A study to compare the effect of spinal manipulation versus mobilization on hamstring muscle strength
- Authors: Aaron, Kevin
- Date: 2013-12-09
- Subjects: Muscle strength , Hamstring muscle , Spinal adjustment , Physical therapy
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:7808 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8703
- Description: M.Tech. (Chiropractic) , Purpose: This study aims to compare the effects of spinal manipulation versus mobilization of the lumbar spine and sacroiliac (SI) joints on the contractile strength of the hamstring muscle group with regards to strength and flexibility. Method: This study consisted of 2 groups of 15 participants between the ages of 18 and 50 years of age. Males and females were first separated to ensure equal male to female ratios within each group. The potential participants were examined and accepted according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The method of treatment administered to each group was determined by group allocation. Group 1 received spinal manipulation directed towards restrictions located within the lumbar spine and/or SI joints. Group 2 received spinal mobilization directed towards restrictions located within the lumbar spine and/or SI joints. Procedure: Treatment consisted of 4 treatment sessions with an additional follow up visit over a 2 week period. Objective data was recorded on visit 1 before and after treatment, visit 3 before and after treatment and on visit 5 in which there was no treatment administered, its purpose was purely to obtain measurements. The measurements were taken in this way in order to determine immediate as well as medium term changes. Objective data consisted of hamstring muscle strength readings taken using a handheld dynamometer and hamstring muscle flexibility readings taken using a digital inclinometer. Analysis of collected data was performed by a statistician. The manipulation and mobilization techniques used were directed towards dysfunctional joints within the lumbar spine and/or SI regions, which were detected by motion palpation. Results: Regarding muscle strength, statistically significant results were noted in Group 1 at visits 1 and 3 on both the right and left sides when determining the immediate effects of the treatment. Medium term changes were seen during the time interval between visits 1 and 3, as well as between visits 1 and 5 bilaterally. When determining the immediate effects of the treatment, Group 2 did not demonstrate muscle strength changes at visit 1 on the right, however statistically significant results were found at visit 3 on the right as well as at visits 1 and 3 on the left. Medium term changes were seen during the time interval between visits 1 and 3, as well as between visits 1 and 5 bilaterally. Manipulation and mobilization were shown to have a statistically significant effect on hamstring muscle strength, although manipulation was shown to have a more beneficial effect on muscle strength both immediately and over time, though this was only found on the left. Regarding muscle flexibility, statistically significant results were noted in Group 1 on both right and left sides at visits 1 and 3 when determining the immediate effects of the treatment. Statistically significant changes only occurred on the left between visits 1 and 5 when determining the medium term effects of the treatment. Group 2 showed statistically significant changes at visit 3 on the right as well as at visits 1 and 3 on the left when determining the immediate effects of the treatment. When determining the medium term effects of the treatment no statistically significant changes were found over the duration of the study. There was no difference found between the groups in terms of the effect that the treatment had on hamstring muscle flexibility, although isolated improvements occurred over time in the manipulation group. Conclusion: The results show that both manipulation and mobilization have a statistically significant effect on hamstring muscle strength. However, manipulation was shown to have a more significant effect. Changes in hamstring muscle flexibility were found to occur immediately and over time in the manipulation group, however only immediate effects were noted in the mobilization group. Therefore, when compared to mobilization, manipulation appears to have a greater effect on hamstring muscle strength and flexibility.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Aaron, Kevin
- Date: 2013-12-09
- Subjects: Muscle strength , Hamstring muscle , Spinal adjustment , Physical therapy
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:7808 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8703
- Description: M.Tech. (Chiropractic) , Purpose: This study aims to compare the effects of spinal manipulation versus mobilization of the lumbar spine and sacroiliac (SI) joints on the contractile strength of the hamstring muscle group with regards to strength and flexibility. Method: This study consisted of 2 groups of 15 participants between the ages of 18 and 50 years of age. Males and females were first separated to ensure equal male to female ratios within each group. The potential participants were examined and accepted according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The method of treatment administered to each group was determined by group allocation. Group 1 received spinal manipulation directed towards restrictions located within the lumbar spine and/or SI joints. Group 2 received spinal mobilization directed towards restrictions located within the lumbar spine and/or SI joints. Procedure: Treatment consisted of 4 treatment sessions with an additional follow up visit over a 2 week period. Objective data was recorded on visit 1 before and after treatment, visit 3 before and after treatment and on visit 5 in which there was no treatment administered, its purpose was purely to obtain measurements. The measurements were taken in this way in order to determine immediate as well as medium term changes. Objective data consisted of hamstring muscle strength readings taken using a handheld dynamometer and hamstring muscle flexibility readings taken using a digital inclinometer. Analysis of collected data was performed by a statistician. The manipulation and mobilization techniques used were directed towards dysfunctional joints within the lumbar spine and/or SI regions, which were detected by motion palpation. Results: Regarding muscle strength, statistically significant results were noted in Group 1 at visits 1 and 3 on both the right and left sides when determining the immediate effects of the treatment. Medium term changes were seen during the time interval between visits 1 and 3, as well as between visits 1 and 5 bilaterally. When determining the immediate effects of the treatment, Group 2 did not demonstrate muscle strength changes at visit 1 on the right, however statistically significant results were found at visit 3 on the right as well as at visits 1 and 3 on the left. Medium term changes were seen during the time interval between visits 1 and 3, as well as between visits 1 and 5 bilaterally. Manipulation and mobilization were shown to have a statistically significant effect on hamstring muscle strength, although manipulation was shown to have a more beneficial effect on muscle strength both immediately and over time, though this was only found on the left. Regarding muscle flexibility, statistically significant results were noted in Group 1 on both right and left sides at visits 1 and 3 when determining the immediate effects of the treatment. Statistically significant changes only occurred on the left between visits 1 and 5 when determining the medium term effects of the treatment. Group 2 showed statistically significant changes at visit 3 on the right as well as at visits 1 and 3 on the left when determining the immediate effects of the treatment. When determining the medium term effects of the treatment no statistically significant changes were found over the duration of the study. There was no difference found between the groups in terms of the effect that the treatment had on hamstring muscle flexibility, although isolated improvements occurred over time in the manipulation group. Conclusion: The results show that both manipulation and mobilization have a statistically significant effect on hamstring muscle strength. However, manipulation was shown to have a more significant effect. Changes in hamstring muscle flexibility were found to occur immediately and over time in the manipulation group, however only immediate effects were noted in the mobilization group. Therefore, when compared to mobilization, manipulation appears to have a greater effect on hamstring muscle strength and flexibility.
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A comparison between the effects of manipulation alone versus manipulation combined with dry needling on hamstring strength
- Authors: Gillingham, Miriam Taryn
- Date: 2013-09-02
- Subjects: Manipulation (Chiropractic) , Sacroiliac joint diseases - Chiropractic treatment , Hamstring injuries - Chiropractic treatment , Hamstring muscle , Muscle strength
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:7722 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8592
- Description: M.Tech. (Chiropractic) , Purpose: According to Jonhagen, Nemeth and Erikson (1994), hamstring muscle injury as a result of weakness is prevalent. Hoskins and Pollard (2005) states that a previous or recent hamstring muscle injury is the most recognized risk factor for future injury. Given the high reoccurrence rate, hamstring injuries provide a significant challenge to the treating clinician. Knowledge surrounding the optimal treatment is critical to improve hamstring muscle strength in preventing these injuries. The aim of this study is to determine the most effective treatment method, when comparing sacroiliac joint manipulation with or without dry needling and the effect it has on hamstring strength. Design: Thirty participants between the ages of 18 and 35 years old presenting with SI joint dysfunction and hamstring trigger points, were considered for this study. The participants were randomly divided into two groups of 15 participants each (group A and B). Group A received manipulation to the sacroiliac joint and group B received manipulation to the sacroiliac joint, as well as dry needling of the active myofascial trigger points in the semimembranosus muscles. Each participant was treated six times over a period of three weeks. Measurements: All measurements were collected at the first, third and fifth consultation prior to treatment and on the seventh consultation where no treatment was performed. Subjective measurements included the McGill questionnaire and a visual analogue pain scale. Objective measurements included algometer, readings of pressure pain threshold of the hamstring muscle trigger points and hamstring muscle strength recorded using a dynamometer instrument. Results and Conclusion: Group A and group B proved to have a statistical and clinical improvement overall. Group A had a better improvement in both subjective tests and in the objective tests. In comparing the statistically significant data for hamstring muscle strength in this study, it would appear that Group A responded better to treatment than Group B. Although both groups did improve, it suggests that Group A achieved the greatest overall improvement. Therefore it can be suggested that myofascial dry needling of the hamstring muscle was found not to have an additive effect for improving vii hamstring muscle strength, it actually appears to have done worse. The reason for this might be due to the post treatment soreness after needling. This may cause muscle inhibition and decreased muscle contraction, due to the pain or tenderness, which could have affected the muscle strength. In conclusion, the results in this study show that chiropractic manipulation combined with dry needling did not have better results in improving hamstring strength.
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- Authors: Gillingham, Miriam Taryn
- Date: 2013-09-02
- Subjects: Manipulation (Chiropractic) , Sacroiliac joint diseases - Chiropractic treatment , Hamstring injuries - Chiropractic treatment , Hamstring muscle , Muscle strength
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:7722 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8592
- Description: M.Tech. (Chiropractic) , Purpose: According to Jonhagen, Nemeth and Erikson (1994), hamstring muscle injury as a result of weakness is prevalent. Hoskins and Pollard (2005) states that a previous or recent hamstring muscle injury is the most recognized risk factor for future injury. Given the high reoccurrence rate, hamstring injuries provide a significant challenge to the treating clinician. Knowledge surrounding the optimal treatment is critical to improve hamstring muscle strength in preventing these injuries. The aim of this study is to determine the most effective treatment method, when comparing sacroiliac joint manipulation with or without dry needling and the effect it has on hamstring strength. Design: Thirty participants between the ages of 18 and 35 years old presenting with SI joint dysfunction and hamstring trigger points, were considered for this study. The participants were randomly divided into two groups of 15 participants each (group A and B). Group A received manipulation to the sacroiliac joint and group B received manipulation to the sacroiliac joint, as well as dry needling of the active myofascial trigger points in the semimembranosus muscles. Each participant was treated six times over a period of three weeks. Measurements: All measurements were collected at the first, third and fifth consultation prior to treatment and on the seventh consultation where no treatment was performed. Subjective measurements included the McGill questionnaire and a visual analogue pain scale. Objective measurements included algometer, readings of pressure pain threshold of the hamstring muscle trigger points and hamstring muscle strength recorded using a dynamometer instrument. Results and Conclusion: Group A and group B proved to have a statistical and clinical improvement overall. Group A had a better improvement in both subjective tests and in the objective tests. In comparing the statistically significant data for hamstring muscle strength in this study, it would appear that Group A responded better to treatment than Group B. Although both groups did improve, it suggests that Group A achieved the greatest overall improvement. Therefore it can be suggested that myofascial dry needling of the hamstring muscle was found not to have an additive effect for improving vii hamstring muscle strength, it actually appears to have done worse. The reason for this might be due to the post treatment soreness after needling. This may cause muscle inhibition and decreased muscle contraction, due to the pain or tenderness, which could have affected the muscle strength. In conclusion, the results in this study show that chiropractic manipulation combined with dry needling did not have better results in improving hamstring strength.
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The effects of sacroiliac manipulative therapy versus functional and kinetic treatment with rehabilitation on improving hamstring flexibility
- Authors: Gouws, Estelle
- Date: 2015-07-14
- Subjects: Hamstring muscle , Sacroiliac joint , Joints - Range of motion , Manipulation (Therapeutics) , Chiropractic
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:13725 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13991
- Description: M.Tech. (Chiropractic) , Background: In sporting activity, especially rugby, soccer, cricket and hockey, re-occurring hamstring injuries are a common sight that suggests that there is an opening for an improvement in the treatment and management of these injuries. This can be debilitating to any sportsman as it results in recurrent time away from his/her sporting activity. A study by Fyfer, Yelverton and Sher (2005), found that sacroiliac manipulation alone had a positive effect in the treatment of recurrent hamstring injuries. Cibuklka, Rose, Delitto and Sinacore (1986), proposed a possible link between hamstring muscle injuries and sacroiliac joint dysfunction. A study conducted by Donahue, Docherty and Schrader (2010), on the effects of Graston technique on pressure pain threshold, revealed a significant improvement in the patient’s pain threshold due to the fact that the instrument assisted technique effectively broke down scar tissue and correct fascial restrictions. The FAKTR approach to soft tissue dysfunction combines instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (Graston Technique) with proprioceptive (functional) techniques to reduce pain and return to function (Hyde and Doerr, 2012). Objective: This blinded, randomised pilot study was done to investigate the effects of sacroiliac joint manipulative therapy versus functional and kinetic treatment with rehabilitation on hamstring flexibility in previously injured hamstring muscle. Design: The study consisted of 30 participants recruited from the University of Johannesburg by word of mouth and posters, which met the inclusion criteria. They were equally and randomly divided into 2 groups. Group 1 received chiropractic therapy of the sacroiliac joint. Group 2 received functional and kinetic treatment with rehabilitation. Objective measurements consisted of digital inclinometer which measured the flexibility and range of motion of the hamstring muscle. The pressure algometry was used to measure pain pressure threshold. Procedure: Both group participants hamstring flexibility and ranges of motion were tested. Group 1 participants were motion palpated to determine sacroiliac joint dysfunction and treated with a high velocity, low amplitude trust to restricted segment, group 2 received functional and kinetic treatment with rehabilitation. Results: The statistical results should be viewed with regards that this study only represent a small group of thirty participants and therefore no assumption can be made with respect to whole population. The p-value was set at 0.05 and represents the level of significance of the results. If the p-value was less or equal to 0.05 (p≤0.05) there was a statistical significance finding. If the p-value is greater than 0.05 (p>0.05) vi there was no statistical finding. Statistical significance only means that a given result is unlikely to have occurred by chance. Analysis included demographic data analysis of age and gender. Objective data were collected using Digital Inclinometer and Pressure Algometry. Intra-group and inter-group analysis was done on straight leg raise, passive knee extension, hip extension, lateral rotation of the hip and medial rotation of the hip. The Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to determine normality. As normality could not be assumed, non-parametric testing were used to do intra-group analysis. The Non-parametric Friedman test was used to determine if a change occurred over time. As change did occur over time the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was use to determined where the change within each group occurred. The Mann-Whitney U test was also used to determine if any difference between the groups were present at any given time. At the end of the study both test groups showed significant clinical as well as statistical improvement over the three week course of the study. Conclusion: The FAKTR treatment did clinically have the greatest improvement, however the changes seen was not statistically superior to those seen with the sacroiliac joint manipulation treatment. A statistical significant improvement was seen in both treatment protocols, concluding that both the spinal manipulative therapy and the functional and kinetic treatment with rehabilitation could be proficient protocols in treating hamstring flexibility.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Gouws, Estelle
- Date: 2015-07-14
- Subjects: Hamstring muscle , Sacroiliac joint , Joints - Range of motion , Manipulation (Therapeutics) , Chiropractic
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:13725 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13991
- Description: M.Tech. (Chiropractic) , Background: In sporting activity, especially rugby, soccer, cricket and hockey, re-occurring hamstring injuries are a common sight that suggests that there is an opening for an improvement in the treatment and management of these injuries. This can be debilitating to any sportsman as it results in recurrent time away from his/her sporting activity. A study by Fyfer, Yelverton and Sher (2005), found that sacroiliac manipulation alone had a positive effect in the treatment of recurrent hamstring injuries. Cibuklka, Rose, Delitto and Sinacore (1986), proposed a possible link between hamstring muscle injuries and sacroiliac joint dysfunction. A study conducted by Donahue, Docherty and Schrader (2010), on the effects of Graston technique on pressure pain threshold, revealed a significant improvement in the patient’s pain threshold due to the fact that the instrument assisted technique effectively broke down scar tissue and correct fascial restrictions. The FAKTR approach to soft tissue dysfunction combines instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (Graston Technique) with proprioceptive (functional) techniques to reduce pain and return to function (Hyde and Doerr, 2012). Objective: This blinded, randomised pilot study was done to investigate the effects of sacroiliac joint manipulative therapy versus functional and kinetic treatment with rehabilitation on hamstring flexibility in previously injured hamstring muscle. Design: The study consisted of 30 participants recruited from the University of Johannesburg by word of mouth and posters, which met the inclusion criteria. They were equally and randomly divided into 2 groups. Group 1 received chiropractic therapy of the sacroiliac joint. Group 2 received functional and kinetic treatment with rehabilitation. Objective measurements consisted of digital inclinometer which measured the flexibility and range of motion of the hamstring muscle. The pressure algometry was used to measure pain pressure threshold. Procedure: Both group participants hamstring flexibility and ranges of motion were tested. Group 1 participants were motion palpated to determine sacroiliac joint dysfunction and treated with a high velocity, low amplitude trust to restricted segment, group 2 received functional and kinetic treatment with rehabilitation. Results: The statistical results should be viewed with regards that this study only represent a small group of thirty participants and therefore no assumption can be made with respect to whole population. The p-value was set at 0.05 and represents the level of significance of the results. If the p-value was less or equal to 0.05 (p≤0.05) there was a statistical significance finding. If the p-value is greater than 0.05 (p>0.05) vi there was no statistical finding. Statistical significance only means that a given result is unlikely to have occurred by chance. Analysis included demographic data analysis of age and gender. Objective data were collected using Digital Inclinometer and Pressure Algometry. Intra-group and inter-group analysis was done on straight leg raise, passive knee extension, hip extension, lateral rotation of the hip and medial rotation of the hip. The Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to determine normality. As normality could not be assumed, non-parametric testing were used to do intra-group analysis. The Non-parametric Friedman test was used to determine if a change occurred over time. As change did occur over time the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was use to determined where the change within each group occurred. The Mann-Whitney U test was also used to determine if any difference between the groups were present at any given time. At the end of the study both test groups showed significant clinical as well as statistical improvement over the three week course of the study. Conclusion: The FAKTR treatment did clinically have the greatest improvement, however the changes seen was not statistically superior to those seen with the sacroiliac joint manipulation treatment. A statistical significant improvement was seen in both treatment protocols, concluding that both the spinal manipulative therapy and the functional and kinetic treatment with rehabilitation could be proficient protocols in treating hamstring flexibility.
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The effects of ischaemic compression versus therapeutic massage with a percussive device in treating hamstring myofascial pain dysfunction
- Authors: Jonker, Charlizé
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Myofascial pain syndromes - Chiropractic treatment , Manipulation (Chiropractic) , Massage therapy , Hamstring muscle
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/399554 , uj:33306
- Description: Abstract : Purpose: Soft tissue mechanotherapy can have an effect and be of benefit to muscle tissue, because of the mechanosensitivity of the muscle, by shortening the recovering time after exercise, improving muscle strength after the application of device-assisted soft tissue manipulation, offsetting the effects of aging and facilitating the healing process. The effect of device-assisted soft tissue manipulation on myofascial trigger points and its effects on clinical outcomes needs to be further investigated, which this study aims to do. Design: Thirty participants between the ages of 18 and 50 years old presenting with active hamstring myofascial trigger points were included in this study. The participants were randomly divided into two groups of 15 participants each (group A and group B). Group A received ischemic compression and group B received therapeutic massage with a percussive device on the active trigger point in the hamstring muscle. Each participant was treated six times over a period of three weeks. Measurements: All measurements were collected at the first and fourth consultations prior to treatment and on the seven consultation, where no treatment was performed. The subjective measurements included the Numerical Pain Rating Scale. Objective measurements included pressure algometric readings of pressure pain threshold of the hamstring muscle trigger points, and hamstring extensibility was recorded using a baseline goniometer. vii Results and Conclusion: The outcome of this study suggests that patients with hamstring trigger point pain can be treated effectively with each approach, as active trigger points respond well to both ischemic compression and therapeutic massage with a percussive device. Both groups showed a reduction in self-reported pain, an increase in pain pressure threshold and an increase in hamstring extensibility over active hamstring trigger points. , M.Tech. (Chiropractic)
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- Authors: Jonker, Charlizé
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Myofascial pain syndromes - Chiropractic treatment , Manipulation (Chiropractic) , Massage therapy , Hamstring muscle
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/399554 , uj:33306
- Description: Abstract : Purpose: Soft tissue mechanotherapy can have an effect and be of benefit to muscle tissue, because of the mechanosensitivity of the muscle, by shortening the recovering time after exercise, improving muscle strength after the application of device-assisted soft tissue manipulation, offsetting the effects of aging and facilitating the healing process. The effect of device-assisted soft tissue manipulation on myofascial trigger points and its effects on clinical outcomes needs to be further investigated, which this study aims to do. Design: Thirty participants between the ages of 18 and 50 years old presenting with active hamstring myofascial trigger points were included in this study. The participants were randomly divided into two groups of 15 participants each (group A and group B). Group A received ischemic compression and group B received therapeutic massage with a percussive device on the active trigger point in the hamstring muscle. Each participant was treated six times over a period of three weeks. Measurements: All measurements were collected at the first and fourth consultations prior to treatment and on the seven consultation, where no treatment was performed. The subjective measurements included the Numerical Pain Rating Scale. Objective measurements included pressure algometric readings of pressure pain threshold of the hamstring muscle trigger points, and hamstring extensibility was recorded using a baseline goniometer. vii Results and Conclusion: The outcome of this study suggests that patients with hamstring trigger point pain can be treated effectively with each approach, as active trigger points respond well to both ischemic compression and therapeutic massage with a percussive device. Both groups showed a reduction in self-reported pain, an increase in pain pressure threshold and an increase in hamstring extensibility over active hamstring trigger points. , M.Tech. (Chiropractic)
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The effect of lumbosacral manipulation therapy, interferential current therapy andthe combination thereof on hamstring strength and flexibility
- Authors: Long, Leezy
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Chiropractic , Electrotherapeutics , Manipulation (Therapeutics) , Hamstring muscle , Muscle strength
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/246700 , uj:25588
- Description: M.Tech. (Chiropractic) , Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of lumbosacral manipulation and interferential current therapy as well as the combination thereof on hamstring flexibility and strength. Method: Thirty participants that had one hamstring muscle weaker and less flexible than the other, as indicated by the dynamometer and digital inclinometer, participated in this study. The participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups. Group 1 received lumbosacral manipulation therapy. Group 2 received interferential current therapy on both the hamstring muscles and Group3 received both lumbosacral manipulation therapy and interferential current therapy on the hamstring muscles. The study included seven visits, over a period of three weeks, with intervention on the first six consultations and objective data collected on the first, fourth and seventh visits. The intervention for Group 1 consisted of motion palpation of any lumbosacral restriction. Diversified chiropractic techniques were used by the researcher to manipulate the restricted segment/s. Group 2 received interferential current therapy on both the hamstring muscles and Group 3 received a combination of both lumbosacral manipulation therapy as well as interferential current therapy on both the hamstring muscles. Results: Both objective data (dynamometer and digital inclinometer) had a positive average improvement on both sides. The dynamometer data showed an increase of 23.48% on the left hand side and 27.91% on the right hand side of Group 1. Group 2 showed an average increase of 28.46% on the left hand side and 33.11% on the right hand side, while Group 3 showed an average increase of 25.77% on the left hand side and 33.11 % on the right hand side...
- Full Text:
- Authors: Long, Leezy
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Chiropractic , Electrotherapeutics , Manipulation (Therapeutics) , Hamstring muscle , Muscle strength
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/246700 , uj:25588
- Description: M.Tech. (Chiropractic) , Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of lumbosacral manipulation and interferential current therapy as well as the combination thereof on hamstring flexibility and strength. Method: Thirty participants that had one hamstring muscle weaker and less flexible than the other, as indicated by the dynamometer and digital inclinometer, participated in this study. The participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups. Group 1 received lumbosacral manipulation therapy. Group 2 received interferential current therapy on both the hamstring muscles and Group3 received both lumbosacral manipulation therapy and interferential current therapy on the hamstring muscles. The study included seven visits, over a period of three weeks, with intervention on the first six consultations and objective data collected on the first, fourth and seventh visits. The intervention for Group 1 consisted of motion palpation of any lumbosacral restriction. Diversified chiropractic techniques were used by the researcher to manipulate the restricted segment/s. Group 2 received interferential current therapy on both the hamstring muscles and Group 3 received a combination of both lumbosacral manipulation therapy as well as interferential current therapy on both the hamstring muscles. Results: Both objective data (dynamometer and digital inclinometer) had a positive average improvement on both sides. The dynamometer data showed an increase of 23.48% on the left hand side and 27.91% on the right hand side of Group 1. Group 2 showed an average increase of 28.46% on the left hand side and 33.11% on the right hand side, while Group 3 showed an average increase of 25.77% on the left hand side and 33.11 % on the right hand side...
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