A South African case study of corrosion management
- Authors: Njomane, Linda
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Corrosion and anti-corrosives , Electrolytic corrosion , Electrochemical analysis , Gas industry - Equipment and supplies - Corrosion
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/269786 , uj:28664
- Description: M.Phil. (Engineering Management) , Abstract: Corrosion is an undesirable electrochemical reaction that affects materials negatively. Electrons flow from a metal of high potential to a metal of low potential. Structures that are built with materials prone to corrosion can fail and lead to incidents, financial loss and reputational damage. Most of the major incidents and maintenance costs that occur in oil and gas industry are attributed to corrosion related failures. Globally; the direct cost of corrosion is estimated at $2.2 trillion per annum. Analysis of availability of tanks and pipelines in Company X shows that the available storage capacity is below 50% due to asset outages. Unavailability of assets are caused by breakdowns and extensive repairs attributed to corrosion related failures. The business disruption cost for 2016 only amounted to $1.1 million while the maintenance costs from 2013 to 2016 are estimated to $4.5mil. Literature review reveals that corrosion is a problem in the oil and gas industry however it can be managed and controlled through design, installation of corrosion control techniques. Cathodic protection is effective in protecting buried and submerged structures while protective coating is effective for atmospheric corrosion. The case study used a mixed research approach, predominantly using quantitative data from the historical reports and qualitative research to gain clarity on the historical reports. A gap analysis to determine the maturity of corrosion management is performed and the preliminary result showed that only one aspect of corrosion management is fully complied to. When the tanks are inspected, most of the measurements for wall thickness especially on the tank floor are below the design limits. Most of the tank breakdowns are caused by the failures on the higher tank shell courses. Some failures on the shell are picked up post inspection when the tank shell is being prepared for external protective coating. The corrosion rate picked on tank floors of the all the uncoated tanks and one coated tank in Mossel Bay is higher than the minimum expected rate on the carbon steel in the marine environment. Jet A1 tanks where the coating is applied with stringent quality controls had the lowest corrosion rate. Inspectors prescribed repairs if wall losses are between 40 - 100% if the tank is to be operated for the next 10 years. Use of generic corrosion rate of 0.05mm per year gives inaccurate remaining life. The remaining life calculations using actual corrosion rates found that even the wall losses between 20 – 39% are not giving life beyond 10 years in Port Elizabeth in some tanks. The implication of the...
- Full Text:
- Authors: Njomane, Linda
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Corrosion and anti-corrosives , Electrolytic corrosion , Electrochemical analysis , Gas industry - Equipment and supplies - Corrosion
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/269786 , uj:28664
- Description: M.Phil. (Engineering Management) , Abstract: Corrosion is an undesirable electrochemical reaction that affects materials negatively. Electrons flow from a metal of high potential to a metal of low potential. Structures that are built with materials prone to corrosion can fail and lead to incidents, financial loss and reputational damage. Most of the major incidents and maintenance costs that occur in oil and gas industry are attributed to corrosion related failures. Globally; the direct cost of corrosion is estimated at $2.2 trillion per annum. Analysis of availability of tanks and pipelines in Company X shows that the available storage capacity is below 50% due to asset outages. Unavailability of assets are caused by breakdowns and extensive repairs attributed to corrosion related failures. The business disruption cost for 2016 only amounted to $1.1 million while the maintenance costs from 2013 to 2016 are estimated to $4.5mil. Literature review reveals that corrosion is a problem in the oil and gas industry however it can be managed and controlled through design, installation of corrosion control techniques. Cathodic protection is effective in protecting buried and submerged structures while protective coating is effective for atmospheric corrosion. The case study used a mixed research approach, predominantly using quantitative data from the historical reports and qualitative research to gain clarity on the historical reports. A gap analysis to determine the maturity of corrosion management is performed and the preliminary result showed that only one aspect of corrosion management is fully complied to. When the tanks are inspected, most of the measurements for wall thickness especially on the tank floor are below the design limits. Most of the tank breakdowns are caused by the failures on the higher tank shell courses. Some failures on the shell are picked up post inspection when the tank shell is being prepared for external protective coating. The corrosion rate picked on tank floors of the all the uncoated tanks and one coated tank in Mossel Bay is higher than the minimum expected rate on the carbon steel in the marine environment. Jet A1 tanks where the coating is applied with stringent quality controls had the lowest corrosion rate. Inspectors prescribed repairs if wall losses are between 40 - 100% if the tank is to be operated for the next 10 years. Use of generic corrosion rate of 0.05mm per year gives inaccurate remaining life. The remaining life calculations using actual corrosion rates found that even the wall losses between 20 – 39% are not giving life beyond 10 years in Port Elizabeth in some tanks. The implication of the...
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An investigation into the forming of 3CR12 rectangular tubes
- Authors: Snyman, Christo Julius
- Date: 2012-09-04
- Subjects: Stainless steel - Cold working , 3CR12 - Cold working , Stainless steel - Mechanical properties , 3CR12 - Mechanical properties , Corrosion and anti-corrosives
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:3483 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6874
- Description: M.Ing. , During all manufacturing processes it is crucial to use certain design criteria and guidelines. Special care should be exercised when the final product of a manufacturing process is used in the automotive industry, because the failure of such a component may have tragic consequences. The failure of a bus chassis in the public transport sector is an example of a case where the failure of a product can have serious consequences. In recent years it has become common practice to use corrosion-resisting steel in the manufacture of these vehicles. The reason for this is the corrosion caused by a prolonged service life and adverse conditions such as salted road surfaces (The salt is used to melt the ice that forms on roads, particularly in European countries). These bus structures consist of tubes of varying size and geometry, and the manufacturing process of these tubes is considered in the present investigation. In a tube manufacturing process the design criteria may consist of such properties as the tube size and geometry, the thickness of the sheet that is used and the radius of the corners of the tube. Design criterion is also dependent upon the material that is used. The change in mechanical properties of the material during a manufacturing process is an important consideration during the establishment of design guidelines. The purpose of this investigation is to study the effects of particularly the cold forming manufacturing process on the mechanical properties of the material. The material used is 3CR12 corrosion resisting steel, a proprietary alloy also known as Type 1.4003, that was developed by Columbus joint venture as a cheaper alternative to stainless steels. 3CR12 is not a substitute for stainless steel but it is an alternative to treated mild steel, providing a cost-effective solution to corrosion. An experimental investigation is conducted into the forming of 40mm 3CR12 square tubes and normal plate bending of 3CR12. Various different wall thicknesses and bend radiuses are considered. A numerical investigation consisted of simulating the above-mentioned manufacturing processes using non-linear finite element analysis and then comparing its results to the experimental investigation. The experimental investigation showed that substantial work hardening occurred in the corner regions of the tube during forming. A loss of up to 70% of 3CR12's ductility may result in the corner regions. The work hardening at the inside of the tube was found to be higher than at the outside. A region of very little work hardening near the middle of the tube wall thickness was also identified (neutral axis). This neutral axis also seems to shift slightly more to the inside of the tube with thicker wall sections. The numerical analysis confirmed the experimental observations. An excellent correlation between the experimental and numerical results was achieved.
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- Authors: Snyman, Christo Julius
- Date: 2012-09-04
- Subjects: Stainless steel - Cold working , 3CR12 - Cold working , Stainless steel - Mechanical properties , 3CR12 - Mechanical properties , Corrosion and anti-corrosives
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:3483 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6874
- Description: M.Ing. , During all manufacturing processes it is crucial to use certain design criteria and guidelines. Special care should be exercised when the final product of a manufacturing process is used in the automotive industry, because the failure of such a component may have tragic consequences. The failure of a bus chassis in the public transport sector is an example of a case where the failure of a product can have serious consequences. In recent years it has become common practice to use corrosion-resisting steel in the manufacture of these vehicles. The reason for this is the corrosion caused by a prolonged service life and adverse conditions such as salted road surfaces (The salt is used to melt the ice that forms on roads, particularly in European countries). These bus structures consist of tubes of varying size and geometry, and the manufacturing process of these tubes is considered in the present investigation. In a tube manufacturing process the design criteria may consist of such properties as the tube size and geometry, the thickness of the sheet that is used and the radius of the corners of the tube. Design criterion is also dependent upon the material that is used. The change in mechanical properties of the material during a manufacturing process is an important consideration during the establishment of design guidelines. The purpose of this investigation is to study the effects of particularly the cold forming manufacturing process on the mechanical properties of the material. The material used is 3CR12 corrosion resisting steel, a proprietary alloy also known as Type 1.4003, that was developed by Columbus joint venture as a cheaper alternative to stainless steels. 3CR12 is not a substitute for stainless steel but it is an alternative to treated mild steel, providing a cost-effective solution to corrosion. An experimental investigation is conducted into the forming of 40mm 3CR12 square tubes and normal plate bending of 3CR12. Various different wall thicknesses and bend radiuses are considered. A numerical investigation consisted of simulating the above-mentioned manufacturing processes using non-linear finite element analysis and then comparing its results to the experimental investigation. The experimental investigation showed that substantial work hardening occurred in the corner regions of the tube during forming. A loss of up to 70% of 3CR12's ductility may result in the corner regions. The work hardening at the inside of the tube was found to be higher than at the outside. A region of very little work hardening near the middle of the tube wall thickness was also identified (neutral axis). This neutral axis also seems to shift slightly more to the inside of the tube with thicker wall sections. The numerical analysis confirmed the experimental observations. An excellent correlation between the experimental and numerical results was achieved.
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Corrosion inhibition of copper and brass by polyvinylpyrrolidone-2-acrylamide-2-methyl-propansulphonate composite in 1M hydrochloric acid
- Maqubela, Luyanda Masana Yvette
- Authors: Maqubela, Luyanda Masana Yvette
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Corrosion and anti-corrosives , Copper - Corrosion , Brass - Corrosion
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/445017 , uj:38917
- Description: Abstract: Scale formation is one of the factors affecting the efficiency in thermal processes where the degradation of copper has made many heat exchangers fail. Acid cleaning is useful in desalination plants to reduce scale formation, but this will result in a lot of corrosion complications. In acidic solutions during the acid cleaning and descaling processes, the use of copper corrosion inhibitors is used to reduce the corrosion of copper. The effective performance of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and 2-acrylamide2methylpropansulphonic acid (AMPS) as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors have been attested for as monomers and not as a composite in acidic chloride solutions with an inhibition efficiency of 93.7%... , M.Tech. (Engineering Metallurgy)
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- Authors: Maqubela, Luyanda Masana Yvette
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Corrosion and anti-corrosives , Copper - Corrosion , Brass - Corrosion
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/445017 , uj:38917
- Description: Abstract: Scale formation is one of the factors affecting the efficiency in thermal processes where the degradation of copper has made many heat exchangers fail. Acid cleaning is useful in desalination plants to reduce scale formation, but this will result in a lot of corrosion complications. In acidic solutions during the acid cleaning and descaling processes, the use of copper corrosion inhibitors is used to reduce the corrosion of copper. The effective performance of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and 2-acrylamide2methylpropansulphonic acid (AMPS) as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors have been attested for as monomers and not as a composite in acidic chloride solutions with an inhibition efficiency of 93.7%... , M.Tech. (Engineering Metallurgy)
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Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1 M Hcl using synthesized eco-friendly polymer composites
- Authors: ‘Mofu, Ts’oeunyane George
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Corrosion resistant materials , Nanostructured materials , Stainless steel - Corrosion , Corrosion and anti-corrosives
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/269731 , uj:28658
- Description: M.Tech. (Metallurgy) , Abstract: In this work, two polymer composites namely PBSLP and PBSLH were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, NMR, XRD, SEM, CHNS and TGA. The results revealed that the formed polymer composite were graft polymer composites. The two synthesized polymer composites were investigated as corrosion inhibitors for MS in 1 M HCl. The corrosion inhibition characteristics including, corrosion rate, corrosion inhibition efficiency, and inhibitor adsorption to the metal surface were studied with gravimetric and electrochemical studies. The gravimetric studies revealed that adsorption of the polymer composites to the MS surface were both physisorption and chemisorption although physisorption appeared to be the more dominant process. Moreover, both polymer composites obeyed Langmuir isotherm. Electrochemical studies were also used to characterize that inhibitory mechanism of the said polymer composites. PDP, specifically Tafel plot and VASP with used to determine the corrosion parameters while EIS was employed to determine the charge transfer characteristics during corrosion. The results indicated that PBSLP and PBSLH are both mixed type corrosion inhibitors with cathodic reaction being the most affected reaction. In addition, the charge transfer resistance during corrosion increased with the increase in concentration of inhibitors. SEM was also used to examine the morphology of MS coupons before and after exposure to corrosive, the results revealed that PBSLP and PBSLH reduce corrosion of MS by forming a film on MS surface.
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- Authors: ‘Mofu, Ts’oeunyane George
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Corrosion resistant materials , Nanostructured materials , Stainless steel - Corrosion , Corrosion and anti-corrosives
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/269731 , uj:28658
- Description: M.Tech. (Metallurgy) , Abstract: In this work, two polymer composites namely PBSLP and PBSLH were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, NMR, XRD, SEM, CHNS and TGA. The results revealed that the formed polymer composite were graft polymer composites. The two synthesized polymer composites were investigated as corrosion inhibitors for MS in 1 M HCl. The corrosion inhibition characteristics including, corrosion rate, corrosion inhibition efficiency, and inhibitor adsorption to the metal surface were studied with gravimetric and electrochemical studies. The gravimetric studies revealed that adsorption of the polymer composites to the MS surface were both physisorption and chemisorption although physisorption appeared to be the more dominant process. Moreover, both polymer composites obeyed Langmuir isotherm. Electrochemical studies were also used to characterize that inhibitory mechanism of the said polymer composites. PDP, specifically Tafel plot and VASP with used to determine the corrosion parameters while EIS was employed to determine the charge transfer characteristics during corrosion. The results indicated that PBSLP and PBSLH are both mixed type corrosion inhibitors with cathodic reaction being the most affected reaction. In addition, the charge transfer resistance during corrosion increased with the increase in concentration of inhibitors. SEM was also used to examine the morphology of MS coupons before and after exposure to corrosive, the results revealed that PBSLP and PBSLH reduce corrosion of MS by forming a film on MS surface.
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Evaluation of erosion-corrosion on ruthenium enriched hardmetal coatings
- Authors: Nelwalani, Ndivhuwo Brayner
- Date: 2014-09-17
- Subjects: Corrosion and anti-corrosives , Metals - Erosion , Ruthenium
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:12334 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12120
- Description: M.Tech. (Engineering: Metallurgy) , The aim of the study was to determine the slurry erosion-corrosion rates as well as electrochemical corrosion rates of WC-Fe-Ru coatings that were thermally coated using a plasma transferred arc method. The WC-Fe-Ru coatings used had different bulk Ru concentrations that varied from 0.7 to 4.1 wt% Ru. A slurry jet impingement erosion-corrosion test rig was used for the erosion-corrosion rate measurements, and an Autolab 302 potentiostat was used to measure the open circuit potential during a 12 hour exposure in the test solution, as well as a potentiodynamic scan to determine the corrosion potential...
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- Authors: Nelwalani, Ndivhuwo Brayner
- Date: 2014-09-17
- Subjects: Corrosion and anti-corrosives , Metals - Erosion , Ruthenium
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:12334 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12120
- Description: M.Tech. (Engineering: Metallurgy) , The aim of the study was to determine the slurry erosion-corrosion rates as well as electrochemical corrosion rates of WC-Fe-Ru coatings that were thermally coated using a plasma transferred arc method. The WC-Fe-Ru coatings used had different bulk Ru concentrations that varied from 0.7 to 4.1 wt% Ru. A slurry jet impingement erosion-corrosion test rig was used for the erosion-corrosion rate measurements, and an Autolab 302 potentiostat was used to measure the open circuit potential during a 12 hour exposure in the test solution, as well as a potentiodynamic scan to determine the corrosion potential...
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Factors that influence friction in tendons of unbonded post-tensioning systems
- Dundu, Morgan, Ward, Michelle
- Authors: Dundu, Morgan , Ward, Michelle
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Tendons (Prestressed concrete) , Corrosion and anti-corrosives , Steel, Structural - Protection
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5059 , ISSN 9781614994657 , ISSN 9781614994664 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13621
- Description: The coefficient of friction in an unbonded post tensioning system is influenced by many factors, and these factors include the thickness of lubricant or grease present in the system, clearance between the strand and the plastic sheath, surface characteristics of the strand and plastic sheath. In order to determine the effect of these factors, a series of friction tests were performed on two different diameters of strand, namely; 12.7 mm and 15.24 mm diameters. Through a regression analysis, it was found that the frictional force decreases with increase in the thickness of the grease and that friction increases with increase in the mass of the strand. The amount of friction was found to be dependent on the surface characteristics of the strand and plastic sheath, clearance between the plastic sheath and the strand and the extrusion process of the plastic sheath.
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- Authors: Dundu, Morgan , Ward, Michelle
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Tendons (Prestressed concrete) , Corrosion and anti-corrosives , Steel, Structural - Protection
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5059 , ISSN 9781614994657 , ISSN 9781614994664 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13621
- Description: The coefficient of friction in an unbonded post tensioning system is influenced by many factors, and these factors include the thickness of lubricant or grease present in the system, clearance between the strand and the plastic sheath, surface characteristics of the strand and plastic sheath. In order to determine the effect of these factors, a series of friction tests were performed on two different diameters of strand, namely; 12.7 mm and 15.24 mm diameters. Through a regression analysis, it was found that the frictional force decreases with increase in the thickness of the grease and that friction increases with increase in the mass of the strand. The amount of friction was found to be dependent on the surface characteristics of the strand and plastic sheath, clearance between the plastic sheath and the strand and the extrusion process of the plastic sheath.
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Predictive maintenance framework for cathodic protection systems using data analytics
- Authors: Rossouw, Estella Barbara
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Cathodic protection , Corrosion and anti-corrosives , Underground pipelines
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/480475 , uj:43498
- Description: Abstract: Pipeline operators continuously seek to improve reliability, safety and reduce corrosion and maintenance costs. Cathodic protection (CP) systems is a secondary external corrosion-prevention mechanism for underground pipelines. Two types of CP exist, namely, sacrificial anode CP (SACP) or impressed current CP (ICCP). ICCP units consist of a rectifier that drives a current through an anode bed, to prevent the corrosion of the pipeline. A study by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) found that maintenance cost can escalate rapidly due to CP equipment damage, replacement of pipeline sections due to a damaged coating or forced corrosion, and ineffective time-based maintenance. This study presents and evaluates a predictive maintenance framework based on the conformance of the CP pipe potential to the NACE SP0169- 2013 CP criteria for steel pipelines. The outcome of this study aims to reduce the maintenance cost, improve pipeline integrity and prevent catastrophic failures due to a pipeline rupture... , M.Phil. (Engineering Management)
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- Authors: Rossouw, Estella Barbara
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Cathodic protection , Corrosion and anti-corrosives , Underground pipelines
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/480475 , uj:43498
- Description: Abstract: Pipeline operators continuously seek to improve reliability, safety and reduce corrosion and maintenance costs. Cathodic protection (CP) systems is a secondary external corrosion-prevention mechanism for underground pipelines. Two types of CP exist, namely, sacrificial anode CP (SACP) or impressed current CP (ICCP). ICCP units consist of a rectifier that drives a current through an anode bed, to prevent the corrosion of the pipeline. A study by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) found that maintenance cost can escalate rapidly due to CP equipment damage, replacement of pipeline sections due to a damaged coating or forced corrosion, and ineffective time-based maintenance. This study presents and evaluates a predictive maintenance framework based on the conformance of the CP pipe potential to the NACE SP0169- 2013 CP criteria for steel pipelines. The outcome of this study aims to reduce the maintenance cost, improve pipeline integrity and prevent catastrophic failures due to a pipeline rupture... , M.Phil. (Engineering Management)
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Synergistic effect of erosion-corrosion on duplex stainless steel 2205 in mine water
- Authors: Moloto, Abigail Koena
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Corrosion and anti-corrosives
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/430654 , uj:37128
- Description: Abstract: Erosion-corrosion is one of the most common problems in process industries such as the mineral processing, mining, and chemical industries. For decades, erosion-corrosion in many industries was due to transporting process fluid over long and short distances in a pipeline. This common problem in industries has resulted in catastrophic failure of equipment and loss of mechanical efficiency, hence, this phenomenon has gained attention in the field of engineering research. This work investigated the synergistic effect of erosion-corrosion on 2205 duplex stainless steel in mine water. The objectives of the study were to (i) determine the impact of flow velocity on the erosion-corrosion behaviour and on components such as pure erosion, erosion-corrosion synergy, erosion-enhanced corrosion ( ) and corrosion-enhanced erosion ( ) in mine water, (ii) evaluate the mechanical stability of the 2205 duplex stainless steel before and after exposure to the erosion-corrosion and pure-erosion environments, and (iii) characterise 2205 duplex stainless steel before and after exposure to the studied environments. The erosion-corrosion components were determined using the gravimetric and electrochemical measurements techniques. .. , M.Tech. (Chemical Engineering Technology)
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- Authors: Moloto, Abigail Koena
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Corrosion and anti-corrosives
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/430654 , uj:37128
- Description: Abstract: Erosion-corrosion is one of the most common problems in process industries such as the mineral processing, mining, and chemical industries. For decades, erosion-corrosion in many industries was due to transporting process fluid over long and short distances in a pipeline. This common problem in industries has resulted in catastrophic failure of equipment and loss of mechanical efficiency, hence, this phenomenon has gained attention in the field of engineering research. This work investigated the synergistic effect of erosion-corrosion on 2205 duplex stainless steel in mine water. The objectives of the study were to (i) determine the impact of flow velocity on the erosion-corrosion behaviour and on components such as pure erosion, erosion-corrosion synergy, erosion-enhanced corrosion ( ) and corrosion-enhanced erosion ( ) in mine water, (ii) evaluate the mechanical stability of the 2205 duplex stainless steel before and after exposure to the erosion-corrosion and pure-erosion environments, and (iii) characterise 2205 duplex stainless steel before and after exposure to the studied environments. The erosion-corrosion components were determined using the gravimetric and electrochemical measurements techniques. .. , M.Tech. (Chemical Engineering Technology)
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The strength of type 3CR12 corrosion resisting steel build-up I-sections columns
- Authors: Bredenkamp, Paul Jacques
- Date: 2014-04-16
- Subjects: Corrosion and anti-corrosives , Steel, Stainless
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:10787 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10295
- Description: M.Ing. (Civil Engineering) , Please refer to full text to view abstract
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- Authors: Bredenkamp, Paul Jacques
- Date: 2014-04-16
- Subjects: Corrosion and anti-corrosives , Steel, Stainless
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:10787 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10295
- Description: M.Ing. (Civil Engineering) , Please refer to full text to view abstract
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