A preliminary comparison between the heterogeneous protocols and the water boiling test
- Makonese, Tafadzwa, Robinson, James, Pemberton-Pigott, Crispin, Annegarn, Harold
- Authors: Makonese, Tafadzwa , Robinson, James , Pemberton-Pigott, Crispin , Annegarn, Harold
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Domestic stoves , Water boiling test , Heterogeneous testing protocol , Thermal performance , Emissions
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:6244 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8188
- Description: Due to the need for the certification of stoves under both Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and voluntary market projects, there is now a strong drive to create testing protocols and standard operating procedures that simulate the real-world use of stoves. Given the current importance of stove performance tests as a basis for emissions inventories for global climate prediction models, improvements in performance testing are critical to derive representative estimates. This reinforces the need for robust testing protocols that can be used to create performance curves for the inter-comparison of a variety of fuel/stove/task combinations when applied to diverse cooking and space heating needs. Currently stove emission factors are derived from variants of either a Water Boiling Test (WBT) or a Controlled Cooking Test (CCT), in spite of well-documented problems associated with use of these methods. This paper aims to present both a conceptual and preliminary experimental comparison of stove testing methods between the standard WBT and the SeTAR Centre’s Heterogeneous Stove Testing Protocol (HTP) for thermal and emissions performance, using an ethanol gel stove. Recommendations will be drawn from the results and will have practical relevance for stove project managers and certification bodies to develop a set of criteria for improving existing testing protocols; and for stove developers in guiding improvements in existing stoves and the development of new designs.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Makonese, Tafadzwa , Robinson, James , Pemberton-Pigott, Crispin , Annegarn, Harold
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Domestic stoves , Water boiling test , Heterogeneous testing protocol , Thermal performance , Emissions
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:6244 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8188
- Description: Due to the need for the certification of stoves under both Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and voluntary market projects, there is now a strong drive to create testing protocols and standard operating procedures that simulate the real-world use of stoves. Given the current importance of stove performance tests as a basis for emissions inventories for global climate prediction models, improvements in performance testing are critical to derive representative estimates. This reinforces the need for robust testing protocols that can be used to create performance curves for the inter-comparison of a variety of fuel/stove/task combinations when applied to diverse cooking and space heating needs. Currently stove emission factors are derived from variants of either a Water Boiling Test (WBT) or a Controlled Cooking Test (CCT), in spite of well-documented problems associated with use of these methods. This paper aims to present both a conceptual and preliminary experimental comparison of stove testing methods between the standard WBT and the SeTAR Centre’s Heterogeneous Stove Testing Protocol (HTP) for thermal and emissions performance, using an ethanol gel stove. Recommendations will be drawn from the results and will have practical relevance for stove project managers and certification bodies to develop a set of criteria for improving existing testing protocols; and for stove developers in guiding improvements in existing stoves and the development of new designs.
- Full Text:
The global alliance for clean cookstoves: implications for South Africa
- Matinga, M. N., Robinson, J. W., Annegarn, H. J.
- Authors: Matinga, M. N. , Robinson, J. W. , Annegarn, H. J.
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves , Domestic stoves , Energy poverty , Clean energy
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:6242 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8186
- Description: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the newly launched Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves with the aim of highlighting the opportunities that it represents for South Africa. The paper argues that South Africa’s participation in the Alliance could support the developmental objectives of the country including: addressing equity issues related to energy poverty and health; supporting poverty alleviation efforts; supporting the Government’s constitutional commitments on clean air; and developing an innovative research, development and manufacturing sector. It further cites key lessons that South Africa can learn from Peru’s efforts to address indoor air pollution and concludes with a set of recommendations.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Matinga, M. N. , Robinson, J. W. , Annegarn, H. J.
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves , Domestic stoves , Energy poverty , Clean energy
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:6242 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8186
- Description: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the newly launched Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves with the aim of highlighting the opportunities that it represents for South Africa. The paper argues that South Africa’s participation in the Alliance could support the developmental objectives of the country including: addressing equity issues related to energy poverty and health; supporting poverty alleviation efforts; supporting the Government’s constitutional commitments on clean air; and developing an innovative research, development and manufacturing sector. It further cites key lessons that South Africa can learn from Peru’s efforts to address indoor air pollution and concludes with a set of recommendations.
- Full Text:
Mitigation of Ulaanbaatar city's air pollution - from source aportionment to ultra-low emission lignite burning stoves
- Lodoyasamba, S., Pemberton-Pigott, C.
- Authors: Lodoyasamba, S. , Pemberton-Pigott, C.
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Domestic stoves , Emissions , Air pollution - Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar , Clean energy
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:6245 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8189
- Description: The extraordinary air pollution in Ulaanbaatar (up to 4 200 μg m-3) was monitored using Nucleopore® filters and particle counters. Particle analysis confirmed low temperature coal combustion as the major air quality problem in poor districts. High time-resolution PM 2.5 data showed particles are emitted during the ignition of lignite fires. Over 50% of all PM comes from the ignition phase of stoves lighted in the morning and in the late afternoon after people arrive home from work. A laboratory (modelled on the SeTAR Centre Laboratory, University of Johannesburg) was established to quantify domestic stove emissions. Measured particulate matter was as much as 12 g m-3 of flue gases. Data analysis uses the SeTAR Centre Heterogeneous Testing Protocols and analytical methods. A combustor testing programme led rapidly to the development of an extremely clean-burning cooking and space heating stove that has been developed and brought to market within a single year. An acceptable 9 kW low-emission (up to 99% reduction of PM 2.5) and high efficiency (50% fuel savings) crossdraft cooking and space heating stove was developed and is being piloted for large scale production in Ulaanbaatar at this time.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Lodoyasamba, S. , Pemberton-Pigott, C.
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Domestic stoves , Emissions , Air pollution - Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar , Clean energy
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:6245 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8189
- Description: The extraordinary air pollution in Ulaanbaatar (up to 4 200 μg m-3) was monitored using Nucleopore® filters and particle counters. Particle analysis confirmed low temperature coal combustion as the major air quality problem in poor districts. High time-resolution PM 2.5 data showed particles are emitted during the ignition of lignite fires. Over 50% of all PM comes from the ignition phase of stoves lighted in the morning and in the late afternoon after people arrive home from work. A laboratory (modelled on the SeTAR Centre Laboratory, University of Johannesburg) was established to quantify domestic stove emissions. Measured particulate matter was as much as 12 g m-3 of flue gases. Data analysis uses the SeTAR Centre Heterogeneous Testing Protocols and analytical methods. A combustor testing programme led rapidly to the development of an extremely clean-burning cooking and space heating stove that has been developed and brought to market within a single year. An acceptable 9 kW low-emission (up to 99% reduction of PM 2.5) and high efficiency (50% fuel savings) crossdraft cooking and space heating stove was developed and is being piloted for large scale production in Ulaanbaatar at this time.
- Full Text:
Development of a low-smoke Mongolian coal stove using a heterogeneous testing protocol
- Authors: Pemberton-Pigott, Crispin
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Domestic stoves , Emissions , Heterogeneous testing protocol , Low-smoke coal stoves - Design , Air pollution - Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:6243 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8187
- Description: We report on the application in domestic stove development of heterogeneous test methods that can simultaneously quantify gaseous emissions, condensed particulates and the mass of fuel burned in real time. Such measurements can rapidly identify ideal combustion conditions by post-facto dividing the test into arbitrary segments for detailed analysis. Domestic coal stoves typically operate daily across a wide range of operating conditions. The analysis technique was applied repeatedly throughout the development of a lignite burning stove suitable for use in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, the coldest and most heavily air-polluted capital city in the world. The outcome is a natural draft chimney stove with a >99% reduction in PM 2.5 emissions and >90% reduction in CO, relative to the baseline product. Including the ignition phase, the fire emits less than 0.5 mg of PM2.5 per MegaJoule. This challenges the popular notion that high-volatiles ‘low quality’ coals are inherently smoky.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Pemberton-Pigott, Crispin
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Domestic stoves , Emissions , Heterogeneous testing protocol , Low-smoke coal stoves - Design , Air pollution - Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:6243 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8187
- Description: We report on the application in domestic stove development of heterogeneous test methods that can simultaneously quantify gaseous emissions, condensed particulates and the mass of fuel burned in real time. Such measurements can rapidly identify ideal combustion conditions by post-facto dividing the test into arbitrary segments for detailed analysis. Domestic coal stoves typically operate daily across a wide range of operating conditions. The analysis technique was applied repeatedly throughout the development of a lignite burning stove suitable for use in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, the coldest and most heavily air-polluted capital city in the world. The outcome is a natural draft chimney stove with a >99% reduction in PM 2.5 emissions and >90% reduction in CO, relative to the baseline product. Including the ignition phase, the fire emits less than 0.5 mg of PM2.5 per MegaJoule. This challenges the popular notion that high-volatiles ‘low quality’ coals are inherently smoky.
- Full Text:
Optimising the imbaula stove
- Kimemia, D.K., Annegarn, H.J., Robinson, J., Pemberton-Pigott, C., Molapo, V.
- Authors: Kimemia, D.K. , Annegarn, H.J. , Robinson, J. , Pemberton-Pigott, C. , Molapo, V.
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Imbaula stoves , Domestic stoves , Fuel combustion , Stove ignition , Basa njengo Magogo
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:6238 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8179
- Description: In South Africa, human and environmental health implications from domestic solid fuel combustion have spurred interest in cleaner alternative sources of energy and better combustion technologies. Field research among wood and coal burning informal settlements in Johannesburg has shown that the most prevalent mode of combustion is self-made imbaula (brazier) stoves, manufactured from discarded 20 L steel drums. Such stoves are made without any measure of performance optimisation, leading to fuel inefficiency and high emissions - previous field surveys have indicated that the number, size and placement of primary and secondary air inlets (taken as holes below and above the fire grate respectively) vary over a wide range, starting from an extreme with no holes below the grate [1]. Researchers at SeTAR Centre, University of Johannesburg, have set out to develop an enhanced imbaula, by investigating performance in terms of size and distribution of primary and secondary air inlets, and height of grate level. The test imbaulas are constructed out of standard 20 L drums with a height of 360 mm and diameter of 295 mm. A range of hole configurations has been designed, from which selected test configurations are fabricated for experimental evaluation of thermal and emissions properties, using the SeTAR heterogeneous testing protocol. The results indicate that higher hole densities (above and below the grate) lead to higher power outputs and lower specific CO emissions, but with lower thermal efficiency. Further, results indicate that adequate air holes below the grate (primary air) are more important for proper combustion in an imbaula; however this should be synchronised with secondary air in-lets (above the grid) in order to have congruence of all the performance criteria. This study should lead to the development of a set of criteria that can further enhance emissions reductions and fuel efficiency obtained by top-down stove ignition methods (Basa njengo Magogo) for imbaula type stoves.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Kimemia, D.K. , Annegarn, H.J. , Robinson, J. , Pemberton-Pigott, C. , Molapo, V.
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Imbaula stoves , Domestic stoves , Fuel combustion , Stove ignition , Basa njengo Magogo
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:6238 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8179
- Description: In South Africa, human and environmental health implications from domestic solid fuel combustion have spurred interest in cleaner alternative sources of energy and better combustion technologies. Field research among wood and coal burning informal settlements in Johannesburg has shown that the most prevalent mode of combustion is self-made imbaula (brazier) stoves, manufactured from discarded 20 L steel drums. Such stoves are made without any measure of performance optimisation, leading to fuel inefficiency and high emissions - previous field surveys have indicated that the number, size and placement of primary and secondary air inlets (taken as holes below and above the fire grate respectively) vary over a wide range, starting from an extreme with no holes below the grate [1]. Researchers at SeTAR Centre, University of Johannesburg, have set out to develop an enhanced imbaula, by investigating performance in terms of size and distribution of primary and secondary air inlets, and height of grate level. The test imbaulas are constructed out of standard 20 L drums with a height of 360 mm and diameter of 295 mm. A range of hole configurations has been designed, from which selected test configurations are fabricated for experimental evaluation of thermal and emissions properties, using the SeTAR heterogeneous testing protocol. The results indicate that higher hole densities (above and below the grate) lead to higher power outputs and lower specific CO emissions, but with lower thermal efficiency. Further, results indicate that adequate air holes below the grate (primary air) are more important for proper combustion in an imbaula; however this should be synchronised with secondary air in-lets (above the grid) in order to have congruence of all the performance criteria. This study should lead to the development of a set of criteria that can further enhance emissions reductions and fuel efficiency obtained by top-down stove ignition methods (Basa njengo Magogo) for imbaula type stoves.
- Full Text:
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