An assessment of the impact of dry and wet cooling systems on stake holders
- Authors: Jonker, Markus Smith
- Date: 2012-02-06
- Subjects: Eskom (Firm) , Cooling towers , Coal-fired power plants , Water consumption management
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:1972 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4329
- Description: M.Ing. , Water gives life. It waters the fields of farmers; it nurtures the crops and stock of rural communities; it provides recreation for our children, our friends, our families; it supports our power generation, our mines, our industry, and the plants and animals that make up ecosystems. Water is the key to development and a good quality of life in South Africa. South Africa's water belongs to its people. It is the task of the South African Government to care for this water, to seek its fair distribution, and to facilitate its wise use for, amongst other things, social and economical development. Issues such as water resource management, use, protection, water services, etc., are presently governed by a number of policies, acts and regulations. All South Africans has a responsibility regarding the management of the country's resources. The supply of water to its entire people makes it extremely important to optimise the use of this scarce source. Access to water and water availability remains a key factor in ensuring the sustainability of development in Southern Africa. The coal fired power industry is a major user of natural resources; coal for fuel and water for steam generation as well as the cooling systems. It is estimated that 1.5% of the water abstracted in South Africa is used for power generation. The power industry receives its water mainly as abstraction from surface impoundments in the form of rivers and dams. Eskom, as a strategic user of water, is mindful of the importance of water to its business, as well as the development of the country. In addition to the interests of the government as the shareholder, Eskom recognises the legitimate interests, as stakeholders, of specific government departments, employees, consumers, suppliers, investors and lenders of capital, rating agencies, the media, policy and regulatory bodies, trade unions, non-governmental groups and local communities in its affairs. Eskom needs to ensure, through an effective water management strategy, that water is used wisely and effectively and that Eskom's impact on local water resources (surface and underground) is minimised. Eskom therefore has to manage water resources in a manner that will sustain the ecological integrity, support social development and ensure economic growth. Eskom has undertaken to benchmark the power generation industry, in co-operation with the DW AF, in a project aimed at developing the principles of water conservation and water demand management. In order to effectively manage water quality and quantity at Eskom's power stations, and to show Eskom's commitment with regard to water conservation and use, Eskom has compiled its own water and environmental policies.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Jonker, Markus Smith
- Date: 2012-02-06
- Subjects: Eskom (Firm) , Cooling towers , Coal-fired power plants , Water consumption management
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:1972 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4329
- Description: M.Ing. , Water gives life. It waters the fields of farmers; it nurtures the crops and stock of rural communities; it provides recreation for our children, our friends, our families; it supports our power generation, our mines, our industry, and the plants and animals that make up ecosystems. Water is the key to development and a good quality of life in South Africa. South Africa's water belongs to its people. It is the task of the South African Government to care for this water, to seek its fair distribution, and to facilitate its wise use for, amongst other things, social and economical development. Issues such as water resource management, use, protection, water services, etc., are presently governed by a number of policies, acts and regulations. All South Africans has a responsibility regarding the management of the country's resources. The supply of water to its entire people makes it extremely important to optimise the use of this scarce source. Access to water and water availability remains a key factor in ensuring the sustainability of development in Southern Africa. The coal fired power industry is a major user of natural resources; coal for fuel and water for steam generation as well as the cooling systems. It is estimated that 1.5% of the water abstracted in South Africa is used for power generation. The power industry receives its water mainly as abstraction from surface impoundments in the form of rivers and dams. Eskom, as a strategic user of water, is mindful of the importance of water to its business, as well as the development of the country. In addition to the interests of the government as the shareholder, Eskom recognises the legitimate interests, as stakeholders, of specific government departments, employees, consumers, suppliers, investors and lenders of capital, rating agencies, the media, policy and regulatory bodies, trade unions, non-governmental groups and local communities in its affairs. Eskom needs to ensure, through an effective water management strategy, that water is used wisely and effectively and that Eskom's impact on local water resources (surface and underground) is minimised. Eskom therefore has to manage water resources in a manner that will sustain the ecological integrity, support social development and ensure economic growth. Eskom has undertaken to benchmark the power generation industry, in co-operation with the DW AF, in a project aimed at developing the principles of water conservation and water demand management. In order to effectively manage water quality and quantity at Eskom's power stations, and to show Eskom's commitment with regard to water conservation and use, Eskom has compiled its own water and environmental policies.
- Full Text:
Experimental and modelling studies on the interactions of metals and natural organic matter in cooling water at coal powergeneration plants
- Authors: Bosire, Geoffrey Orina
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Eskom (Firm) , Chromatographic analysis , Photooxidative stress , Coal-fired power plants , Industrial water supply
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/225032 , uj:22719
- Description: Abstract: Eskom, the chief power generating and supply company in South Africa, has power stations that are mainly coal-fired. The surface water used in the condenser tubes for cooling purposes at these stations is rich in dissolved organic and inorganic compounds. Due to the relatively high concentration of alkaline earth metals (notably Ca and Mg) in the water, super-saturation of mineral phases that are responsible for scale formation occurs in a range of physico-chemical parameters (such as pH, ionic strength and temperature). Natural organic matter (NOM) in aquatic environments influences the speciation and mobility of metals, and is available in high concentrations in different fractions. The humic substances fraction, for instance, has concentrations ranging 10-200 mg/L. Studies in this thesis typify the characteristics and role of NOM with respect to complexation to metal cations. This complexation is understood to minimize scaling potential at the Lethabo and Kriel power stations, as archetypical power generating stations in South Africa. Furthermore, PHREEQC based simulations using the modified Tipping and Hurley database with Windermere’s Humic Acid Model (T_H-WHAM) were used to speciate and quantify complexation outputs. Conventional NOM characterization techniques such as ultra-violet (UV) analysis, total and dissolved organic carbon (TOC/DOC) analysis, specific ultra violet absorbance (SUVA) measurements have been found lacking in terms of analysis time and robustness. As an alternative, detailed characterization of NOM compounds in raw and cooling water (extracted by solid phase extraction) was achieved by the use of liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection-organic nitrogen (LC-OCD-OND), fluorescence excitation emission matrices (FEEM) and 2 dimensional gas x gas chromatography with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC x GC-TOFMS). Organic compounds with different molecular weights were characterized i.e. those with >600 g by LC-OCD-OND and <600 g by GC x GC-TOFMS). Fluorescing/chromophoric NOM compounds determined by FEEM were mainly humic substances. The fractions obtained by GC x GC-TOFMS (such as aliphatic and aromatic), highly depended on pre... , Ph.D. (Chemistry)
- Full Text:
- Authors: Bosire, Geoffrey Orina
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Eskom (Firm) , Chromatographic analysis , Photooxidative stress , Coal-fired power plants , Industrial water supply
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/225032 , uj:22719
- Description: Abstract: Eskom, the chief power generating and supply company in South Africa, has power stations that are mainly coal-fired. The surface water used in the condenser tubes for cooling purposes at these stations is rich in dissolved organic and inorganic compounds. Due to the relatively high concentration of alkaline earth metals (notably Ca and Mg) in the water, super-saturation of mineral phases that are responsible for scale formation occurs in a range of physico-chemical parameters (such as pH, ionic strength and temperature). Natural organic matter (NOM) in aquatic environments influences the speciation and mobility of metals, and is available in high concentrations in different fractions. The humic substances fraction, for instance, has concentrations ranging 10-200 mg/L. Studies in this thesis typify the characteristics and role of NOM with respect to complexation to metal cations. This complexation is understood to minimize scaling potential at the Lethabo and Kriel power stations, as archetypical power generating stations in South Africa. Furthermore, PHREEQC based simulations using the modified Tipping and Hurley database with Windermere’s Humic Acid Model (T_H-WHAM) were used to speciate and quantify complexation outputs. Conventional NOM characterization techniques such as ultra-violet (UV) analysis, total and dissolved organic carbon (TOC/DOC) analysis, specific ultra violet absorbance (SUVA) measurements have been found lacking in terms of analysis time and robustness. As an alternative, detailed characterization of NOM compounds in raw and cooling water (extracted by solid phase extraction) was achieved by the use of liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection-organic nitrogen (LC-OCD-OND), fluorescence excitation emission matrices (FEEM) and 2 dimensional gas x gas chromatography with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC x GC-TOFMS). Organic compounds with different molecular weights were characterized i.e. those with >600 g by LC-OCD-OND and <600 g by GC x GC-TOFMS). Fluorescing/chromophoric NOM compounds determined by FEEM were mainly humic substances. The fractions obtained by GC x GC-TOFMS (such as aliphatic and aromatic), highly depended on pre... , Ph.D. (Chemistry)
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