Greenhouse gas emissions assessment for electricity generation from coal : an Eskom power station
- Manzini, Lungile, Electric power production - Environmental aspects
- Authors: Manzini, Lungile , Electric power production - Environmental aspects
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Greenhouse gas mitigation , Eskom (Firm)
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/384430 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/124753 , uj:20955
- Description: Abstract: Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions are projected to increase to 36.7 billion metric tonnes in 2020 due to economic development specifically in developing countries as the demand for energy sources continue to increase. The combustion of fossil fuels for electricity generation is the largest contributor to global CO2 emissions. A total share of CO2 emissions from electricity generation have increased steadily over the past 40 years. Coal-fired power stations generate electricity from converting chemical energy stored in fossil fuels into electrical energy. In the conversion process, carbon contained in the fuel is oxidised releasing GHG emissions and other air pollutants into the atmosphere. GHG emitted during electricity generation are dependent on the characteristics of the fuel used during combustion. In the latest GHG emissions inventory published by the Department of Environment, electricity generation accounted for more than 50 per cent of the total emissions resulting from the combustion of coal. South Africa is dependent on coal for electricity generation mainly due to the abundance of coal reserves and affordability. The main aim of this study was to assess and analyse GHG emissions generated from an Eskom coal-fired power station. This study covered an assessment period of seven years, i.e. 2006 to 2012. The trends for the assessment periods were analysed using methodologies from Eskom and the IPCC guidelines. The results showed that there is a correlation between the amount and type of fuel combusted for electricity generation and GHG emitted. Total fuel (e.g. coal, oil, etc.) combusted at the power station for electricity generation was the main parameter used to estimate GHG emissions. During fossil fuel combustion for electricity generation, GHG are emitted in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). In this study, CO2 emissions accounted for the majority of emissions when compared to other gases for the seven year assessment period. Trends for the seven year assessment period varied throughout the years, overall GHG emissions from the coal-fired power station increased by 1.12 per cent from 2006 to 2012. The total GHG emissions measured from the coal-fired power station was 193, 099 GgCO2eq, with coal consumption contributing more than 99 per cent and fuel oil accounting for less than 1.0 per cent of these levels. Specifically, the total CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions measured were 192, 254 GgCO2eq, 804 GgCO2eq and 42 GgCO2eq respectively. This study shows how much of the three GHG (CO2, CH4 and N2O) are emitted during the combustion of coal for the generation of electricity. Furthermore as more coal is burnt to meet the electricity needs of the country, GHG emissions will likely continue to increase in the future hence South Africa should focus its climate change mitigation efforts on this sector. , M.Sc. (Environmental Management)
- Full Text:
- Authors: Manzini, Lungile , Electric power production - Environmental aspects
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Greenhouse gas mitigation , Eskom (Firm)
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/384430 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/124753 , uj:20955
- Description: Abstract: Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions are projected to increase to 36.7 billion metric tonnes in 2020 due to economic development specifically in developing countries as the demand for energy sources continue to increase. The combustion of fossil fuels for electricity generation is the largest contributor to global CO2 emissions. A total share of CO2 emissions from electricity generation have increased steadily over the past 40 years. Coal-fired power stations generate electricity from converting chemical energy stored in fossil fuels into electrical energy. In the conversion process, carbon contained in the fuel is oxidised releasing GHG emissions and other air pollutants into the atmosphere. GHG emitted during electricity generation are dependent on the characteristics of the fuel used during combustion. In the latest GHG emissions inventory published by the Department of Environment, electricity generation accounted for more than 50 per cent of the total emissions resulting from the combustion of coal. South Africa is dependent on coal for electricity generation mainly due to the abundance of coal reserves and affordability. The main aim of this study was to assess and analyse GHG emissions generated from an Eskom coal-fired power station. This study covered an assessment period of seven years, i.e. 2006 to 2012. The trends for the assessment periods were analysed using methodologies from Eskom and the IPCC guidelines. The results showed that there is a correlation between the amount and type of fuel combusted for electricity generation and GHG emitted. Total fuel (e.g. coal, oil, etc.) combusted at the power station for electricity generation was the main parameter used to estimate GHG emissions. During fossil fuel combustion for electricity generation, GHG are emitted in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). In this study, CO2 emissions accounted for the majority of emissions when compared to other gases for the seven year assessment period. Trends for the seven year assessment period varied throughout the years, overall GHG emissions from the coal-fired power station increased by 1.12 per cent from 2006 to 2012. The total GHG emissions measured from the coal-fired power station was 193, 099 GgCO2eq, with coal consumption contributing more than 99 per cent and fuel oil accounting for less than 1.0 per cent of these levels. Specifically, the total CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions measured were 192, 254 GgCO2eq, 804 GgCO2eq and 42 GgCO2eq respectively. This study shows how much of the three GHG (CO2, CH4 and N2O) are emitted during the combustion of coal for the generation of electricity. Furthermore as more coal is burnt to meet the electricity needs of the country, GHG emissions will likely continue to increase in the future hence South Africa should focus its climate change mitigation efforts on this sector. , M.Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Sustainable supply chain initiatives in reducing greenhouse gas emissions
- Authors: Makan, Hemisha
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Industrial management , Greenhouse gas mitigation , Greenhouse gases - Environmental aspects , Business logistics
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/246234 , uj:25521
- Description: M.Com. (Business Management) , Abstract: A radical change in the global economy has resulted in a paradigm shift whereby the supply chain has evolved from a traditional simple supply chain to one that is filled with complexities and uncertainties. Five forces, namely globalisation, technological advancements, empowered consumers, organisational consolidation and government regulations have driven this reformation within the supply chain. As a result, organisations within the supply chain have been forced to re-engineer their processes and strategies in order to remain competitive and operative. This change has created an over-production of products and hence an imbalance between demand and supply. With the increased production, there has also been an upsurge in the movement of goods by different modes of transportation, particularly within the road freight industry. The increase in road freight transportation has resulted in an escalation in the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere, resulting in climate change. The adverse effects of these gases have intensified concerns of various stakeholders, consumers and society and as a consequence organisations have been pressurised to implement sustainable supply chain initiatives to reduce GHG emissions. Hence, the objective of this study is to establish a framework of sustainable supply chain initiatives in reducing GHG emissions within the road freight transport industry. The sub-objectives are to identify different drivers that led to the adoption of sustainable supply chain initiatives in reducing GHG emissions; to identify the effectiveness of these sustainable supply chain initiatives in reducing GHG emissions; and to determine the benefits and challenges realised when implementing sustainable supply chain initiatives in reducing GHG emissions. The conceptual framework for this research is derived from the literature review which was used to construct the questionnaire, used in the collection of the empirical data for this research. The data from the self-administered questionnaire was analysed by using SPSS software package installed by a consultant from Statkon. The results of the findings demonstrate that organisations are placed under enormous pressure to implement sustainable practices. The top three drivers identified within this study are pressure from consumer and brand protection; pressure from top management; and cost...
- Full Text:
- Authors: Makan, Hemisha
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Industrial management , Greenhouse gas mitigation , Greenhouse gases - Environmental aspects , Business logistics
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/246234 , uj:25521
- Description: M.Com. (Business Management) , Abstract: A radical change in the global economy has resulted in a paradigm shift whereby the supply chain has evolved from a traditional simple supply chain to one that is filled with complexities and uncertainties. Five forces, namely globalisation, technological advancements, empowered consumers, organisational consolidation and government regulations have driven this reformation within the supply chain. As a result, organisations within the supply chain have been forced to re-engineer their processes and strategies in order to remain competitive and operative. This change has created an over-production of products and hence an imbalance between demand and supply. With the increased production, there has also been an upsurge in the movement of goods by different modes of transportation, particularly within the road freight industry. The increase in road freight transportation has resulted in an escalation in the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere, resulting in climate change. The adverse effects of these gases have intensified concerns of various stakeholders, consumers and society and as a consequence organisations have been pressurised to implement sustainable supply chain initiatives to reduce GHG emissions. Hence, the objective of this study is to establish a framework of sustainable supply chain initiatives in reducing GHG emissions within the road freight transport industry. The sub-objectives are to identify different drivers that led to the adoption of sustainable supply chain initiatives in reducing GHG emissions; to identify the effectiveness of these sustainable supply chain initiatives in reducing GHG emissions; and to determine the benefits and challenges realised when implementing sustainable supply chain initiatives in reducing GHG emissions. The conceptual framework for this research is derived from the literature review which was used to construct the questionnaire, used in the collection of the empirical data for this research. The data from the self-administered questionnaire was analysed by using SPSS software package installed by a consultant from Statkon. The results of the findings demonstrate that organisations are placed under enormous pressure to implement sustainable practices. The top three drivers identified within this study are pressure from consumer and brand protection; pressure from top management; and cost...
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Reducing green house gas emmession by using renewables energy technology systems in South Africa
- Authors: Dlamini, Jama Dumsani
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Greenhouse gas mitigation , Renewable energy sources - Environmental aspects , Electric power production , Climatic changes
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/269318 , uj:28610
- Description: Abstract: The renewable energy sector is growing at a very slow pace in South Africa. Renewable technology fraternity are a threat to the existing fossil fuelled energy sector. The economy of South Africa has traditionally been dependent mainly on fossil-fuelled energy sources (i.e coal, oil and gas) for producing electricity. The universe weather conditions have worsen due to damages caused by Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) produced by fossil-fuelled energy sources. The earth planet is experiencing too much heat, drought and other hurricane life threatening disasters. The current population of the earth have a responsibility to minimise such pollutants for the sake of future generations. The demand for energy in South Africa compels the government to increase its electricity generation, while concurrently reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Due to the above rationale a Renewable Energy Programme was introduced by South Africa in 2009 through the Department of Energy (DoE) partnered with private sector entities namely, the Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) and the Independent Power Producers (IPP) office to form a Renewable Energy Programme known as the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP). The REIPPPP has been praised by the international community as very successful as it has channelled substantial resources into renewable energy (RE) projects at competitive prices. The threat of Climate Change requires for consideration to switch to renewable energy resources that produce electricity without the emission of harmful greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Environmental dilapidation affects us all, we need a healthy environment to live a healthy life, clean air and water, sage living areas, sufficient and healthy food. In August 1997, the Republic of South Africa joined the majority of countries in the international community in endorsement the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is the international framework aiming at addressing global warming. South Africa is a significant contributor of Greenhouse Gases Emissions, globally and far the highest emitter on the African Continent... , M.Phil. (Engineering Management)
- Full Text:
- Authors: Dlamini, Jama Dumsani
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Greenhouse gas mitigation , Renewable energy sources - Environmental aspects , Electric power production , Climatic changes
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/269318 , uj:28610
- Description: Abstract: The renewable energy sector is growing at a very slow pace in South Africa. Renewable technology fraternity are a threat to the existing fossil fuelled energy sector. The economy of South Africa has traditionally been dependent mainly on fossil-fuelled energy sources (i.e coal, oil and gas) for producing electricity. The universe weather conditions have worsen due to damages caused by Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) produced by fossil-fuelled energy sources. The earth planet is experiencing too much heat, drought and other hurricane life threatening disasters. The current population of the earth have a responsibility to minimise such pollutants for the sake of future generations. The demand for energy in South Africa compels the government to increase its electricity generation, while concurrently reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Due to the above rationale a Renewable Energy Programme was introduced by South Africa in 2009 through the Department of Energy (DoE) partnered with private sector entities namely, the Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) and the Independent Power Producers (IPP) office to form a Renewable Energy Programme known as the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP). The REIPPPP has been praised by the international community as very successful as it has channelled substantial resources into renewable energy (RE) projects at competitive prices. The threat of Climate Change requires for consideration to switch to renewable energy resources that produce electricity without the emission of harmful greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Environmental dilapidation affects us all, we need a healthy environment to live a healthy life, clean air and water, sage living areas, sufficient and healthy food. In August 1997, the Republic of South Africa joined the majority of countries in the international community in endorsement the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is the international framework aiming at addressing global warming. South Africa is a significant contributor of Greenhouse Gases Emissions, globally and far the highest emitter on the African Continent... , M.Phil. (Engineering Management)
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A model for optimization of green-house gases capture technologies in power plants
- Authors: Mnyani, Siphamandla
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Greenhouse gas mitigation , Greenhouse effect, Atmospheric , Climatic changes , Carbon dioxide
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/263083 , uj:27805
- Description: M.Phil. (Engineering Management) , Abstract: Pollution is a threat to human lives, food supply and biodiversity. If not addressed, this might cause severe damage to the environment in the near future. The International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts CO2 increase to about 62 billion tons of CO2 by 2050, this equates to about 485 ppm (parts per million) of pollutants. To reduce climate change challenges, it is necessary to implement GHG (Green House Gas) capture technologies and renewable energies. Development of renewable energies or carbon free energy generation technologies is imperative towards reducing carbon footprint. The South African CSIR has conducted analysis of the energy mix and Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) for South African energy demand projections. The study conducted at CSIR suggests that, South Africa can reduce greenhouse gases and significantly reduce the cost of electricity by developing Photo-Voltaic (PV) and wind energy. In addition to the above, implementation of GHG capture technologies will also add value in reducing greenhouse gases. This research is based on the analysis of amine scrubbing and Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) greenhouse gas capture technologies which are utilized to capture GHG in power plants. The research covers background of the GHG capture technologies, applications, review of the existing capture technologies, efficiencies, economies of scales, and the summary of the operating philosophy. The research provides an overview of the existing greenhouse gas capture technologies which are widely used in power plants. The research evaluates several aspects, such as required capital expenditure for design, implementation and maintenance of greenhouse gas capture technology, water consumption, energy consumption of the equipment as well as strategies that can be implemented to reduce energy consumption. The research has also highlighted the use and commercialization of flue gas by-pass products, such as CO2 and gypsum. Once commercialized “depending on the market demand” the by-pass products can be used to generate revenue, thus facilitating capex required to build greenhouse gases capture plants. Some of the strategies that can be implemented to combat climate change are discussed. Analysis of power plant cycles efficiencies is also critical in determining overall efficiencies in the plant. Analysis is performed on the Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC), Pulverized Coal (PC) as well Integrated Gas Combined Cycle (IGCC). Analytical Hierarchical Process method (AHP) is utilized to analyze the input data and simulation of the results. The results indicate that, semi wet scrubber is more sustainable compared to other capture technologies.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mnyani, Siphamandla
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Greenhouse gas mitigation , Greenhouse effect, Atmospheric , Climatic changes , Carbon dioxide
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/263083 , uj:27805
- Description: M.Phil. (Engineering Management) , Abstract: Pollution is a threat to human lives, food supply and biodiversity. If not addressed, this might cause severe damage to the environment in the near future. The International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts CO2 increase to about 62 billion tons of CO2 by 2050, this equates to about 485 ppm (parts per million) of pollutants. To reduce climate change challenges, it is necessary to implement GHG (Green House Gas) capture technologies and renewable energies. Development of renewable energies or carbon free energy generation technologies is imperative towards reducing carbon footprint. The South African CSIR has conducted analysis of the energy mix and Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) for South African energy demand projections. The study conducted at CSIR suggests that, South Africa can reduce greenhouse gases and significantly reduce the cost of electricity by developing Photo-Voltaic (PV) and wind energy. In addition to the above, implementation of GHG capture technologies will also add value in reducing greenhouse gases. This research is based on the analysis of amine scrubbing and Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) greenhouse gas capture technologies which are utilized to capture GHG in power plants. The research covers background of the GHG capture technologies, applications, review of the existing capture technologies, efficiencies, economies of scales, and the summary of the operating philosophy. The research provides an overview of the existing greenhouse gas capture technologies which are widely used in power plants. The research evaluates several aspects, such as required capital expenditure for design, implementation and maintenance of greenhouse gas capture technology, water consumption, energy consumption of the equipment as well as strategies that can be implemented to reduce energy consumption. The research has also highlighted the use and commercialization of flue gas by-pass products, such as CO2 and gypsum. Once commercialized “depending on the market demand” the by-pass products can be used to generate revenue, thus facilitating capex required to build greenhouse gases capture plants. Some of the strategies that can be implemented to combat climate change are discussed. Analysis of power plant cycles efficiencies is also critical in determining overall efficiencies in the plant. Analysis is performed on the Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC), Pulverized Coal (PC) as well Integrated Gas Combined Cycle (IGCC). Analytical Hierarchical Process method (AHP) is utilized to analyze the input data and simulation of the results. The results indicate that, semi wet scrubber is more sustainable compared to other capture technologies.
- Full Text:
Assessing potential reduction in greenhouse gas : an integrated approach
- Olanrewaju, Oludolapo Akanni, Mbohwa, Charles
- Authors: Olanrewaju, Oludolapo Akanni , Mbohwa, Charles
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Greenhouse gas mitigation , Carbon dioxide emission
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/218440 , uj:21771 , Citation: Olanrewaju, O.A. & Mbohwa, C. 2017. Assessing potential reduction in greenhouse gas : an integrated approach.
- Description: Abstract: Greenhouse gases remain as threat to the environment. Various models employed in greenhouse gases are either to determine the causative factors responsible for emission, forecast emission or to optimize. Integrating these models would reduce the limitations of individual models to better assess possible greenhouse mitigation. This paper addresses the management technique for analyzing, assessing and mitigating industry’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. The current work offers a different technique based on an integrated model utilizing the functions of Index Decomposition Analysis (IDA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) composed of activity, structure, intensity and energy-mix as inputs responsible for CO2 emission. By considering how the three different models are integrated into one system, it will be demonstrated how much percentage of an industry’s CO2 can be reduced. The Canadian industrial sector was analyzed using the integrated model and it was discovered that 3.13% of emitted CO2 from year 1991 to year 2035 could be mitigated.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Olanrewaju, Oludolapo Akanni , Mbohwa, Charles
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Greenhouse gas mitigation , Carbon dioxide emission
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/218440 , uj:21771 , Citation: Olanrewaju, O.A. & Mbohwa, C. 2017. Assessing potential reduction in greenhouse gas : an integrated approach.
- Description: Abstract: Greenhouse gases remain as threat to the environment. Various models employed in greenhouse gases are either to determine the causative factors responsible for emission, forecast emission or to optimize. Integrating these models would reduce the limitations of individual models to better assess possible greenhouse mitigation. This paper addresses the management technique for analyzing, assessing and mitigating industry’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. The current work offers a different technique based on an integrated model utilizing the functions of Index Decomposition Analysis (IDA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) composed of activity, structure, intensity and energy-mix as inputs responsible for CO2 emission. By considering how the three different models are integrated into one system, it will be demonstrated how much percentage of an industry’s CO2 can be reduced. The Canadian industrial sector was analyzed using the integrated model and it was discovered that 3.13% of emitted CO2 from year 1991 to year 2035 could be mitigated.
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