Milk not meat: the role of milk amongst the Khoe peoples of Southern Africa
- Lombard, Marlize, Parsons, Isabelle
- Authors: Lombard, Marlize , Parsons, Isabelle
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Khoe , Later stone age herders , Livestock
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/92035 , uj:20177 , Citation: Lombard, M. & Parsons, I. 2016. Milk not meat: the role of milk amongst the Khoe peoples of Southern Africa.
- Description: Abstract:Historical sources emphasise the uses of milk of livestock in southern African Khoe societies. We review the role of milk amongst the Khoe, as recorded over the last few centuries, and demonstrate that it was of greater subsistence value than the meat of livestock. In addition, we highlight the recorded technological, social and ritual importance of milk amongst the Khoe. Finally, attention is drawn to recent genetic research that suggests the dependence of southern African Later Stone Age herders on milk.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Lombard, Marlize , Parsons, Isabelle
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Khoe , Later stone age herders , Livestock
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/92035 , uj:20177 , Citation: Lombard, M. & Parsons, I. 2016. Milk not meat: the role of milk amongst the Khoe peoples of Southern Africa.
- Description: Abstract:Historical sources emphasise the uses of milk of livestock in southern African Khoe societies. We review the role of milk amongst the Khoe, as recorded over the last few centuries, and demonstrate that it was of greater subsistence value than the meat of livestock. In addition, we highlight the recorded technological, social and ritual importance of milk amongst the Khoe. Finally, attention is drawn to recent genetic research that suggests the dependence of southern African Later Stone Age herders on milk.
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Use of an area sampling frame to identify the spatial distribution of livestock in the Gauteng Province
- Authors: Von Hagen, Craig
- Date: 2009-01-29T12:10:00Z
- Subjects: Livestock , Cluster analysis , Gauteng (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:14857 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1979
- Description: M.Sc. , In South Africa, there are no reliable statistics regarding animal numbers and distribution. The goal, therefore, of this research is to provide the framework and procedure for obtaining these statistics efficiently and accurately. Available sampling methods and sampling frames were investigated and it was decided to carry out a sample survey because the Gauteng Province consists of a large number of holdings (land parcels). In the Gauteng Province, where a complete list of farmers or land owners is not available, it was decided to use an area sampling frame. Once the choice of sample design was made, the survey objectives were defined according to the clients’ needs. The sampling frame was constructed using various land parcel layers. These land parcels were merged, using GIS software, into one continuous layer of land parcels. They were then stratified to reduce the variance of the variable (animals) under study over the entire area, using area of land parcel and land-cover. The sample size was then calculated and the land parcels were selected randomly for survey purposes. The survey was conducted between September and December 1999 and the questionnaires were input into a database for the estimation procedures. The closed estimation procedure was used because it is the only possible option if the data surveyed are referenced to the land parcel (and not to a farm that includes several land parcels). The area frame sampling methodology worked well for cattle, sheep, horses, pigs and dogs/cats and to a lesser extent for goats, donkeys and game. The area frame method did not work well for poultry (because of extremely high values in a few land parcels), ostriches or mules (these are rare in the province). Spatial distributions and density distributions were then interpolated from the animal counts taken in the survey and they give a general idea of the location of animals. The distributions of cattle, sheep, horses, pigs and dogs/cats are reliable. The distributions of the rest are distorted due to extreme counts in a few land parcels but a general idea of concentrations can still be inferred. Considering that no historical data exists and that the overall goal of this research was to get an idea of animal numbers and the distribution of animals in Gauteng province, it can be considered successful, in that decision- makers now have a reliable source of information from which good decisions can be made.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Von Hagen, Craig
- Date: 2009-01-29T12:10:00Z
- Subjects: Livestock , Cluster analysis , Gauteng (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:14857 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1979
- Description: M.Sc. , In South Africa, there are no reliable statistics regarding animal numbers and distribution. The goal, therefore, of this research is to provide the framework and procedure for obtaining these statistics efficiently and accurately. Available sampling methods and sampling frames were investigated and it was decided to carry out a sample survey because the Gauteng Province consists of a large number of holdings (land parcels). In the Gauteng Province, where a complete list of farmers or land owners is not available, it was decided to use an area sampling frame. Once the choice of sample design was made, the survey objectives were defined according to the clients’ needs. The sampling frame was constructed using various land parcel layers. These land parcels were merged, using GIS software, into one continuous layer of land parcels. They were then stratified to reduce the variance of the variable (animals) under study over the entire area, using area of land parcel and land-cover. The sample size was then calculated and the land parcels were selected randomly for survey purposes. The survey was conducted between September and December 1999 and the questionnaires were input into a database for the estimation procedures. The closed estimation procedure was used because it is the only possible option if the data surveyed are referenced to the land parcel (and not to a farm that includes several land parcels). The area frame sampling methodology worked well for cattle, sheep, horses, pigs and dogs/cats and to a lesser extent for goats, donkeys and game. The area frame method did not work well for poultry (because of extremely high values in a few land parcels), ostriches or mules (these are rare in the province). Spatial distributions and density distributions were then interpolated from the animal counts taken in the survey and they give a general idea of the location of animals. The distributions of cattle, sheep, horses, pigs and dogs/cats are reliable. The distributions of the rest are distorted due to extreme counts in a few land parcels but a general idea of concentrations can still be inferred. Considering that no historical data exists and that the overall goal of this research was to get an idea of animal numbers and the distribution of animals in Gauteng province, it can be considered successful, in that decision- makers now have a reliable source of information from which good decisions can be made.
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An analysis of whether factory farming is reasonable in terms of Section 24 of the Constitution of South Africa
- Authors: De La Guerre, Nastassja
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Constitutional law - South Africa , South Africa. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 , Livestock
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/270860 , uj:28797
- Description: LL.M. , Abstract: Section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 provides the constitutional framework for ensuring the continued healthy existence of human beings and the environment at large. Animal agriculture has a significant impact of human health and well-being, as animals form part of certain people’s nutritional in take by either consuming animals directly through their meat or animal products like milk or eggs. Animal agriculture also has a major environmental impact. Animal agriculture will likely not be able to keep up with increased demands caused by a growing human population, which might cause certain practices like factory farming to emerge which could have serious negative impacts on the health and well-being of people as well as the environment at large. Due to intensification, factory farms often cause severe impacts on the environment, with little to no regard being paid to the welfare of factory farm animals or the health and well-being of people. This dissertation will analyse how factory farming causes various forms of pollution due to waste, which negatively affects human health and well-being which is protected in terms of section 24. The legislative and other measures that are currently in place will be analysed to show that these are not reasonable; which is contrary to the requirements of section 24. Finally, recommendations will be made on how section 24 could be used to effectively regulate animal agricultural practices to ensure a healthy environment.
- Full Text:
- Authors: De La Guerre, Nastassja
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Constitutional law - South Africa , South Africa. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 , Livestock
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/270860 , uj:28797
- Description: LL.M. , Abstract: Section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 provides the constitutional framework for ensuring the continued healthy existence of human beings and the environment at large. Animal agriculture has a significant impact of human health and well-being, as animals form part of certain people’s nutritional in take by either consuming animals directly through their meat or animal products like milk or eggs. Animal agriculture also has a major environmental impact. Animal agriculture will likely not be able to keep up with increased demands caused by a growing human population, which might cause certain practices like factory farming to emerge which could have serious negative impacts on the health and well-being of people as well as the environment at large. Due to intensification, factory farms often cause severe impacts on the environment, with little to no regard being paid to the welfare of factory farm animals or the health and well-being of people. This dissertation will analyse how factory farming causes various forms of pollution due to waste, which negatively affects human health and well-being which is protected in terms of section 24. The legislative and other measures that are currently in place will be analysed to show that these are not reasonable; which is contrary to the requirements of section 24. Finally, recommendations will be made on how section 24 could be used to effectively regulate animal agricultural practices to ensure a healthy environment.
- Full Text:
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