Conducting nanocomposites for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater
- Authors: Kera, Nazia Hassan
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Heavy metals - Absorption and adsorption , Sewage - Purification - Heavy metals removal , Water - Purification , Nanocomposites (Materials) , Water chemistry
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/366683 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/278783 , uj:29923
- Description: Ph.D. (Chemistry) , Abstract: Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), is a toxic heavy metal pollutant that occurs in wastewater produced from mining and industrial activities such as leather tanning, chrome plating, wood preservation and alloy manufacture. Cr(VI) released into the environment is of concern due to its high mobility in water and soil and harmful effects on human health. The treatment of wastewater is necessary to prevent Cr(VI) contamination of water bodies in the environment. Conducting polymers, such as polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI), have the potential to be used as adsorbents for Cr(VI) in wastewater due to their abundant nitrogen-containing functional groups, anion-exchange sites and capacity to reduce Cr(VI) to the significantly less toxic, trivalent chromium, Cr(III). However, conducting polymers have shown low adsorption capacities for Cr(VI) due to agglomeration of particles and are also difficult to separate from treated water. The focus of this study was on the development of conducting polymer composites for the treatment of wastewater containing Cr(VI). In particular, the aim of the research carried out was the modification of conducting polymers to obtain adsorbents with high adsorption capacities for Cr(VI) that are well-suited towards water treatment applications. Three novel conducting polymer composites were prepared in this study, namely, polypyrrole/2,5-diaminobenzenesulfonic acid (PPy/DABSA) composite, polypyrrole-polyaniline/iron oxide (PPy-PANI/Fe3O4) magnetic nanocomposite and polypyrrole-m-phenylenediamine (PPy-mPD) polymer for the desired application of removing Cr(VI) from industrial wastewater. The composites were synthesized easily and effectively by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization and their physicochemical properties characterized using various techniques including attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. Batch studies were carried out to investigate the effect of parameters such as initial solution pH, adsorbent dose, initial Cr(VI) concentration, temperature and co-existing ions in solution on Cr(VI) removal by the different composites...
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- Authors: Kera, Nazia Hassan
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Heavy metals - Absorption and adsorption , Sewage - Purification - Heavy metals removal , Water - Purification , Nanocomposites (Materials) , Water chemistry
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/366683 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/278783 , uj:29923
- Description: Ph.D. (Chemistry) , Abstract: Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), is a toxic heavy metal pollutant that occurs in wastewater produced from mining and industrial activities such as leather tanning, chrome plating, wood preservation and alloy manufacture. Cr(VI) released into the environment is of concern due to its high mobility in water and soil and harmful effects on human health. The treatment of wastewater is necessary to prevent Cr(VI) contamination of water bodies in the environment. Conducting polymers, such as polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI), have the potential to be used as adsorbents for Cr(VI) in wastewater due to their abundant nitrogen-containing functional groups, anion-exchange sites and capacity to reduce Cr(VI) to the significantly less toxic, trivalent chromium, Cr(III). However, conducting polymers have shown low adsorption capacities for Cr(VI) due to agglomeration of particles and are also difficult to separate from treated water. The focus of this study was on the development of conducting polymer composites for the treatment of wastewater containing Cr(VI). In particular, the aim of the research carried out was the modification of conducting polymers to obtain adsorbents with high adsorption capacities for Cr(VI) that are well-suited towards water treatment applications. Three novel conducting polymer composites were prepared in this study, namely, polypyrrole/2,5-diaminobenzenesulfonic acid (PPy/DABSA) composite, polypyrrole-polyaniline/iron oxide (PPy-PANI/Fe3O4) magnetic nanocomposite and polypyrrole-m-phenylenediamine (PPy-mPD) polymer for the desired application of removing Cr(VI) from industrial wastewater. The composites were synthesized easily and effectively by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization and their physicochemical properties characterized using various techniques including attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. Batch studies were carried out to investigate the effect of parameters such as initial solution pH, adsorbent dose, initial Cr(VI) concentration, temperature and co-existing ions in solution on Cr(VI) removal by the different composites...
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Removal of heavy metals from aqueous acidic mineral effluents by reductive precipitation
- Authors: Sithole, Nastassia Thandiwe
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Sewage - Purification - Heavy metals removal , Heavy metals - Absorption and adsorption , Hydrazine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/56204 , uj:16342
- Description: Abstract: The removal of heavy metals from acidic mineral effluents (pH<3) is among the most important issues for many industrialized countries. Removal of Fe3+, Al3+ and Mn2+ from acidic mineral effluents was studied using reductive precipitation as an alternative method. A comparative study of using different reducing agents (hydrazine, dimethylamine borane (DMAB) and glyoxylic acid) and different seeding materials (Nickel powder, Fe powder, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) and Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag (BOFS) respectively) was done. Reductive precipitation batch experiments were conducted where metal ions solution, seeding material and a reducing agent were added to a batch reactor. The volume of acidic mineral effluents was 500 ml and 30g of the seeding materials and stoichiometric amounts of the different reducing agents. The obtained BOFS before and after reductive precipitation was characterized for particle size distribution using MPAM, surface morphology and surface functional groups were done using SEM and FTIR respectively. Identification of phases was done using XRD while elemental composition was performed using XRF. using SEM and surface functional groups using FTIR, identification of phases using XRD, elemental composition using XRF. BOFS was the only seeding material characterized since it was found to be more effective and efficient than other seeding materials... , M.Tech. (Chemical Engineering)
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- Authors: Sithole, Nastassia Thandiwe
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Sewage - Purification - Heavy metals removal , Heavy metals - Absorption and adsorption , Hydrazine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/56204 , uj:16342
- Description: Abstract: The removal of heavy metals from acidic mineral effluents (pH<3) is among the most important issues for many industrialized countries. Removal of Fe3+, Al3+ and Mn2+ from acidic mineral effluents was studied using reductive precipitation as an alternative method. A comparative study of using different reducing agents (hydrazine, dimethylamine borane (DMAB) and glyoxylic acid) and different seeding materials (Nickel powder, Fe powder, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) and Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag (BOFS) respectively) was done. Reductive precipitation batch experiments were conducted where metal ions solution, seeding material and a reducing agent were added to a batch reactor. The volume of acidic mineral effluents was 500 ml and 30g of the seeding materials and stoichiometric amounts of the different reducing agents. The obtained BOFS before and after reductive precipitation was characterized for particle size distribution using MPAM, surface morphology and surface functional groups were done using SEM and FTIR respectively. Identification of phases was done using XRD while elemental composition was performed using XRF. using SEM and surface functional groups using FTIR, identification of phases using XRD, elemental composition using XRF. BOFS was the only seeding material characterized since it was found to be more effective and efficient than other seeding materials... , M.Tech. (Chemical Engineering)
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