nanoparticles , Chitosan , Cyclodextrins , Biopolymers , Polymers in medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/235801 , uj:24121
- Description: M.Sc. (Nanoscience) , Abstract: The cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil (CEO) is a plant extract from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume species and possess good antimicrobial activity such as anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-parasitical and insecticidal. However, CEO is a volatile compound which easily decomposes upon direct exposure to heat, pressure, light or oxygen, and is also highly insoluble in water. This study reports the encapsulation of cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil (CEO) in chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) and β-cyclodextrins based chitosan nanoparticles (β-cyclodextrins/CS -NPs) synthesized via an ionic gelation cross-linking method. The as-synthesised CS-NPs and β-cyclodextrins/CS-NPs loaded CEO were characterized using Ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and High resolution transmission electron Microscopy (HR-TEM). The properties of CEO-loaded β-CD/CS-NPs and CEO-loaded CS-NPs such as the encapsulation efficiency (EE), surface charge, morphology, and in vitro drug release were investigated. At an optimized conditions, the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of CEO-loaded β-CD/CS-NPs and CEO-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were about 58.03 1.13 % and 20.04 %, respectively, when the initial CEO content was 12.5 mg/mg of chitosan. As determined by TEM and DLS, the individual nanoparticles of CEO-loaded β-CD/CS-NPs and CEO-loaded CS-NPs exhibited a spherical shape with an average size distribution of 36.08 11.25 nm and 111.15 27.88 nm, and a positively charged surface with a zeta potential value of 20.73 3.20 and 30.5 0.72 mV, respectively. The in vitro release of CEO from optimized chitosan nanoparticles showed a sustained release, with release amounts of 49...
- Full Text:
- Authors: Matshetshe, Kabo I.
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Nanoparticles , Chitosan , Cyclodextrins , Biopolymers , Polymers in medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/235801 , uj:24121
- Description: M.Sc. (Nanoscience) , Abstract: The cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil (CEO) is a plant extract from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume species and possess good antimicrobial activity such as anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-parasitical and insecticidal. However, CEO is a volatile compound which easily decomposes upon direct exposure to heat, pressure, light or oxygen, and is also highly insoluble in water. This study reports the encapsulation of cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil (CEO) in chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) and β-cyclodextrins based chitosan nanoparticles (β-cyclodextrins/CS -NPs) synthesized via an ionic gelation cross-linking method. The as-synthesised CS-NPs and β-cyclodextrins/CS-NPs loaded CEO were characterized using Ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and High resolution transmission electron Microscopy (HR-TEM). The properties of CEO-loaded β-CD/CS-NPs and CEO-loaded CS-NPs such as the encapsulation efficiency (EE), surface charge, morphology, and in vitro drug release were investigated. At an optimized conditions, the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of CEO-loaded β-CD/CS-NPs and CEO-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were about 58.03 1.13 % and 20.04 %, respectively, when the initial CEO content was 12.5 mg/mg of chitosan. As determined by TEM and DLS, the individual nanoparticles of CEO-loaded β-CD/CS-NPs and CEO-loaded CS-NPs exhibited a spherical shape with an average size distribution of 36.08 11.25 nm and 111.15 27.88 nm, and a positively charged surface with a zeta potential value of 20.73 3.20 and 30.5 0.72 mV, respectively. The in vitro release of CEO from optimized chitosan nanoparticles showed a sustained release, with release amounts of 49...
- Full Text:
The application of carbon fibre reinforced polymers as bone plates and the effect thereof on fracture healing
- Authors: Lourens, Jan Jonathan
- Date: 2014-03-18
- Subjects: Carbon fibers , Polymers in medicine , Bone plates (Orthopedics)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:4404 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9750
- Description: D.Ing. , This thesis studies the application of newer generation engineering materials, specifically carbon fibre reinforced polymers, as bone plates in cases of fractured bones. The application of bone plates subsequent to bone fracture is a very old orthopaedic technique that has always rendered some problems. The rigidity of the bone plate, and thus the plated system as a whole, is of advantage during the healing phase, but of disadvantage later. Bone remodels itself to most efficiently perform the load bearing required of it. In a plated system, the load is born primarily by the plate and therefore protects the underlying bone, leading to osteoporosis and eventual atrophy. All bone plates are made of a material that is totally foreign to the body, and in most cases these are removed after some healing of the bone had occurred. The majority of current research programmes with respect to bone plates are directed towards biodegradable bone plates that reduces in mechanical strength at approximately the same rate as bone gains in its ability to sustain loads. The principle of stimulating bone growth in cases of delayed union and non-union has been studied since the early 1960's. The studies revealed that bone healing can in fact be enhanced by the introduction of a very small electric current to the fracture site. Variations to the mechanisms and position of application of the current, alternating or direct, are well documented. Although the physiological healing process associated with electrical stimulus remains largely unknown, the principle is well established. The phenomenon of galvanic corrosion has been known since the tum of the century. Where two dissimilar materials are in the presence of a conducting media, the more "reactive" of the two materials will react as an anode or electron donor to the other material. An electric current thus will flow from the one material to the other. Having three existing and known phenomena, namely bone plating, bone healing stimulation and galvanic corrosion raises the question of whether these can be combined to yield a solution superior to any current plating mechanism - a plate that would render sufficient mechanical support but act as an electron source and thus as a bone healing stimulus. The purpose of this study is to assess the biological criteria determining the choice of bone plates (inclusive of mechanical, physiological and electrical criteria) and thereafter selecting a material suitable for this dynamic requirement.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Lourens, Jan Jonathan
- Date: 2014-03-18
- Subjects: Carbon fibers , Polymers in medicine , Bone plates (Orthopedics)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:4404 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9750
- Description: D.Ing. , This thesis studies the application of newer generation engineering materials, specifically carbon fibre reinforced polymers, as bone plates in cases of fractured bones. The application of bone plates subsequent to bone fracture is a very old orthopaedic technique that has always rendered some problems. The rigidity of the bone plate, and thus the plated system as a whole, is of advantage during the healing phase, but of disadvantage later. Bone remodels itself to most efficiently perform the load bearing required of it. In a plated system, the load is born primarily by the plate and therefore protects the underlying bone, leading to osteoporosis and eventual atrophy. All bone plates are made of a material that is totally foreign to the body, and in most cases these are removed after some healing of the bone had occurred. The majority of current research programmes with respect to bone plates are directed towards biodegradable bone plates that reduces in mechanical strength at approximately the same rate as bone gains in its ability to sustain loads. The principle of stimulating bone growth in cases of delayed union and non-union has been studied since the early 1960's. The studies revealed that bone healing can in fact be enhanced by the introduction of a very small electric current to the fracture site. Variations to the mechanisms and position of application of the current, alternating or direct, are well documented. Although the physiological healing process associated with electrical stimulus remains largely unknown, the principle is well established. The phenomenon of galvanic corrosion has been known since the tum of the century. Where two dissimilar materials are in the presence of a conducting media, the more "reactive" of the two materials will react as an anode or electron donor to the other material. An electric current thus will flow from the one material to the other. Having three existing and known phenomena, namely bone plating, bone healing stimulation and galvanic corrosion raises the question of whether these can be combined to yield a solution superior to any current plating mechanism - a plate that would render sufficient mechanical support but act as an electron source and thus as a bone healing stimulus. The purpose of this study is to assess the biological criteria determining the choice of bone plates (inclusive of mechanical, physiological and electrical criteria) and thereafter selecting a material suitable for this dynamic requirement.
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