A comparative study of the impact of low intensity laser irradiation on breast cancer cells and isolated breast cancer stem cells
- Authors: Kiro, Elodie Ndivito
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Breast - Cancer , Cancer cells - Effect of radiation on , Lasers in medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/292905 , uj:31838
- Description: Abstract: Healthy cells are programmed to follow an orderly path of growth, division and death. The slightest disturbance of these processes can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation, which is the main characteristic of cancer. Cancer is a major health issue worldwide and one of the leading causes of death (Torre et al., 2015). Breast cancer is a dangerous disease responsible for most cancer-related deaths among women worldwide (Ferlay et al., 2014). This malignancy has become one of the major challenges faced by the affected women as well as the medical professionals in modern societies and has defied the major evolution of science. Despite the undeniable progress made in the field of cancer treatment, multiple side effects subsequent to the treatment are still major problems encounter and relapse after therapy is often observed. Post therapeutic cancer relapse is due to the failure of conventional therapeutic measures to eradicate malignant cells and it is believed to be caused by a minority cell population know as cancer stem cells (CSCs), which show resistance to these approaches (Mohr et al., 2015; Plaks et al., 2015). Therefore, the development of anti-tumour therapeutic approaches targeting CSCs can lead to more improved post-therapeutic outcomes in advanced stage cancer. Low intensity laser irradiation (LILI) refers to phototherapy using visible light in the wavelength range of 400 to 1000 nm (Abrahamse, 2011). The biomodulatory effect of LILI at the cellular level has made it an innovative treatment modality in a wide range of clinical conditions. Although LILI is capable of inducing both stimulatory and inhibitory responses at the cellular level due to its biphasic dose and wavelength related effects, more attention has been given to its biostimulatory effect and LILI has been used as a non-invasive treatment that has shown remarkable outcomes in reparative or cell replacement therapy, pain control and cancer therapy (Al-Watban et al., 2012; Pastar et al., 2014). In cancer therapy, the biostimulatory effect of LILI has mostly been used to ease the patient’s life by managing the side effects caused by either the conventional treatment... , M.Tech. (Biomedical Technology)
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- Authors: Kiro, Elodie Ndivito
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Breast - Cancer , Cancer cells - Effect of radiation on , Lasers in medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/292905 , uj:31838
- Description: Abstract: Healthy cells are programmed to follow an orderly path of growth, division and death. The slightest disturbance of these processes can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation, which is the main characteristic of cancer. Cancer is a major health issue worldwide and one of the leading causes of death (Torre et al., 2015). Breast cancer is a dangerous disease responsible for most cancer-related deaths among women worldwide (Ferlay et al., 2014). This malignancy has become one of the major challenges faced by the affected women as well as the medical professionals in modern societies and has defied the major evolution of science. Despite the undeniable progress made in the field of cancer treatment, multiple side effects subsequent to the treatment are still major problems encounter and relapse after therapy is often observed. Post therapeutic cancer relapse is due to the failure of conventional therapeutic measures to eradicate malignant cells and it is believed to be caused by a minority cell population know as cancer stem cells (CSCs), which show resistance to these approaches (Mohr et al., 2015; Plaks et al., 2015). Therefore, the development of anti-tumour therapeutic approaches targeting CSCs can lead to more improved post-therapeutic outcomes in advanced stage cancer. Low intensity laser irradiation (LILI) refers to phototherapy using visible light in the wavelength range of 400 to 1000 nm (Abrahamse, 2011). The biomodulatory effect of LILI at the cellular level has made it an innovative treatment modality in a wide range of clinical conditions. Although LILI is capable of inducing both stimulatory and inhibitory responses at the cellular level due to its biphasic dose and wavelength related effects, more attention has been given to its biostimulatory effect and LILI has been used as a non-invasive treatment that has shown remarkable outcomes in reparative or cell replacement therapy, pain control and cancer therapy (Al-Watban et al., 2012; Pastar et al., 2014). In cancer therapy, the biostimulatory effect of LILI has mostly been used to ease the patient’s life by managing the side effects caused by either the conventional treatment... , M.Tech. (Biomedical Technology)
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The qualification and training of laser hair removal operators within South Africa
- Authors: Thomas, Mandy Merle
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Hair - Removal , Lasers in medicine , Hair removal products , Occupational training
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/296971 , uj:32364
- Description: Abstract: Laser hair removal therapy has become a popular treatment option for long-term depilation. The word LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Light energy is absorbed by specific chromophores (targets) in the skin such as melanin, haemoglobin, water, tattoo ink and collagen. In the case of laser hair removal, the chromophore is melanin, i.e. the pigment found in hair. The emitted light is primarily absorbed by the hair shaft melanin. The light energy converts to intense heat energy which destroys the hair follicle and its bulb (Ibrahim et al., 2011). Lasers are classified from Class 1 through to Class 4, according to the potential harm that the laser beam can cause. Class 4 lasers are typically used for medical and therapeutic treatments such as laser hair removal. These lasers are powerful medical devices and can cause skin burns, scarring and pigmentary changes if equipment is not used correctly. Other associated hazards include occupational exposure to the laser plume which are the vapours, smoke, and particulate debris that is produced during a laser hair removal treatment. The laser plume is known to be carcinogenic (cancer causing) and a teratogen (an agent that may disturb the development of an embryo or foetus). The wide range of devices and applications require profound knowledge in order to provide patients with safe and effective treatment strategies (Bodendorf et al., 2013). Therefore, sufficient training and regulations are needed to limit complications. In the United States of America, Arizona was the first state that required a specific number of mandatory training hours in order to legally perform light based treatments for hair removal. Candidates are required to complete practical training of 24 hours that is supervised by a health professional or by a laser technician who has a minimum of 100 hours of practical experience per procedure. There should be 24 hours of practical supervision of laser and intense pulsed light (IPL) devices used (Arizona Revised Statutes, 2014). In Texas, it is required that laser hair removal technicians perform at least 100 laser hair removal procedures under supervision (Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation, 2017). In Florida, candidates are required to complete a 30 hour continuing education course approved by the Electrolysis Council, and a minimum of five hours practical experience in laser and light based devices. Candidates are required to pass the Society for Clinical and... , M.Tech. (Somatology)
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- Authors: Thomas, Mandy Merle
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Hair - Removal , Lasers in medicine , Hair removal products , Occupational training
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/296971 , uj:32364
- Description: Abstract: Laser hair removal therapy has become a popular treatment option for long-term depilation. The word LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Light energy is absorbed by specific chromophores (targets) in the skin such as melanin, haemoglobin, water, tattoo ink and collagen. In the case of laser hair removal, the chromophore is melanin, i.e. the pigment found in hair. The emitted light is primarily absorbed by the hair shaft melanin. The light energy converts to intense heat energy which destroys the hair follicle and its bulb (Ibrahim et al., 2011). Lasers are classified from Class 1 through to Class 4, according to the potential harm that the laser beam can cause. Class 4 lasers are typically used for medical and therapeutic treatments such as laser hair removal. These lasers are powerful medical devices and can cause skin burns, scarring and pigmentary changes if equipment is not used correctly. Other associated hazards include occupational exposure to the laser plume which are the vapours, smoke, and particulate debris that is produced during a laser hair removal treatment. The laser plume is known to be carcinogenic (cancer causing) and a teratogen (an agent that may disturb the development of an embryo or foetus). The wide range of devices and applications require profound knowledge in order to provide patients with safe and effective treatment strategies (Bodendorf et al., 2013). Therefore, sufficient training and regulations are needed to limit complications. In the United States of America, Arizona was the first state that required a specific number of mandatory training hours in order to legally perform light based treatments for hair removal. Candidates are required to complete practical training of 24 hours that is supervised by a health professional or by a laser technician who has a minimum of 100 hours of practical experience per procedure. There should be 24 hours of practical supervision of laser and intense pulsed light (IPL) devices used (Arizona Revised Statutes, 2014). In Texas, it is required that laser hair removal technicians perform at least 100 laser hair removal procedures under supervision (Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation, 2017). In Florida, candidates are required to complete a 30 hour continuing education course approved by the Electrolysis Council, and a minimum of five hours practical experience in laser and light based devices. Candidates are required to pass the Society for Clinical and... , M.Tech. (Somatology)
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Collagen production in wounded fibroblasts in response to low intensity laser irradiation
- Authors: Ayuk, Sandra Matabi
- Date: 2014-04-15
- Subjects: Irradiation , Radiotherapy , Fibroblasts , Collagen , Lasers in medicine
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/376335 , uj:10683 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10199
- Description: M.Tech. (Biomedical Technology) , Collagen Type I (Col- I) as well as collagen types III and V, form most of the connective tissues, smooth muscle cells and, endothelial cells in wound healing (Stuart and Leaper, 2008). Col-I is also the main extracellular matrix (ECM) protein (Ricard-Blum and Ruggiero, 2005). Low intensity laser irradiation (LILI) is a non-invasive, photobiomodulatory therapy. Huang et al., (2009a) have shown LILI to be involved in Col-I production both in vitro and in vivo. Enhanced collagen production in human skin fibroblasts is common shortly after irradiation (Illsley et al., 2000). However, its synthesis in wounded fibroblasts has not been well established in an in vitro model. Healing is impaired in chronic diabetic wounds which exhibit reduced proliferation rate and collagen synthesis (Beldon, 2010; Falanga, 2005). Studies have shown that LILI using a wavelength of 632.8 nm was not the only wavelength biostimulated in cultured cells: biological responses were also generated from various wavelengths within the visible to Near Infrared (NIR) spectral region (Hawkins and Abrahamse, 2005; Karu and Kolyakov, 2005). This study aimed to establish if LILI influenced collagen production and related cellular responses at a wavelength of 660 or 830 nm, with a fluence of 5 J/cm2 in an in vitro normal and wounded fibroblasts model. The study also evaluated the expression profiling of genes related to the ECM and adhesion. This study was performed on isolated human skin fibroblasts collected from a consenting adult undergoing abdominoplasty. Cells were routinely cultured according to standard techniques (Houreld and Abrahamse, 2010; Hawkins and Abrahamse, 2007a; Hawkins and Abrahamse, 2006a; Hawkins and Abrahamse, 2005).
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- Authors: Ayuk, Sandra Matabi
- Date: 2014-04-15
- Subjects: Irradiation , Radiotherapy , Fibroblasts , Collagen , Lasers in medicine
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/376335 , uj:10683 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10199
- Description: M.Tech. (Biomedical Technology) , Collagen Type I (Col- I) as well as collagen types III and V, form most of the connective tissues, smooth muscle cells and, endothelial cells in wound healing (Stuart and Leaper, 2008). Col-I is also the main extracellular matrix (ECM) protein (Ricard-Blum and Ruggiero, 2005). Low intensity laser irradiation (LILI) is a non-invasive, photobiomodulatory therapy. Huang et al., (2009a) have shown LILI to be involved in Col-I production both in vitro and in vivo. Enhanced collagen production in human skin fibroblasts is common shortly after irradiation (Illsley et al., 2000). However, its synthesis in wounded fibroblasts has not been well established in an in vitro model. Healing is impaired in chronic diabetic wounds which exhibit reduced proliferation rate and collagen synthesis (Beldon, 2010; Falanga, 2005). Studies have shown that LILI using a wavelength of 632.8 nm was not the only wavelength biostimulated in cultured cells: biological responses were also generated from various wavelengths within the visible to Near Infrared (NIR) spectral region (Hawkins and Abrahamse, 2005; Karu and Kolyakov, 2005). This study aimed to establish if LILI influenced collagen production and related cellular responses at a wavelength of 660 or 830 nm, with a fluence of 5 J/cm2 in an in vitro normal and wounded fibroblasts model. The study also evaluated the expression profiling of genes related to the ECM and adhesion. This study was performed on isolated human skin fibroblasts collected from a consenting adult undergoing abdominoplasty. Cells were routinely cultured according to standard techniques (Houreld and Abrahamse, 2010; Hawkins and Abrahamse, 2007a; Hawkins and Abrahamse, 2006a; Hawkins and Abrahamse, 2005).
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The efficacy of laser therapy for the treatment of onychomycosis
- Authors: Dembskey, Nadia
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Onychomycosis - Treatment , Nails (Anatomy) - Diseases - Treatment , Nails (Anatomy) - Diseases , Lasers in medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/296928 , uj:32358
- Description: Abstract: Onychomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the finger- and toenails. It is a very common infection that accounts for approximately 50% of all nail pathologies worldwide. This condition is a therapeutic challenge and recently there has been an increase in resistance to current treatment regimes, namely oral and topical antifungal agents. During the last couple of years, laser therapy for the treatment of Onychomycosis has been a topic of discussion as a newer and safer modality of treatment. The aim of this research was to explore the effectiveness of 1064 nm diode laser therapy for the treatment of Onychomycosis. An exploratory, prospective, quantitative, single-blinded study was conducted on patients with toenail Onychomycosis. Forty-five patients were randomly grouped into three groups and digital images of the toenails were taken to establish the severity of fungal infection. All patients received standard Podiatric treatment before each treatment with laser or control. Nail clippings were taken at the site of infection for PAS staining and fungal microscopy and culture to identify fungal elements and isolate the causative pathogen prior to treatment. Group 1 (control) received 5% topical Amorolfine lacquer to apply to the affected nails once-weekly. Group 2 received 1064 nm diode laser treatment at 10 mW/s wavelength, hallux 790 J/cm2 frequency and lesser digits 390 J/cm2 frequency. Group 3 received 1064 nm laser treatment at 10 mW/s wavelength, hallux 1 100 J/cm2 frequency and lesser digits 500 J/cm2 frequency. These two groups were compared to the control group, and as such, did not receive any topical antifungal therapy. Immediately after each individual laser treatment within each group, nail temperature reached was taken with a surface thermometer, omitting the control group. Specimen diagnostic results indicate that PAS staining was much more sensitive in identifying Onychomycotic infections (91.1%), compared to Fungal Microscopy (44.4%) at week 1. If Fungal Microscopy (and culture) was performed as the only diagnostic test, 55.6%... , M.Tech. (Podiatry)
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- Authors: Dembskey, Nadia
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Onychomycosis - Treatment , Nails (Anatomy) - Diseases - Treatment , Nails (Anatomy) - Diseases , Lasers in medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/296928 , uj:32358
- Description: Abstract: Onychomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the finger- and toenails. It is a very common infection that accounts for approximately 50% of all nail pathologies worldwide. This condition is a therapeutic challenge and recently there has been an increase in resistance to current treatment regimes, namely oral and topical antifungal agents. During the last couple of years, laser therapy for the treatment of Onychomycosis has been a topic of discussion as a newer and safer modality of treatment. The aim of this research was to explore the effectiveness of 1064 nm diode laser therapy for the treatment of Onychomycosis. An exploratory, prospective, quantitative, single-blinded study was conducted on patients with toenail Onychomycosis. Forty-five patients were randomly grouped into three groups and digital images of the toenails were taken to establish the severity of fungal infection. All patients received standard Podiatric treatment before each treatment with laser or control. Nail clippings were taken at the site of infection for PAS staining and fungal microscopy and culture to identify fungal elements and isolate the causative pathogen prior to treatment. Group 1 (control) received 5% topical Amorolfine lacquer to apply to the affected nails once-weekly. Group 2 received 1064 nm diode laser treatment at 10 mW/s wavelength, hallux 790 J/cm2 frequency and lesser digits 390 J/cm2 frequency. Group 3 received 1064 nm laser treatment at 10 mW/s wavelength, hallux 1 100 J/cm2 frequency and lesser digits 500 J/cm2 frequency. These two groups were compared to the control group, and as such, did not receive any topical antifungal therapy. Immediately after each individual laser treatment within each group, nail temperature reached was taken with a surface thermometer, omitting the control group. Specimen diagnostic results indicate that PAS staining was much more sensitive in identifying Onychomycotic infections (91.1%), compared to Fungal Microscopy (44.4%) at week 1. If Fungal Microscopy (and culture) was performed as the only diagnostic test, 55.6%... , M.Tech. (Podiatry)
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Photobiomodulatory effects of low intensity laser irradiation on isolated lung cancer stem cells
- Authors: Crous, Anna Magdalena
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Lungs - Cancer - Treatment , Cancer cells - Effect of radiation on , Lasers in medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/226444 , uj:22895
- Description: M.Tech. (Biomedical Technology) , Abstract: Lung cancer remains a primary threat contributing to high cancer mortality rates and relapse. An attributing factor, metastasis, has been concluded to be due to stem-like cells possessing cancer properties. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) portray characteristics similar to embryonic and adult stem cells in which they are capable of indefinite proliferation, self-renewal and specialize in cell differentiation. Low Intensity Laser Irradiation (LILI) is a light therapy used for treating various disease states and cancer conditions. In addition to having stimulatory effects on irradiated cells and tissues by upregulating metabolism via proliferation, formation of capillaries and activate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase production, LILI has also been shown to stimulate, as well as to inhibit cellular processes at different intensities. LILI used in combination with a photosensitive chemical that targets specific cancer cells, known as photodynamic therapy (PDT), a process whereby a photosensitive chemical is activated with laser light at a specific wavelength producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that results in cancer cell death. Since previous studies (Abrahamse, 2010) have shown that laser irradiation has different effects on various cells and tissues, the aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the possible outcomes that various laser intensities and wavelengths would have on isolated lung CSCs. Lung cancer cells (A549) containing a subpopulation of CSCs, positive for the antigenic marker CD 133, were irradiated with a low fluence LILI (LF-LILI) of 5 – 20 J/cm2 and a high fluence LILI (HF-LILI) of 40 J/cm2. The lasers used emitted wavelengths of 636, 825 and 1060 nm. After treatment with low and high fluence LILI, biochemical assays were conducted on the treated lung CSCs and their control groups over a time period of 24, 48 and 72 h to determine various cellular responses. Cellular viability, proliferation, death and cytotoxicity assays allowed for various LILI treatment outcomes to be evaluated. Results showed a successful isolation of lung CSCs, since they were positive for the CD 133 cell surface marker. Post irradiation imaging analysis revealed no morphological changes in control cells receiving no irradiation and only normal increases in cell density over time due to maintenance of viability and proliferation was observed. Within the test samples that received LF-LILI treatment, similar responses when compared to control cells was observed. However, HF-LILI of...
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- Authors: Crous, Anna Magdalena
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Lungs - Cancer - Treatment , Cancer cells - Effect of radiation on , Lasers in medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/226444 , uj:22895
- Description: M.Tech. (Biomedical Technology) , Abstract: Lung cancer remains a primary threat contributing to high cancer mortality rates and relapse. An attributing factor, metastasis, has been concluded to be due to stem-like cells possessing cancer properties. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) portray characteristics similar to embryonic and adult stem cells in which they are capable of indefinite proliferation, self-renewal and specialize in cell differentiation. Low Intensity Laser Irradiation (LILI) is a light therapy used for treating various disease states and cancer conditions. In addition to having stimulatory effects on irradiated cells and tissues by upregulating metabolism via proliferation, formation of capillaries and activate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase production, LILI has also been shown to stimulate, as well as to inhibit cellular processes at different intensities. LILI used in combination with a photosensitive chemical that targets specific cancer cells, known as photodynamic therapy (PDT), a process whereby a photosensitive chemical is activated with laser light at a specific wavelength producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that results in cancer cell death. Since previous studies (Abrahamse, 2010) have shown that laser irradiation has different effects on various cells and tissues, the aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the possible outcomes that various laser intensities and wavelengths would have on isolated lung CSCs. Lung cancer cells (A549) containing a subpopulation of CSCs, positive for the antigenic marker CD 133, were irradiated with a low fluence LILI (LF-LILI) of 5 – 20 J/cm2 and a high fluence LILI (HF-LILI) of 40 J/cm2. The lasers used emitted wavelengths of 636, 825 and 1060 nm. After treatment with low and high fluence LILI, biochemical assays were conducted on the treated lung CSCs and their control groups over a time period of 24, 48 and 72 h to determine various cellular responses. Cellular viability, proliferation, death and cytotoxicity assays allowed for various LILI treatment outcomes to be evaluated. Results showed a successful isolation of lung CSCs, since they were positive for the CD 133 cell surface marker. Post irradiation imaging analysis revealed no morphological changes in control cells receiving no irradiation and only normal increases in cell density over time due to maintenance of viability and proliferation was observed. Within the test samples that received LF-LILI treatment, similar responses when compared to control cells was observed. However, HF-LILI of...
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