A cross-cultural investigation of young children’s spontaneous invention of tool use behaviours
- Neldner, Karri, Reindl, Eva, Tennie, Claudio, Grant, Julie, Tomaselli, Keyan, Nielsen, Mark
- Authors: Neldner, Karri , Reindl, Eva , Tennie, Claudio , Grant, Julie , Tomaselli, Keyan , Nielsen, Mark
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Tool use , Problem solving , Physical cognition
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/432558 , uj:37368 , Citation: Neldner K, Reindl E, Tennie C, Grant J, Tomaselli K, Nielsen M. 2020 A crosscultural investigation of young children’s spontaneous invention of tool use behaviours. R. Soc. Open Sci. 7: 192240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.192240
- Description: Abstract: Through the mechanisms of observation, imitation and teaching, young children readily pick up the tool using behaviours of their culture. However, little is known about the baseline abilities of children’s tool use: what they might be capable of inventing on their own in the absence of socially provided information. It has been shown that children can spontaneously invent 11 of 12 candidate tool using behaviours observed within the foraging behaviours of wild non-human apes (Reindl et al. 2016 Proc. R. Soc. B 283, 20152402. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2015. 2402)). However, no investigations to date have examined how tool use invention in children might vary across cultural contexts. The current study investigated the levels of spontaneous tool use invention in 2- to 5-year-old children from San Bushmen communities in South Africa and children in a large city in Australia on the same 12 candidate problemsolving tasks. Children in both cultural contexts correctly invented all 12 candidate tool using behaviours, suggesting that these behaviours are within the general cognitive and physical capacities of human children and can be produced in the absence of direct social learning mechanisms such as teaching or observation.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Neldner, Karri , Reindl, Eva , Tennie, Claudio , Grant, Julie , Tomaselli, Keyan , Nielsen, Mark
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Tool use , Problem solving , Physical cognition
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/432558 , uj:37368 , Citation: Neldner K, Reindl E, Tennie C, Grant J, Tomaselli K, Nielsen M. 2020 A crosscultural investigation of young children’s spontaneous invention of tool use behaviours. R. Soc. Open Sci. 7: 192240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.192240
- Description: Abstract: Through the mechanisms of observation, imitation and teaching, young children readily pick up the tool using behaviours of their culture. However, little is known about the baseline abilities of children’s tool use: what they might be capable of inventing on their own in the absence of socially provided information. It has been shown that children can spontaneously invent 11 of 12 candidate tool using behaviours observed within the foraging behaviours of wild non-human apes (Reindl et al. 2016 Proc. R. Soc. B 283, 20152402. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2015. 2402)). However, no investigations to date have examined how tool use invention in children might vary across cultural contexts. The current study investigated the levels of spontaneous tool use invention in 2- to 5-year-old children from San Bushmen communities in South Africa and children in a large city in Australia on the same 12 candidate problemsolving tasks. Children in both cultural contexts correctly invented all 12 candidate tool using behaviours, suggesting that these behaviours are within the general cognitive and physical capacities of human children and can be produced in the absence of direct social learning mechanisms such as teaching or observation.
- Full Text:
A cross-cultural investigation of young children’s spontaneous invention of tool use behaviours
- Nelder, Karri, Tennie, Claudio, Reindi, Eva, Grant, Julie, Tomaselli, Keyan, Nielsen, Mark
- Authors: Nelder, Karri , Tennie, Claudio , Reindi, Eva , Grant, Julie , Tomaselli, Keyan , Nielsen, Mark
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Tool use , Problem sovling , Physical cognition
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/434105 , uj:37561 , Nelder, K. et al. 2020: A cross-cultural investigation of young children’s spontaneous invention of tool use behaviours
- Description: Abstract: , Through the mechanisms of observation, imitation and teaching, young children readily pick up the tool using behaviours of their culture. However, little is known about the baseline abilities of children's tool use: what they might be capable of inventing on their own in the absence of socially provided information. It has been shown that children can spontaneously invent 11 of 12 candidate tool using behaviours observed within the foraging behaviours of wild non-human apes (Reindl et al. 2016 Proc. R. Soc. B283, 20152402. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.2402)). However, no investigations to date have examined how tool use invention in children might vary across cultural contexts. The current study investigated the levels of spontaneous tool use invention in 2- to 5-year-old children from San Bushmen communities in South Africa and children in a large city in Australia on the same 12 candidate problem-solving tasks. Children in both cultural contexts correctly invented all 12 candidate tool using behaviours, suggesting that these behaviours are within the general cognitive and physical capacities of human children and can be produced in the absence of direct social learning mechanisms such as teaching or observation. Children in both cultures were more likely to invent those tool behaviours more frequently observed in great ape populations than those less frequently observed, suggesting there is similarity in the level of difficulty of invention across these behaviours for all great ape species. However, children in the Australian sample invented tool behaviours and succeeded on the tasks more often than did the Bushmen children, highlighting that aspects of a child's social or cultural environment may influence the rates of their tool use invention on such task sets, even when direct social information is absent.
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- Authors: Nelder, Karri , Tennie, Claudio , Reindi, Eva , Grant, Julie , Tomaselli, Keyan , Nielsen, Mark
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Tool use , Problem sovling , Physical cognition
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/434105 , uj:37561 , Nelder, K. et al. 2020: A cross-cultural investigation of young children’s spontaneous invention of tool use behaviours
- Description: Abstract: , Through the mechanisms of observation, imitation and teaching, young children readily pick up the tool using behaviours of their culture. However, little is known about the baseline abilities of children's tool use: what they might be capable of inventing on their own in the absence of socially provided information. It has been shown that children can spontaneously invent 11 of 12 candidate tool using behaviours observed within the foraging behaviours of wild non-human apes (Reindl et al. 2016 Proc. R. Soc. B283, 20152402. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.2402)). However, no investigations to date have examined how tool use invention in children might vary across cultural contexts. The current study investigated the levels of spontaneous tool use invention in 2- to 5-year-old children from San Bushmen communities in South Africa and children in a large city in Australia on the same 12 candidate problem-solving tasks. Children in both cultural contexts correctly invented all 12 candidate tool using behaviours, suggesting that these behaviours are within the general cognitive and physical capacities of human children and can be produced in the absence of direct social learning mechanisms such as teaching or observation. Children in both cultures were more likely to invent those tool behaviours more frequently observed in great ape populations than those less frequently observed, suggesting there is similarity in the level of difficulty of invention across these behaviours for all great ape species. However, children in the Australian sample invented tool behaviours and succeeded on the tasks more often than did the Bushmen children, highlighting that aspects of a child's social or cultural environment may influence the rates of their tool use invention on such task sets, even when direct social information is absent.
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Children's tool innovation across culture
- Neldner, Karri, Redshaw, Jonathan, Murphy, Sean, Tomaselli, Keyan, Jacqueline, Davis,, Dixson, Barnaby, Nielsen, Mark
- Authors: Neldner, Karri , Redshaw, Jonathan , Murphy, Sean , Tomaselli, Keyan , Jacqueline, Davis, , Dixson, Barnaby , Nielsen, Mark
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Tool innovation , Cross-cultural , Innovation
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/407171 , uj:34262 , Citation: Neldner, K. et al. 2019: Children's tool innovation across culture.
- Description: Abstract: Prior research suggests that human children lack an aptitude for tool innovation. However, children’s tool making must be explored across a broader range of tasks and across diverse cultural contexts before we can conclude that they are genuinely poor tool innovators. To this end, we investigated children’s ability to independently construct three new tools using distinct actions: adding, subtracting and reshaping. We tested 422 children across a broad age range from five geographic locations across South Africa (N = 126), Vanuatu (N = 190) and Australia (N = 106), which varied in their levels of exposure to Westernized culture. Children were shown a horizontal, transparent tube that had a sticker in its middle. Children were sequentially given each incomplete tool, which when accurately constructed could be used to push the sticker out of the tube. As predicted, older children were better at performing the innovation tasks than younger children across all cultures and innovation actions. We also found evidence for cultural variation: while all non‐Western groups performed similarly, the Western group of children innovated at higher rates. However, children who did not innovate often adopted alternate methods when using the tools that also led to success. This suggests that children’s innovation levels are influenced by the cultural environment, and highlights the flexibility inherent in human children’s tool use.
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- Authors: Neldner, Karri , Redshaw, Jonathan , Murphy, Sean , Tomaselli, Keyan , Jacqueline, Davis, , Dixson, Barnaby , Nielsen, Mark
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Tool innovation , Cross-cultural , Innovation
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/407171 , uj:34262 , Citation: Neldner, K. et al. 2019: Children's tool innovation across culture.
- Description: Abstract: Prior research suggests that human children lack an aptitude for tool innovation. However, children’s tool making must be explored across a broader range of tasks and across diverse cultural contexts before we can conclude that they are genuinely poor tool innovators. To this end, we investigated children’s ability to independently construct three new tools using distinct actions: adding, subtracting and reshaping. We tested 422 children across a broad age range from five geographic locations across South Africa (N = 126), Vanuatu (N = 190) and Australia (N = 106), which varied in their levels of exposure to Westernized culture. Children were shown a horizontal, transparent tube that had a sticker in its middle. Children were sequentially given each incomplete tool, which when accurately constructed could be used to push the sticker out of the tube. As predicted, older children were better at performing the innovation tasks than younger children across all cultures and innovation actions. We also found evidence for cultural variation: while all non‐Western groups performed similarly, the Western group of children innovated at higher rates. However, children who did not innovate often adopted alternate methods when using the tools that also led to success. This suggests that children’s innovation levels are influenced by the cultural environment, and highlights the flexibility inherent in human children’s tool use.
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From ‘African cinema’ to film services industries : a cinematic fact
- Tomaselli, Keyan, Ureke, Oswelled
- Authors: Tomaselli, Keyan , Ureke, Oswelled
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: African cinema , Film services , Cinematic fact
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/257820 , uj:27094 , Citation: Tomaselli, K. & Ureke, O. 2017. From ‘African cinema’ to film services industries : a cinematic fact.
- Description: Abstract: This article problematises the universally used phrase ‘African cinema’ and explores how it can be examined in terms of a film services framework, which includes both industrial criteria and ideological shifts, as a way of deepening screen media studies in searching for a more holistic value chain framework. The main argument is that the idea of ‘African cinema’ especially as defined from racial, continental or ideological points of view, is outworn, reductive and in need of revision. The article complements other scholarly work situated in cinematic fact contexts of production.
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- Authors: Tomaselli, Keyan , Ureke, Oswelled
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: African cinema , Film services , Cinematic fact
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/257820 , uj:27094 , Citation: Tomaselli, K. & Ureke, O. 2017. From ‘African cinema’ to film services industries : a cinematic fact.
- Description: Abstract: This article problematises the universally used phrase ‘African cinema’ and explores how it can be examined in terms of a film services framework, which includes both industrial criteria and ideological shifts, as a way of deepening screen media studies in searching for a more holistic value chain framework. The main argument is that the idea of ‘African cinema’ especially as defined from racial, continental or ideological points of view, is outworn, reductive and in need of revision. The article complements other scholarly work situated in cinematic fact contexts of production.
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Griots, Satirical columns, and the micro public sphere
- Tomaselli, Keyan, Sakarombe, Phebbie
- Authors: Tomaselli, Keyan , Sakarombe, Phebbie
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Griot , Imbongi , Satire
- Language: English
- Type: Journal article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/125426 , uj:15466 , Tomaselli, Keyan. Sakarombe, Phebbie. 2015. Griots, Satirical columns, and the micro-public sphere. Journal of African Media Studies Volume 7 Number 3. doi: 10.1386/jams.7.3.315_1
- Description: This reflexive study examines the idea of African storytelling. It sheds light on a specific university newspaper column, The UKZN Griot. A critique of neoliberal managerialism backgrounds the discussion of the satirical column that examines the local in relation to global issues of academic governance. The Habermasian theory of the public sphere frames the discussion. Responses to the column are analysed in terms of power relations, resistance and democracy.
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- Authors: Tomaselli, Keyan , Sakarombe, Phebbie
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Griot , Imbongi , Satire
- Language: English
- Type: Journal article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/125426 , uj:15466 , Tomaselli, Keyan. Sakarombe, Phebbie. 2015. Griots, Satirical columns, and the micro-public sphere. Journal of African Media Studies Volume 7 Number 3. doi: 10.1386/jams.7.3.315_1
- Description: This reflexive study examines the idea of African storytelling. It sheds light on a specific university newspaper column, The UKZN Griot. A critique of neoliberal managerialism backgrounds the discussion of the satirical column that examines the local in relation to global issues of academic governance. The Habermasian theory of the public sphere frames the discussion. Responses to the column are analysed in terms of power relations, resistance and democracy.
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Imitation, collaboration and their interaction among western and indigenous Australian preschool children
- Nielsen, Mark, Mushin, Ilana, Tomaselli, Keyan, Whiten, Andrew
- Authors: Nielsen, Mark , Mushin, Ilana , Tomaselli, Keyan , Whiten, Andrew
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Social learning , Overimitation , Cultural transmission
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/122652 , uj:20685 , Citation: Nielsen, M. et al. 2016. Imitation, collaboration and their interaction among western and indigenous Australian preschool children.
- Description: Abstract: This study explored how overimitation and collaboration interact in 3 to 6-year-old children in Westernized (N=48 in Experiment 1; N=26 in Experiment 2) and Indigenous Australian communities (N=26 in Experiment 2). Whether working in pairs or on their own rates of overimitation did not differ. However, when the causal functions of modeled actions were unclear the Indigenous Australian children collaborated at enhanced rates compared with the Western children. When the causal role of witnessed actions was identifiable, collaboration rates were correlated with production of causally unnecessary actions, but in the Indigenous Australian children only. This study highlights how children employ imitation and collaboration when acquiring new skills and how the latter can be influenced by task structure and cultural background.
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- Authors: Nielsen, Mark , Mushin, Ilana , Tomaselli, Keyan , Whiten, Andrew
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Social learning , Overimitation , Cultural transmission
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/122652 , uj:20685 , Citation: Nielsen, M. et al. 2016. Imitation, collaboration and their interaction among western and indigenous Australian preschool children.
- Description: Abstract: This study explored how overimitation and collaboration interact in 3 to 6-year-old children in Westernized (N=48 in Experiment 1; N=26 in Experiment 2) and Indigenous Australian communities (N=26 in Experiment 2). Whether working in pairs or on their own rates of overimitation did not differ. However, when the causal functions of modeled actions were unclear the Indigenous Australian children collaborated at enhanced rates compared with the Western children. When the causal role of witnessed actions was identifiable, collaboration rates were correlated with production of causally unnecessary actions, but in the Indigenous Australian children only. This study highlights how children employ imitation and collaboration when acquiring new skills and how the latter can be influenced by task structure and cultural background.
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New political economies of film distribution for South Africa’s townships? a critical survey of the ReaGilè concept
- Mboti, Nyasha, Tomaselli, Keyan
- Authors: Mboti, Nyasha , Tomaselli, Keyan
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: ReaGile , Film distribution , South African townhips
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/${Handle} , uj:20292 , Citation: Mboti, N. & Tomaselli, K. 2016. New political economies of film distribution for South Africa’s townships? a critical survey of the ReaGilè concept.
- Description: Abstract: ReaGilès are pre-fabricated, self-contained, education and entertainment complexes situated on 400m² sites at local schools or public open spaces consisting of a 60 seat cinema, 30 seat computer and internet facility, community care and policing centre. These complexes were intended to service historically under-serviced peri-urban black dormitory townships and to help create jobs, especially amongst the youth, women and the disabled. The ReaGilè concept has the potential to revolutionise exhibition and distribution in local film industries in ways mirroring the ground-breaking Nollywood straight-to-DVD model. The article discusses the potential of the ReaGilè concept to offer solutions to the twin crises: of i) representation stemming from existing film distribution networks that limit micro-budget filmmakers and, ii) of government departments and local municipalities’ tendency towards dividing practices that objectivise the subject through frustrating development via delays, paperwork, never-ending meetings, fees, endless formalities and legalities, and red-tape. The authors posit that ReaGilè has the potential to creatively redesign formal distribution models and to fracture the narrow modernisation paradigm they deploy, replacing them with a responsive communication re/ordering and flexible distribution that restores subjectivity to the disenfranchised South African subject (the filmmaker from the township).
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- Authors: Mboti, Nyasha , Tomaselli, Keyan
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: ReaGile , Film distribution , South African townhips
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/${Handle} , uj:20292 , Citation: Mboti, N. & Tomaselli, K. 2016. New political economies of film distribution for South Africa’s townships? a critical survey of the ReaGilè concept.
- Description: Abstract: ReaGilès are pre-fabricated, self-contained, education and entertainment complexes situated on 400m² sites at local schools or public open spaces consisting of a 60 seat cinema, 30 seat computer and internet facility, community care and policing centre. These complexes were intended to service historically under-serviced peri-urban black dormitory townships and to help create jobs, especially amongst the youth, women and the disabled. The ReaGilè concept has the potential to revolutionise exhibition and distribution in local film industries in ways mirroring the ground-breaking Nollywood straight-to-DVD model. The article discusses the potential of the ReaGilè concept to offer solutions to the twin crises: of i) representation stemming from existing film distribution networks that limit micro-budget filmmakers and, ii) of government departments and local municipalities’ tendency towards dividing practices that objectivise the subject through frustrating development via delays, paperwork, never-ending meetings, fees, endless formalities and legalities, and red-tape. The authors posit that ReaGilè has the potential to creatively redesign formal distribution models and to fracture the narrow modernisation paradigm they deploy, replacing them with a responsive communication re/ordering and flexible distribution that restores subjectivity to the disenfranchised South African subject (the filmmaker from the township).
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Picking on the poor : the contradictions of theory and neo-liberal critique. A response to Stasja Koot's paper on the contradictions of capitalism for Indigenous tourism in the South African Kalahari
- Authors: Tomaselli, Keyan
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Bushmen , Kalahari , Indigenous tourism
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/233913 , uj:23892 , Citation: Tomaselli, K. 2017. Picking on the poor : the contradictions of theory and neo-liberal critique. A response to Stasja Koot's paper on the contradictions of capitalism for Indigenous tourism in the South African Kalahari.
- Description: Abstract: The relevance of neoliberal critique of a community-owned, but commercially managed lodge, is examined with regard to Stasja Koot’s paper on “The contradictions of capitalism” published in the Journal of Sustainable Tourism in 2016. Koot focuses on the ≠Khomani’s relationship with !Xaus Lodge in the Kalahari. This response critiques Koot’s methodology, theory and conclusions. This rejoinder provides the missing history of the project discussed, and details the financial evidence that cautions Koot’s interpretations. My analysis cautions about the relevance and use of his application of David Harvey’s Marxist-derived theory of spatial and temporal fixes. This response’s assessment is that Koot’s conclusions are arrived at without sufficient supporting evidence, and that his theory-led argument conceals a myriad of contextual contradictions. Some comment is offered on researcher’s positions and responsibilities.
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- Authors: Tomaselli, Keyan
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Bushmen , Kalahari , Indigenous tourism
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/233913 , uj:23892 , Citation: Tomaselli, K. 2017. Picking on the poor : the contradictions of theory and neo-liberal critique. A response to Stasja Koot's paper on the contradictions of capitalism for Indigenous tourism in the South African Kalahari.
- Description: Abstract: The relevance of neoliberal critique of a community-owned, but commercially managed lodge, is examined with regard to Stasja Koot’s paper on “The contradictions of capitalism” published in the Journal of Sustainable Tourism in 2016. Koot focuses on the ≠Khomani’s relationship with !Xaus Lodge in the Kalahari. This response critiques Koot’s methodology, theory and conclusions. This rejoinder provides the missing history of the project discussed, and details the financial evidence that cautions Koot’s interpretations. My analysis cautions about the relevance and use of his application of David Harvey’s Marxist-derived theory of spatial and temporal fixes. This response’s assessment is that Koot’s conclusions are arrived at without sufficient supporting evidence, and that his theory-led argument conceals a myriad of contextual contradictions. Some comment is offered on researcher’s positions and responsibilities.
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Practices in scholarly publishing : making sense of rejection
- Authors: Tomaselli, Keyan
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Scholarly publishing , Peer review
- Language: English
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/55490 , uj:16296 , Citation: Tomaselli, K. 2015. Practices in scholarly publishing : making sense of rejection. Critical Arts, 29(6):713-724, DOI: 10.1080/02560046.2015.1151107 , ISSN:0256-0046 , 10.1080/02560046.2015.1151107
- Description: Abstract: In South Africa, criticisms of peer review often hinge on allegations of racism, anti-African attitudes, and viewpoint discrimination. This article discusses the issue of peer-review, and examines these allegations in terms of claims of Western conceptual gatekeeping. Cautions are offered on allegations of exceptionalism, as are some strategies on dealing with the process of peer review.
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- Authors: Tomaselli, Keyan
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Scholarly publishing , Peer review
- Language: English
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/55490 , uj:16296 , Citation: Tomaselli, K. 2015. Practices in scholarly publishing : making sense of rejection. Critical Arts, 29(6):713-724, DOI: 10.1080/02560046.2015.1151107 , ISSN:0256-0046 , 10.1080/02560046.2015.1151107
- Description: Abstract: In South Africa, criticisms of peer review often hinge on allegations of racism, anti-African attitudes, and viewpoint discrimination. This article discusses the issue of peer-review, and examines these allegations in terms of claims of Western conceptual gatekeeping. Cautions are offered on allegations of exceptionalism, as are some strategies on dealing with the process of peer review.
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Research ethics in the kalahari : issues, contradictions and concerns
- Authors: Tomaselli, Keyan
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Kalahari , ≠Khomani bushmen , Ethics
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/387733 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/225464 , uj:22771 , Citation: Tomaselli, K. 2016. Research ethics in the kalahari : issues, contradictions and concerns.
- Description: Abstract: The effects of ethical clearance or institutional review board practices are discussed in relation to the experiences of academic field researchers on the one hand and indigenous research participants and/or co-generators of knowledge on the other. Ethical procedures such as protection (do no harm), control (micromanaging methods) and exploitation (taking ownership) are discussed in relation to researcher experiences in Southern Africa. Researcher-researched relations, researcher and subject alienation, ethics creep and the clash of ontologies is examined. Some tentative solutions are mentioned.
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- Authors: Tomaselli, Keyan
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Kalahari , ≠Khomani bushmen , Ethics
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/387733 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/225464 , uj:22771 , Citation: Tomaselli, K. 2016. Research ethics in the kalahari : issues, contradictions and concerns.
- Description: Abstract: The effects of ethical clearance or institutional review board practices are discussed in relation to the experiences of academic field researchers on the one hand and indigenous research participants and/or co-generators of knowledge on the other. Ethical procedures such as protection (do no harm), control (micromanaging methods) and exploitation (taking ownership) are discussed in relation to researcher experiences in Southern Africa. Researcher-researched relations, researcher and subject alienation, ethics creep and the clash of ontologies is examined. Some tentative solutions are mentioned.
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The influence of goal demotion on children’s reproduction of ritual behavior
- Nielsen, Mark, Tomaselli, Keyan, Kapitány, Rohan
- Authors: Nielsen, Mark , Tomaselli, Keyan , Kapitány, Rohan
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Ritual , Causal opacity , Goal demotion
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/274632 , uj:29308 , Citation: Nielsen, M., Tomaselli, K. & Kapitány, R. 2018. The influence of goal demotion on children’s reproduction of ritual behavior.
- Description: Abstract: Rituals are a ubiquitous feature of human behavior, yet we know little about the cognitive mechanisms that enable children to recognize them and respond accordingly. In this study, 3 to 6 year old children living in Bushman communities in South Africa were shown a sequence of causally irrelevant actions that differed in the extent to which goal demotion was a feature. The children consistently replicated the causally irrelevant actions but when such actions were also fully goal demoted they were reproduced at significantly higher rates. These findings highlight how causal opacity and goal demotion work in tandem to demarcate actions as being ritualistic, and specifically, how goal demotion uniquely influences the reproduction of ritualistic actions.
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- Authors: Nielsen, Mark , Tomaselli, Keyan , Kapitány, Rohan
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Ritual , Causal opacity , Goal demotion
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/274632 , uj:29308 , Citation: Nielsen, M., Tomaselli, K. & Kapitány, R. 2018. The influence of goal demotion on children’s reproduction of ritual behavior.
- Description: Abstract: Rituals are a ubiquitous feature of human behavior, yet we know little about the cognitive mechanisms that enable children to recognize them and respond accordingly. In this study, 3 to 6 year old children living in Bushman communities in South Africa were shown a sequence of causally irrelevant actions that differed in the extent to which goal demotion was a feature. The children consistently replicated the causally irrelevant actions but when such actions were also fully goal demoted they were reproduced at significantly higher rates. These findings highlight how causal opacity and goal demotion work in tandem to demarcate actions as being ritualistic, and specifically, how goal demotion uniquely influences the reproduction of ritualistic actions.
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The influence of goal demotion on children’s reproduction of ritual behavior
- Nielsen, Mark, Tomaselli, Keyan, Kapitány, Rohan
- Authors: Nielsen, Mark , Tomaselli, Keyan , Kapitány, Rohan
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Ritual , Causal opacity , Goal demotion
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/277945 , uj:29833 , Citation: Nielsen, M., Tomaselli, K. & Kapitány, R. 2018. The influence of goal demotion on children’s reproduction of ritual behavior.
- Description: Abstract: Rituals are a ubiquitous feature of human behavior, yet we know little about the cognitive mechanisms that enable children to recognize them and respond accordingly. In this study, 3 to 6 year old children living in Bushman communities in South Africa were shown a sequence of causally irrelevant actions that differed in the extent to which goal demotion was a feature. The children consistently replicated the causally irrelevant actions but when such actions were also fully goal demoted they were reproduced at significantly higher rates. These findings highlight how causal opacity and goal demotion work in tandem to demarcate actions as being ritualistic, and specifically, how goal demotion uniquely influences the reproduction of ritualistic actions.
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- Authors: Nielsen, Mark , Tomaselli, Keyan , Kapitány, Rohan
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Ritual , Causal opacity , Goal demotion
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/277945 , uj:29833 , Citation: Nielsen, M., Tomaselli, K. & Kapitány, R. 2018. The influence of goal demotion on children’s reproduction of ritual behavior.
- Description: Abstract: Rituals are a ubiquitous feature of human behavior, yet we know little about the cognitive mechanisms that enable children to recognize them and respond accordingly. In this study, 3 to 6 year old children living in Bushman communities in South Africa were shown a sequence of causally irrelevant actions that differed in the extent to which goal demotion was a feature. The children consistently replicated the causally irrelevant actions but when such actions were also fully goal demoted they were reproduced at significantly higher rates. These findings highlight how causal opacity and goal demotion work in tandem to demarcate actions as being ritualistic, and specifically, how goal demotion uniquely influences the reproduction of ritualistic actions.
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Young children from three diverse cultures spontaneously and consistently prepare for alternative future possibilities
- Redshaw, Jonathan, Suddendorf, Thomas, Neldner, Karri, Wilks, Matti, Tomaselli, Keyan, Mushin, Ilana, Nielsen, Mark
- Authors: Redshaw, Jonathan , Suddendorf, Thomas , Neldner, Karri , Wilks, Matti , Tomaselli, Keyan , Mushin, Ilana , Nielsen, Mark
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/276505 , uj:29591 , Citation: Redshaw, J. et al. 2018. Young children from three diverse cultures spontaneously and consistently prepare for alternative future possibilities.
- Description: Abstract: This study examined future-oriented behaviour in children (3-6 years; N = 193) from three diverse societies – one industrialised Western city (Brisbane, Australia) and two small, geographically isolated communities (Indigenous Australians and South African Bushmen). Children had the opportunity to prepare for two alternative versions of an immediate future event. Some 3-year-olds from all cultures performed well, and a majority of the oldest children from each culture prepared for both possibilities on all six trials. Although there were some cultural differences in the youngest age groups that approached ceiling performance, the overall results indicate that children across these communities become able to prepare for alternative futures during early childhood. This acquisition period is therefore not contingent on Western upbringing and may instead indicate normal cognitive maturation.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Redshaw, Jonathan , Suddendorf, Thomas , Neldner, Karri , Wilks, Matti , Tomaselli, Keyan , Mushin, Ilana , Nielsen, Mark
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/276505 , uj:29591 , Citation: Redshaw, J. et al. 2018. Young children from three diverse cultures spontaneously and consistently prepare for alternative future possibilities.
- Description: Abstract: This study examined future-oriented behaviour in children (3-6 years; N = 193) from three diverse societies – one industrialised Western city (Brisbane, Australia) and two small, geographically isolated communities (Indigenous Australians and South African Bushmen). Children had the opportunity to prepare for two alternative versions of an immediate future event. Some 3-year-olds from all cultures performed well, and a majority of the oldest children from each culture prepared for both possibilities on all six trials. Although there were some cultural differences in the youngest age groups that approached ceiling performance, the overall results indicate that children across these communities become able to prepare for alternative futures during early childhood. This acquisition period is therefore not contingent on Western upbringing and may instead indicate normal cognitive maturation.
- Full Text:
Young children from three diverse cultures spontaneously and consistently prepare for alternative future possibilities
- Redshaw, Jonathan, Suddendorf, Thomas, Neldner, Karri, Wilks, Matti, Tomaselli, Keyan, Mushin, Ilana, Nielsen, Mark
- Authors: Redshaw, Jonathan , Suddendorf, Thomas , Neldner, Karri , Wilks, Matti , Tomaselli, Keyan , Mushin, Ilana , Nielsen, Mark
- Date: 2019
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/407163 , uj:34261 , Citation: Redshaw, J. et al. 2019: Young children from three diverse cultures spontaneously and consistently prepare for alternative future possibilities.
- Description: Abstract: This study examined future-oriented behaviour in children (3-6 years; N = 193) from three diverse societies – one industrialised Western city (Brisbane, Australia) and two small, geographically isolated communities (Indigenous Australians and South African Bushmen). Children had the opportunity to prepare for two alternative versions of an immediate future event. Some 3-year-olds from all cultures performed well, and a majority of the oldest children from each culture prepared for both possibilities on all six trials. Although there were some cultural differences in the youngest age groups that approached ceiling performance, the overall results indicate that children across these communities become able to prepare for alternative futures during early childhood. This acquisition period is therefore not contingent on Western upbringing and may instead indicate normal cognitive maturation.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Redshaw, Jonathan , Suddendorf, Thomas , Neldner, Karri , Wilks, Matti , Tomaselli, Keyan , Mushin, Ilana , Nielsen, Mark
- Date: 2019
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/407163 , uj:34261 , Citation: Redshaw, J. et al. 2019: Young children from three diverse cultures spontaneously and consistently prepare for alternative future possibilities.
- Description: Abstract: This study examined future-oriented behaviour in children (3-6 years; N = 193) from three diverse societies – one industrialised Western city (Brisbane, Australia) and two small, geographically isolated communities (Indigenous Australians and South African Bushmen). Children had the opportunity to prepare for two alternative versions of an immediate future event. Some 3-year-olds from all cultures performed well, and a majority of the oldest children from each culture prepared for both possibilities on all six trials. Although there were some cultural differences in the youngest age groups that approached ceiling performance, the overall results indicate that children across these communities become able to prepare for alternative futures during early childhood. This acquisition period is therefore not contingent on Western upbringing and may instead indicate normal cognitive maturation.
- Full Text:
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