Activator trigger point therapy versus interferential current in the treatment of inter-scapular pain due to rhomboid trigger points
- Authors: Griesel, Desiree
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Myofascial pain syndromes - Chiropractic treatment , Electrotherapeutics , Scapula
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/226459 , uj:22897
- Description: Abstract: Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of activator trigger point therapy versus interferential current (IFC) in the treatment of inter-scapular pain that is caused by rhomboid major and minor trigger points. The aim was to compare these findings in terms of the number of rhomboid trigger points within the rhomboid muscle and the changes found in the pain pressure threshold measurements. This study would then establish which treatment protocol was most effective in reducing inter-scapular pain owing to the resolution of rhomboid trigger points Method: A sample of 40 participants between the ages of 19 and 42 years, took part in this study. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups of 20 participants. Group 1 received activator trigger point therapy delivered to their rhomboid trigger points and Group 2 received interferential current over their involved rhomboid trigger points. Procedure: The trial period included six treatments delivered over a period of three weeks with a seventh visit for measurement only thus no treatment administered. Subjective and objective data was collected at visit 1, visit 4 and visit 7. Subjective measurements included the McGill Pain questionnaire and the Numerical Pain Rating scale and objective measurements was recorded using a pressure algometer. Results: Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric testing that included the Shapiro-Wilk test to test for normality. For intragroup analysis the Friedman and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was performed and for intergroup analysis the Mann-Whitney U test was used. Statistical analysis showed a statistically significant difference for intragroup analysis and no statistical significance for intergroup analysis. Therefore no treatment protocol proved to be superior... , M.Tech. (Chiropractic)
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- Authors: Griesel, Desiree
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Myofascial pain syndromes - Chiropractic treatment , Electrotherapeutics , Scapula
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/226459 , uj:22897
- Description: Abstract: Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of activator trigger point therapy versus interferential current (IFC) in the treatment of inter-scapular pain that is caused by rhomboid major and minor trigger points. The aim was to compare these findings in terms of the number of rhomboid trigger points within the rhomboid muscle and the changes found in the pain pressure threshold measurements. This study would then establish which treatment protocol was most effective in reducing inter-scapular pain owing to the resolution of rhomboid trigger points Method: A sample of 40 participants between the ages of 19 and 42 years, took part in this study. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups of 20 participants. Group 1 received activator trigger point therapy delivered to their rhomboid trigger points and Group 2 received interferential current over their involved rhomboid trigger points. Procedure: The trial period included six treatments delivered over a period of three weeks with a seventh visit for measurement only thus no treatment administered. Subjective and objective data was collected at visit 1, visit 4 and visit 7. Subjective measurements included the McGill Pain questionnaire and the Numerical Pain Rating scale and objective measurements was recorded using a pressure algometer. Results: Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric testing that included the Shapiro-Wilk test to test for normality. For intragroup analysis the Friedman and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was performed and for intergroup analysis the Mann-Whitney U test was used. Statistical analysis showed a statistically significant difference for intragroup analysis and no statistical significance for intergroup analysis. Therefore no treatment protocol proved to be superior... , M.Tech. (Chiropractic)
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The efficacy of interferential current therapy and chiropractic adjustments for the treatment of quadratus lumborum trigger points found in acute sacroiliac joint syndrome
- Authors: Von Hörsten, Marilize
- Date: 2012-07-19
- Subjects: Acute sacroiliac joint syndrome - Chiropractic treatment , Electrotherapeutics , Sacroiliac joint diseases - Chiropractic treatment
- Type: Mini-Dissertation
- Identifier: uj:8828 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5241
- Description: M.Tech. , Objectives: To investigate the effects of a combined therapeutic approach from the chiropractic perspective for the treatment of acute sacroiliac joint syndrome. Chiropractic adjustments combined with interferential current (IFC) therapy were compared to chiropractic adjustments alone. Methods: Consenting participants diagnosed with acute sacroiliac joint syndrome, were randomly assigned to receive a combination of chiropractic adjustments to the sacroiliac joint and IFC therapy directed to the ipsilateral quadratus lumborum (Group 1, n = 15), or chiropractic adjustments to the sacroiliac joints alone (Group 2, n = 15). Subjective and objective measurements were taken before treatment at the first and fourth consultations, as well as at the follow-up visit, within a period of three weeks. Subjective measurements consisted of the Numerical Pain Rating Scale and the Oswestry Disability Index. Objective measurements consisted of inclinometer readings for lumbar range of motion and algometer readings for the mechanical pain threshold of quadratus lumborum. Results: Mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance tests, with post hoc analyses, were performed for all measurements taken. Within-group results were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and between-group results were statistically non-significant (p > 0.05) for all measurements. The time between visit 1 and 4 was most effective for improved flexion in both Group 1 and Group 2. Results for the Numerical Pain Rating Scale as well as left and right rotation improved most significantly between visits 1 and 4 for Group 1, compared to visits 4 to 7 for Group 2. The period between visit 4 and 7 was most significant for improved scores in both groups for the Oswestry Disability Index, extension, left and right lateral flexion, and mechanical pressure pain thresholds for both the left and right quadratus lumborum muscles. Conclusions: There was no statistically significant difference between the effects of a combined treatment approach using chiropractic adjustments and interferential current therapy, and chiropractic adjustments alone. A combined therapeutic approach is therefore unlikely to add any clinical benefit to the chiropractic adjustment for the treatment of acute sacroiliac joint syndrome.
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- Authors: Von Hörsten, Marilize
- Date: 2012-07-19
- Subjects: Acute sacroiliac joint syndrome - Chiropractic treatment , Electrotherapeutics , Sacroiliac joint diseases - Chiropractic treatment
- Type: Mini-Dissertation
- Identifier: uj:8828 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5241
- Description: M.Tech. , Objectives: To investigate the effects of a combined therapeutic approach from the chiropractic perspective for the treatment of acute sacroiliac joint syndrome. Chiropractic adjustments combined with interferential current (IFC) therapy were compared to chiropractic adjustments alone. Methods: Consenting participants diagnosed with acute sacroiliac joint syndrome, were randomly assigned to receive a combination of chiropractic adjustments to the sacroiliac joint and IFC therapy directed to the ipsilateral quadratus lumborum (Group 1, n = 15), or chiropractic adjustments to the sacroiliac joints alone (Group 2, n = 15). Subjective and objective measurements were taken before treatment at the first and fourth consultations, as well as at the follow-up visit, within a period of three weeks. Subjective measurements consisted of the Numerical Pain Rating Scale and the Oswestry Disability Index. Objective measurements consisted of inclinometer readings for lumbar range of motion and algometer readings for the mechanical pain threshold of quadratus lumborum. Results: Mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance tests, with post hoc analyses, were performed for all measurements taken. Within-group results were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and between-group results were statistically non-significant (p > 0.05) for all measurements. The time between visit 1 and 4 was most effective for improved flexion in both Group 1 and Group 2. Results for the Numerical Pain Rating Scale as well as left and right rotation improved most significantly between visits 1 and 4 for Group 1, compared to visits 4 to 7 for Group 2. The period between visit 4 and 7 was most significant for improved scores in both groups for the Oswestry Disability Index, extension, left and right lateral flexion, and mechanical pressure pain thresholds for both the left and right quadratus lumborum muscles. Conclusions: There was no statistically significant difference between the effects of a combined treatment approach using chiropractic adjustments and interferential current therapy, and chiropractic adjustments alone. A combined therapeutic approach is therefore unlikely to add any clinical benefit to the chiropractic adjustment for the treatment of acute sacroiliac joint syndrome.
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Correlative comparison of prediagnosed malaria, diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis patients with quantum xxroid consciousness interface reactivity readings
- Authors: Saunders, Brenda-Anne
- Date: 2008-07-31T09:11:24Z
- Subjects: Energy medicine , Electromagnetism in medicine , Electrotherapeutics
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/390885 , uj:7480 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/833
- Description: The field of energetic medicine began generations ago when medical doctors and scientists found an electrical correlate for what Rheinold Voll described, in the Nineteen Fifties, as medication testing on meridian points. These points showed electrical variability through resistance when a patient was exposed to various homoeopathically prepared substances. William Nelson, the developer of the Quantum Xrroid Consciousness Interface (QXCI) Device, calls this phenomenon electrophysiological reactivity. The developers of the QXCI device claim that the QXCI is able to connect deeply with the energies and tissues of the patient’s body, mind and spirit and test his or her reactions or “reactivity” to over eight thousand items. The QXCI then offers a wealth of software programs that make suggestions from many different modalities on balancing and reintegrating the body, mind and spirit of the patient. The QXCI device and software claims to analyse and balance stresses of many types including: toxicity, trauma, deficiency, perverse energy, pathogens, allergy, heredity and mental factors (Nelson, 2003). The results of research published by Nelson (1994b) and Nagy (1994b) showed that there was a correlation of over eighty percent between QXCI reactivity readings and conventional diagnostic tests and analysis for various infections and blood chemicals. As a result of this research the QXCI is recommended by the developers as a useful pre-diagnostic screen. The study aimed to determine whether there was any correlation between prediagnosed malaria, tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus subjects and QXCI reactivity readings. Reactivity readings were taken of twenty healthy individuals and twenty prediagnosed malaria, tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus subjects. Reactivity readings were analysed for increased reactivity to Plasmodium, Mycobacterium and glucose. Results showed no significant statistical relationship between the conventional diagnostic tests for malaria, tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus and the QXCI vi reactivity readings. The Predictive Value Theory tests of Sensitivity, Specificity and Efficiency as well as the Chi-Square Test were used to obtain statistical results. The results are not conclusive and further investigation into the use of the QXCI as a pre-diagnostic tool is required. , Dr. M.R.A. Moiloa Dr. J.L. Du Plessis
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- Authors: Saunders, Brenda-Anne
- Date: 2008-07-31T09:11:24Z
- Subjects: Energy medicine , Electromagnetism in medicine , Electrotherapeutics
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/390885 , uj:7480 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/833
- Description: The field of energetic medicine began generations ago when medical doctors and scientists found an electrical correlate for what Rheinold Voll described, in the Nineteen Fifties, as medication testing on meridian points. These points showed electrical variability through resistance when a patient was exposed to various homoeopathically prepared substances. William Nelson, the developer of the Quantum Xrroid Consciousness Interface (QXCI) Device, calls this phenomenon electrophysiological reactivity. The developers of the QXCI device claim that the QXCI is able to connect deeply with the energies and tissues of the patient’s body, mind and spirit and test his or her reactions or “reactivity” to over eight thousand items. The QXCI then offers a wealth of software programs that make suggestions from many different modalities on balancing and reintegrating the body, mind and spirit of the patient. The QXCI device and software claims to analyse and balance stresses of many types including: toxicity, trauma, deficiency, perverse energy, pathogens, allergy, heredity and mental factors (Nelson, 2003). The results of research published by Nelson (1994b) and Nagy (1994b) showed that there was a correlation of over eighty percent between QXCI reactivity readings and conventional diagnostic tests and analysis for various infections and blood chemicals. As a result of this research the QXCI is recommended by the developers as a useful pre-diagnostic screen. The study aimed to determine whether there was any correlation between prediagnosed malaria, tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus subjects and QXCI reactivity readings. Reactivity readings were taken of twenty healthy individuals and twenty prediagnosed malaria, tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus subjects. Reactivity readings were analysed for increased reactivity to Plasmodium, Mycobacterium and glucose. Results showed no significant statistical relationship between the conventional diagnostic tests for malaria, tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus and the QXCI vi reactivity readings. The Predictive Value Theory tests of Sensitivity, Specificity and Efficiency as well as the Chi-Square Test were used to obtain statistical results. The results are not conclusive and further investigation into the use of the QXCI as a pre-diagnostic tool is required. , Dr. M.R.A. Moiloa Dr. J.L. Du Plessis
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The effectiveness of radial shockwave therapy and spinal manipulative therapy on gluteus medius trigger points
- Authors: Swart, Owen Simon
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Spinal adjustment , Electrotherapeutics , Gluteus medius , Myofascial pain syndromes - Chiropractic treatment
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/226623 , uj:22918
- Description: M.Tech. (Chiropractic) , Abstract: PURPOSE: Myofascial pain syndrome is a common cause of discomfort and disability worldwide with various forms of literature to substantiate it. Myofascial pain syndrome is a condition that is characterised by the presence of myofascial trigger points. These trigger points often refer pain to different areas of the body. Active gluteus medius trigger points for instance may refer pain to lower back and has frequently been misdiagnosed as non-specific lower back pain. Numerous treatment protocols have been applied by specialists and therapist to reduce the pain created by these trigger points and results show indifferent evidence and efficacy. Radial shockwave therapy is an alternative modality that is used to treat a variety of different musculoskeletal conditions. It is a non-invasive treatment and ideal for musculoskeletal conditions that have failed to respond to other conservative treatment protocols. The purpose of the study was to identify the effectiveness of radial shockwave therapy in combination with spinal manipulation on active gluteus trigger points and non-specific lower back pain. DESIGN: A total of forty participants were utilised for the research study and were randomly divided into two groups of twenty participants each. Group 1 received radial shockwave therapy on gluteus medius trigger points and spinal manipulative therapy on L4-S1 levels. Group 2 received detuned ultrasound on gluteus medius trigger points and spinal manipulative therapy on L4-S1 levels. A total of six treatment sessions were required over a three-week period MEASUREMENTS: Subjective data was collected by using a Visual Analogue Scale. Objective data was collected by using a hand-held pressure algometer on active gluteus medius trigger points. Data was collected on the first, fourth and seventh consultations. OUTCOMES: With regards to the subjective data readings, the results from the Visual Analogue scale from the intragroup analysis indicated that both groups improved over the treatment period, the radial shockwave group showed the greatest improvement (64,35%). The radial shockwave group and the detuned ultrasound groups yielded p-values of 0.00 and 0.00 respectively. The intergroup analysis showed a statistical significant difference...
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- Authors: Swart, Owen Simon
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Spinal adjustment , Electrotherapeutics , Gluteus medius , Myofascial pain syndromes - Chiropractic treatment
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/226623 , uj:22918
- Description: M.Tech. (Chiropractic) , Abstract: PURPOSE: Myofascial pain syndrome is a common cause of discomfort and disability worldwide with various forms of literature to substantiate it. Myofascial pain syndrome is a condition that is characterised by the presence of myofascial trigger points. These trigger points often refer pain to different areas of the body. Active gluteus medius trigger points for instance may refer pain to lower back and has frequently been misdiagnosed as non-specific lower back pain. Numerous treatment protocols have been applied by specialists and therapist to reduce the pain created by these trigger points and results show indifferent evidence and efficacy. Radial shockwave therapy is an alternative modality that is used to treat a variety of different musculoskeletal conditions. It is a non-invasive treatment and ideal for musculoskeletal conditions that have failed to respond to other conservative treatment protocols. The purpose of the study was to identify the effectiveness of radial shockwave therapy in combination with spinal manipulation on active gluteus trigger points and non-specific lower back pain. DESIGN: A total of forty participants were utilised for the research study and were randomly divided into two groups of twenty participants each. Group 1 received radial shockwave therapy on gluteus medius trigger points and spinal manipulative therapy on L4-S1 levels. Group 2 received detuned ultrasound on gluteus medius trigger points and spinal manipulative therapy on L4-S1 levels. A total of six treatment sessions were required over a three-week period MEASUREMENTS: Subjective data was collected by using a Visual Analogue Scale. Objective data was collected by using a hand-held pressure algometer on active gluteus medius trigger points. Data was collected on the first, fourth and seventh consultations. OUTCOMES: With regards to the subjective data readings, the results from the Visual Analogue scale from the intragroup analysis indicated that both groups improved over the treatment period, the radial shockwave group showed the greatest improvement (64,35%). The radial shockwave group and the detuned ultrasound groups yielded p-values of 0.00 and 0.00 respectively. The intergroup analysis showed a statistical significant difference...
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The effect of lumbosacral manipulation therapy, interferential current therapy andthe combination thereof on hamstring strength and flexibility
- Authors: Long, Leezy
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Chiropractic , Electrotherapeutics , Manipulation (Therapeutics) , Hamstring muscle , Muscle strength
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/246700 , uj:25588
- Description: M.Tech. (Chiropractic) , Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of lumbosacral manipulation and interferential current therapy as well as the combination thereof on hamstring flexibility and strength. Method: Thirty participants that had one hamstring muscle weaker and less flexible than the other, as indicated by the dynamometer and digital inclinometer, participated in this study. The participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups. Group 1 received lumbosacral manipulation therapy. Group 2 received interferential current therapy on both the hamstring muscles and Group3 received both lumbosacral manipulation therapy and interferential current therapy on the hamstring muscles. The study included seven visits, over a period of three weeks, with intervention on the first six consultations and objective data collected on the first, fourth and seventh visits. The intervention for Group 1 consisted of motion palpation of any lumbosacral restriction. Diversified chiropractic techniques were used by the researcher to manipulate the restricted segment/s. Group 2 received interferential current therapy on both the hamstring muscles and Group 3 received a combination of both lumbosacral manipulation therapy as well as interferential current therapy on both the hamstring muscles. Results: Both objective data (dynamometer and digital inclinometer) had a positive average improvement on both sides. The dynamometer data showed an increase of 23.48% on the left hand side and 27.91% on the right hand side of Group 1. Group 2 showed an average increase of 28.46% on the left hand side and 33.11% on the right hand side, while Group 3 showed an average increase of 25.77% on the left hand side and 33.11 % on the right hand side...
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- Authors: Long, Leezy
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Chiropractic , Electrotherapeutics , Manipulation (Therapeutics) , Hamstring muscle , Muscle strength
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/246700 , uj:25588
- Description: M.Tech. (Chiropractic) , Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of lumbosacral manipulation and interferential current therapy as well as the combination thereof on hamstring flexibility and strength. Method: Thirty participants that had one hamstring muscle weaker and less flexible than the other, as indicated by the dynamometer and digital inclinometer, participated in this study. The participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups. Group 1 received lumbosacral manipulation therapy. Group 2 received interferential current therapy on both the hamstring muscles and Group3 received both lumbosacral manipulation therapy and interferential current therapy on the hamstring muscles. The study included seven visits, over a period of three weeks, with intervention on the first six consultations and objective data collected on the first, fourth and seventh visits. The intervention for Group 1 consisted of motion palpation of any lumbosacral restriction. Diversified chiropractic techniques were used by the researcher to manipulate the restricted segment/s. Group 2 received interferential current therapy on both the hamstring muscles and Group 3 received a combination of both lumbosacral manipulation therapy as well as interferential current therapy on both the hamstring muscles. Results: Both objective data (dynamometer and digital inclinometer) had a positive average improvement on both sides. The dynamometer data showed an increase of 23.48% on the left hand side and 27.91% on the right hand side of Group 1. Group 2 showed an average increase of 28.46% on the left hand side and 33.11% on the right hand side, while Group 3 showed an average increase of 25.77% on the left hand side and 33.11 % on the right hand side...
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Chiropractic manipulative therapy, therapeutic ultrasound and interferential current in lateral elbow tendinopathy
- Authors: Downing, Lauren Jessica
- Date: 2015-07-14
- Subjects: Elbow , Tendinitis - Chiropractic treatment , Ultrasonics in medicine , Electrotherapeutics
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:13721 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13987
- Description: M.Tech. (Chiropractic) , Lateral elbow tendinopathy is the most frequent periarticular lesion which affects 1% to 3% of the general population and is a difficult condition to manage with a wide range of procedures and management protocols advocated (Abrahamson and Comfort, 2010). This study aimed to assess the efficacy of managing lateral elbow tendinopathy using therapeutic ultrasound (U/S), interferential current (IFC) or alternatively a combination of IFC and therapeutic U/S in addition to chiropractic manipulative therapy of the cervical spine and elbow. This study was a comparative study consisting of three groups of ten participants each with an equal gender ratio. Prior to becoming a participant in this study individuals were assessed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Group A received therapeutic U/S; Group B received IFC and Group C received combination therapy of IFC and therapeutic U/S. All three groups received chiropractic manipulative therapy to the cervical spine and joints of the elbow complex. Subjective data was obtained using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Objective data was obtained using the pressure algometer (pain pressure threshold) and the Jamar grip strength dynamometer (pain-free grip strength) on the affected side. The study was conducted over a course of three weeks for a total of seven visits per participant. Subjective and objective data was collected pre-intervention on the first and fourth visits and on the seventh evaluation only visit. Analysis of the data collected was performed by a statistician. All three groups showed statistically significant clinical improvements in all measures. The only group not exhibiting a statistical significance was the therapeutic U/S group in the initial pain pressure threshold results. In the objective measures of all intervals none of the groups showed statistical superiority over one another. However, the final NPRS results showed statistically significant improvement in therapeutic U/S and combination therapy groups over IFC alone. From the results it can be concluded that all groups were effective for lateral elbow tendinopathy in conjunction with chiropractic manipulative therapy. With respects to subjective pain therapeutic U/S and combination therapy appeared to have a greater efficacy than IFC, but no superior modality was identified with respects to objective measures.
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- Authors: Downing, Lauren Jessica
- Date: 2015-07-14
- Subjects: Elbow , Tendinitis - Chiropractic treatment , Ultrasonics in medicine , Electrotherapeutics
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:13721 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13987
- Description: M.Tech. (Chiropractic) , Lateral elbow tendinopathy is the most frequent periarticular lesion which affects 1% to 3% of the general population and is a difficult condition to manage with a wide range of procedures and management protocols advocated (Abrahamson and Comfort, 2010). This study aimed to assess the efficacy of managing lateral elbow tendinopathy using therapeutic ultrasound (U/S), interferential current (IFC) or alternatively a combination of IFC and therapeutic U/S in addition to chiropractic manipulative therapy of the cervical spine and elbow. This study was a comparative study consisting of three groups of ten participants each with an equal gender ratio. Prior to becoming a participant in this study individuals were assessed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Group A received therapeutic U/S; Group B received IFC and Group C received combination therapy of IFC and therapeutic U/S. All three groups received chiropractic manipulative therapy to the cervical spine and joints of the elbow complex. Subjective data was obtained using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Objective data was obtained using the pressure algometer (pain pressure threshold) and the Jamar grip strength dynamometer (pain-free grip strength) on the affected side. The study was conducted over a course of three weeks for a total of seven visits per participant. Subjective and objective data was collected pre-intervention on the first and fourth visits and on the seventh evaluation only visit. Analysis of the data collected was performed by a statistician. All three groups showed statistically significant clinical improvements in all measures. The only group not exhibiting a statistical significance was the therapeutic U/S group in the initial pain pressure threshold results. In the objective measures of all intervals none of the groups showed statistical superiority over one another. However, the final NPRS results showed statistically significant improvement in therapeutic U/S and combination therapy groups over IFC alone. From the results it can be concluded that all groups were effective for lateral elbow tendinopathy in conjunction with chiropractic manipulative therapy. With respects to subjective pain therapeutic U/S and combination therapy appeared to have a greater efficacy than IFC, but no superior modality was identified with respects to objective measures.
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