Reduction of sulphur in crude tyre oil by gasliquid phase oxidative adsorption
- Tsietsi, Pilusa, Muzenda, Edison, Mukul, Shukla
- Authors: Tsietsi, Pilusa , Muzenda, Edison , Mukul, Shukla
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Fuel , Desulphurisation , Distillation , Emissions , Pyrolysis
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/374451 , uj:4763 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11872
- Description: This study investigates the reduction of sulphur compounds in crude tyre pyrolysis oil through gas-phase adsorption over molecular sieve. Crude tyre pyrolysis oil was distilled at 300° C using a bench scale distillation set-up consisting of an electric heating mantle, glass round bottom flask and water cooled glass condenser. The glass condenser bulb was filled with steel wool and molecular sieve pellets for effective oxidation and adsorption of sulphur compounds in the vapours prior to condensation. It was observed that gas-phase adsorption improves total sulphur capture by 19.6%. Reduction in sharp pungent smell of the condensed distilled light fractions is justified by 21.7% total sulphur removal of low boiling point mercaptans and sulphides during moisture removal stage. High boiling point and large molecular size sulphur compounds in the distilled fractions can be further reduced by 3.6% using liquid phase adsorption over activated carbon black.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Tsietsi, Pilusa , Muzenda, Edison , Mukul, Shukla
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Fuel , Desulphurisation , Distillation , Emissions , Pyrolysis
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/374451 , uj:4763 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11872
- Description: This study investigates the reduction of sulphur compounds in crude tyre pyrolysis oil through gas-phase adsorption over molecular sieve. Crude tyre pyrolysis oil was distilled at 300° C using a bench scale distillation set-up consisting of an electric heating mantle, glass round bottom flask and water cooled glass condenser. The glass condenser bulb was filled with steel wool and molecular sieve pellets for effective oxidation and adsorption of sulphur compounds in the vapours prior to condensation. It was observed that gas-phase adsorption improves total sulphur capture by 19.6%. Reduction in sharp pungent smell of the condensed distilled light fractions is justified by 21.7% total sulphur removal of low boiling point mercaptans and sulphides during moisture removal stage. High boiling point and large molecular size sulphur compounds in the distilled fractions can be further reduced by 3.6% using liquid phase adsorption over activated carbon black.
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Performance evaluation of a biogas fuelled bi-fuel vehicle
- Kukoyi, Temitope, Muzenda, Edison, Mbohwa, Charles
- Authors: Kukoyi, Temitope , Muzenda, Edison , Mbohwa, Charles
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Biogas , Energy , Fuel
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/215532 , uj:21428 , Citation: Kukoyi, T., Muzenda, E & Mbohwa, C. 2016. Performance evaluation of a biogas fuelled bi-fuel vehicle.
- Description: Abstract: This paper assesses biogas as a viable alternative vehicle fuel particularly in the more popular petrol vehicle which was retrofitted to a bi-fuel system. Biogas was compared to other popular substitute fuels used in spark ignition systems with the aim to justify it as the ideal replacement fuel for petrol. Furthermore, a sweep test was employed to evaluate the performance of biogas in a bi-fuel vehicle and compared to the performance of the same vehicle when it ran on petrol. A 16% drop in power output was experienced when biogas was used to power the vehicle. Simulated biogas was used in the study and it was produced by mixing methane and carbon dioxide of 95% and 5% by volume respectively.
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- Authors: Kukoyi, Temitope , Muzenda, Edison , Mbohwa, Charles
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Biogas , Energy , Fuel
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/215532 , uj:21428 , Citation: Kukoyi, T., Muzenda, E & Mbohwa, C. 2016. Performance evaluation of a biogas fuelled bi-fuel vehicle.
- Description: Abstract: This paper assesses biogas as a viable alternative vehicle fuel particularly in the more popular petrol vehicle which was retrofitted to a bi-fuel system. Biogas was compared to other popular substitute fuels used in spark ignition systems with the aim to justify it as the ideal replacement fuel for petrol. Furthermore, a sweep test was employed to evaluate the performance of biogas in a bi-fuel vehicle and compared to the performance of the same vehicle when it ran on petrol. A 16% drop in power output was experienced when biogas was used to power the vehicle. Simulated biogas was used in the study and it was produced by mixing methane and carbon dioxide of 95% and 5% by volume respectively.
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Process parameters and conditions for batch production of eco-fuel briquettes
- Authors: Pilusa, Tsietsi Jefrey
- Date: 2012-09-04
- Subjects: Fuel - Combustion , Fuel , Waste products as fuel
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:3505 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6894
- Description: M.Tech. , In this work, eco-fuel briquettes made from a mixture of 32% spent coffee grounds, 23% coal fines, 11% saw dust, 18% mielie husks, 10% waste paper and 6% paper pulp contaminated water, respectively were investigated. Various processing stages such as briquetting, drying, combustion and flue gas emissions were investigated in order to evaluate the socio-economic viability of the batch production of eco-fuel briquettes from biomass waste material. Each stage was studied independently in order to develop basic models that contained material and energy balances. A screw press briquetting machine was designed and fabricated as part of this work to be tested against the legacy foundation Porta press, and the Bikernmayer hand brick press. The compaction of the biomass waste material into briquettes follows the principle of physical interlocking of the fine particles within the plant fibres, natural material binding due to released cellulose content, as well as reduction in porosity, due to a simultaneous dewatering and compaction action. The processing variables such as cycle times and pressure were studied. The Bikernmayer press is preferred as it produced briquettes of higher bulk densities and lower moisture content as compared to the other presses. The drying was investigated in a laboratory scale convective dryer to establish typical convection parameters. A drying system that utilizes produced briquettes as a heating medium is proposed, and here drying will be effected over a refractory brick fireplace by means of convection and radiation. A basic model was set up to include radiation with the convection to predict a drying time of 4.8 hours. The combustion of briquettes was investigated using a POCA ceramic stove linked to the testo Portable Emission Analyzer System. This enabled an air-to-fuel ratio of 1.44 and a burning rate of 2g per minute to be established. The energy transfer efficiency for boiling a pot of water was found to be 85%. The gas emissions were found to be within the acceptable limits, as set out by OSHA. A standard initial economic evaluation was performed based on a briquette selling price of R2.26 per kilogram for the ease of accommodating the local market. The financial model for both Porta press and screw press were not economically viable, as their running costs were greater than the gross project revenues. For the Bikernmayer conceptual model, with a total capital investment of R669, 981+ VAT (this includes one year operating cost) and a project life of five years, the gross Process parameters and conditions batch production of eco-fuel briquettes profit margin is 44%, the profitability index is 5.33 and the internal Rate of return 31.44%. The net present value and return period are R676, 896 and 0.408 years respectively. The customer profile as currently at hand is 17% of the selected area within 80 m radius from production site. The remaining 83% will be in need of energy as they become aware of the new product offering. The selling of the briquettes should be accompanied by an education process, to avoid the dangers of heating indoors. The principal driver for this project is socio economic development and it is being strengthened by Eskom’s inability to provide sufficient energy. A secondary driver is the global drive to reduce emissions and fossil fuel usage; this technology does exactly this whilst diverting waste from landfill. In the Polokwane declaration (2008), it is stated that South Africa will have no calorific waste to landfill by 2014. Hence legislation will also provide a major part of the drive.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Pilusa, Tsietsi Jefrey
- Date: 2012-09-04
- Subjects: Fuel - Combustion , Fuel , Waste products as fuel
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:3505 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6894
- Description: M.Tech. , In this work, eco-fuel briquettes made from a mixture of 32% spent coffee grounds, 23% coal fines, 11% saw dust, 18% mielie husks, 10% waste paper and 6% paper pulp contaminated water, respectively were investigated. Various processing stages such as briquetting, drying, combustion and flue gas emissions were investigated in order to evaluate the socio-economic viability of the batch production of eco-fuel briquettes from biomass waste material. Each stage was studied independently in order to develop basic models that contained material and energy balances. A screw press briquetting machine was designed and fabricated as part of this work to be tested against the legacy foundation Porta press, and the Bikernmayer hand brick press. The compaction of the biomass waste material into briquettes follows the principle of physical interlocking of the fine particles within the plant fibres, natural material binding due to released cellulose content, as well as reduction in porosity, due to a simultaneous dewatering and compaction action. The processing variables such as cycle times and pressure were studied. The Bikernmayer press is preferred as it produced briquettes of higher bulk densities and lower moisture content as compared to the other presses. The drying was investigated in a laboratory scale convective dryer to establish typical convection parameters. A drying system that utilizes produced briquettes as a heating medium is proposed, and here drying will be effected over a refractory brick fireplace by means of convection and radiation. A basic model was set up to include radiation with the convection to predict a drying time of 4.8 hours. The combustion of briquettes was investigated using a POCA ceramic stove linked to the testo Portable Emission Analyzer System. This enabled an air-to-fuel ratio of 1.44 and a burning rate of 2g per minute to be established. The energy transfer efficiency for boiling a pot of water was found to be 85%. The gas emissions were found to be within the acceptable limits, as set out by OSHA. A standard initial economic evaluation was performed based on a briquette selling price of R2.26 per kilogram for the ease of accommodating the local market. The financial model for both Porta press and screw press were not economically viable, as their running costs were greater than the gross project revenues. For the Bikernmayer conceptual model, with a total capital investment of R669, 981+ VAT (this includes one year operating cost) and a project life of five years, the gross Process parameters and conditions batch production of eco-fuel briquettes profit margin is 44%, the profitability index is 5.33 and the internal Rate of return 31.44%. The net present value and return period are R676, 896 and 0.408 years respectively. The customer profile as currently at hand is 17% of the selected area within 80 m radius from production site. The remaining 83% will be in need of energy as they become aware of the new product offering. The selling of the briquettes should be accompanied by an education process, to avoid the dangers of heating indoors. The principal driver for this project is socio economic development and it is being strengthened by Eskom’s inability to provide sufficient energy. A secondary driver is the global drive to reduce emissions and fossil fuel usage; this technology does exactly this whilst diverting waste from landfill. In the Polokwane declaration (2008), it is stated that South Africa will have no calorific waste to landfill by 2014. Hence legislation will also provide a major part of the drive.
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Bio-oil from pine residues- yields, quality and potential applications
- Charis, Gratitude, Danha, Gwiranai, Muzenda, Edison, Nkosi, Nhlanhla P.
- Authors: Charis, Gratitude , Danha, Gwiranai , Muzenda, Edison , Nkosi, Nhlanhla P.
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Bioenergy , Bio-oil , Fuel
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/407073 , uj:34250 , Citation: Charis, G. et al. 2019. Bio-oil from pine residues- yields, quality and potential applications.
- Description: Abstract: Pyrolysis has received attention as a potentially low cost thermochemical method that can efficiently utilize lignocellulosic residues. The bioenergy derived can bring many socio-economic benefits, especially to remote areas in developing nations like Zimbabwe. This study explores the potential valorization of pine residues to bioenergy from sawmills located in such remote areas through pyrolysis. Characterization of these residues indicated that they could be a good feedstock for pyrolytic conversion due to the relatively high volatile matter (79.16%) , low ash content (0.83%) and high gross calorific value (17.6 MJ/kg). This study focuses on the actual pyrolysis and characterization of the product bio-oil, comparing its properties to conventional fuels. The primary goal is to use the bio-oil in stationary engine applications for power generation in such remote areas, in a country with a 40% electricity access and only 19% of rural areas electrified. The optimum pyrolysis temperature was found at 500oC, while the optimum primary condenser temperature with the best quality oil, was at 110oC. At the condenser temperature of 125oC the bio-oil appeared to have decomposed to a lower viscosity substance, while at 140oC most of the substance volatized.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Charis, Gratitude , Danha, Gwiranai , Muzenda, Edison , Nkosi, Nhlanhla P.
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Bioenergy , Bio-oil , Fuel
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/407073 , uj:34250 , Citation: Charis, G. et al. 2019. Bio-oil from pine residues- yields, quality and potential applications.
- Description: Abstract: Pyrolysis has received attention as a potentially low cost thermochemical method that can efficiently utilize lignocellulosic residues. The bioenergy derived can bring many socio-economic benefits, especially to remote areas in developing nations like Zimbabwe. This study explores the potential valorization of pine residues to bioenergy from sawmills located in such remote areas through pyrolysis. Characterization of these residues indicated that they could be a good feedstock for pyrolytic conversion due to the relatively high volatile matter (79.16%) , low ash content (0.83%) and high gross calorific value (17.6 MJ/kg). This study focuses on the actual pyrolysis and characterization of the product bio-oil, comparing its properties to conventional fuels. The primary goal is to use the bio-oil in stationary engine applications for power generation in such remote areas, in a country with a 40% electricity access and only 19% of rural areas electrified. The optimum pyrolysis temperature was found at 500oC, while the optimum primary condenser temperature with the best quality oil, was at 110oC. At the condenser temperature of 125oC the bio-oil appeared to have decomposed to a lower viscosity substance, while at 140oC most of the substance volatized.
- Full Text:
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