Energy savings reporting and uncertainty in measurement & verification
- Akinsooto, O., Pretorius, J.H.C., De Canha, D.
- Authors: Akinsooto, O. , Pretorius, J.H.C. , De Canha, D.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Energy savings , International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4990 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13125
- Description: This paper provides more detailed information on the application of the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP) guideline in the determination and reporting of energy savings. It stresses the need, the importance and an approach that can be used to report energy savings accurately in Measurement and Verification (M&V). The paper focusses on the fundamentals and the applications of the IPMVP in the determination and reporting of energy savings that result from energy efficiency intervention. The methodology applied here can be used to ensure complete compliance with the IPMVP guideline.
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- Authors: Akinsooto, O. , Pretorius, J.H.C. , De Canha, D.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Energy savings , International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4990 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13125
- Description: This paper provides more detailed information on the application of the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP) guideline in the determination and reporting of energy savings. It stresses the need, the importance and an approach that can be used to report energy savings accurately in Measurement and Verification (M&V). The paper focusses on the fundamentals and the applications of the IPMVP in the determination and reporting of energy savings that result from energy efficiency intervention. The methodology applied here can be used to ensure complete compliance with the IPMVP guideline.
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Residential solar water heating - measurement and verification case studies
- Chan Wing, S.N., De Canha, D., Pretorius, J.H.C.
- Authors: Chan Wing, S.N. , De Canha, D. , Pretorius, J.H.C.
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Solar irradiation , SWHs across country , IPMVP
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceeding
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/92075 , uj:20182 , Citation: Chan Wing, S.N., De Canha, D. & Pretorius, J.H.C. 2016. Residential solar water heating - measurement and verification case studies.
- Description: Abstract: South Africa is currently experiencing an electricity crisis. This, combined with the high levels of solar irradiation as well as the power utility’s need to reduce the country’s peak demand through DSM (Demand Side Management), has promoted the installation of solar water heaters (SWHs) in homes across the country. This paper presents three case studies which were M&V’d according to the IPMVP (International Performance Measurement & Verification Protocol). The methodology used does not require baseline measurements since the baseline is calculated from continuous measurements of thermal energy delivered by the newly installed SWHs and estimation of standing losses of the replaced electric water heater (EWH). This allows the homeowner to go ahead with the installation of the SWH without waiting for M&V to establish a baseline for the EWH which is being replaced. This method is preferred by homeowners and the DSM utility alike, since the installation of the SWH is not delayed by M&V. A measurement system including an electric power meter, inlet and outlet water temperature probes, ambient temperature probe, flow meter and GSM modem were developed to measure the service level and performance of the SWH. This measurement system along with a method for modelling the usage of an EWH are crucial to the M&V methodology employed. This paper describes the type of systems investigated, the M&V metering, M&V methodology, and the payback period of each system. The sensitivity of the savings with respect to EWH standing losses is investigated. This case study provides valuable information for those interested in studying or performing M&V on SWHs.
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- Authors: Chan Wing, S.N. , De Canha, D. , Pretorius, J.H.C.
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Solar irradiation , SWHs across country , IPMVP
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceeding
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/92075 , uj:20182 , Citation: Chan Wing, S.N., De Canha, D. & Pretorius, J.H.C. 2016. Residential solar water heating - measurement and verification case studies.
- Description: Abstract: South Africa is currently experiencing an electricity crisis. This, combined with the high levels of solar irradiation as well as the power utility’s need to reduce the country’s peak demand through DSM (Demand Side Management), has promoted the installation of solar water heaters (SWHs) in homes across the country. This paper presents three case studies which were M&V’d according to the IPMVP (International Performance Measurement & Verification Protocol). The methodology used does not require baseline measurements since the baseline is calculated from continuous measurements of thermal energy delivered by the newly installed SWHs and estimation of standing losses of the replaced electric water heater (EWH). This allows the homeowner to go ahead with the installation of the SWH without waiting for M&V to establish a baseline for the EWH which is being replaced. This method is preferred by homeowners and the DSM utility alike, since the installation of the SWH is not delayed by M&V. A measurement system including an electric power meter, inlet and outlet water temperature probes, ambient temperature probe, flow meter and GSM modem were developed to measure the service level and performance of the SWH. This measurement system along with a method for modelling the usage of an EWH are crucial to the M&V methodology employed. This paper describes the type of systems investigated, the M&V metering, M&V methodology, and the payback period of each system. The sensitivity of the savings with respect to EWH standing losses is investigated. This case study provides valuable information for those interested in studying or performing M&V on SWHs.
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Measurement & verification of coal fired power station maintenance projects
- De Canha, D., Pretorius, J.H.C., Prof.
- Authors: De Canha, D. , Pretorius, J.H.C., Prof.
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Measurement and verification , Steam feed pump , Turbine re-blade
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/80768 , uj:18762 , Citation: De Canha, D. & Pretorius, J.H.C. 2015. Measurement & verification of coal fired power station maintenance projects.
- Description: Abstract: A South African electricity utility implemented numerous power station improvement projects aimed at either increasing efficiency or output megawatts. This paper presents an overview of the process used to measure and verify (M&V) the energy and demand impacts of two projects at one of the power stations. The projects were a steam feed pump refurbishment and a high pressure turbine re-blade. The projects were M&V’d using the International Performance Measurement & Verification Protocol (IPMVP). This involves establishing a baseline model for the performance of the two units affected by the project. The post implementation performance of each unit is then compared to its baseline, after making adjustments for changes in operating conditions between the baseline and assessment periods. Both projects resulted in an increase in megawatts sent out. Additionally the turbine re-blade resulted in a 2.7% increase in efficiency.
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- Authors: De Canha, D. , Pretorius, J.H.C., Prof.
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Measurement and verification , Steam feed pump , Turbine re-blade
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/80768 , uj:18762 , Citation: De Canha, D. & Pretorius, J.H.C. 2015. Measurement & verification of coal fired power station maintenance projects.
- Description: Abstract: A South African electricity utility implemented numerous power station improvement projects aimed at either increasing efficiency or output megawatts. This paper presents an overview of the process used to measure and verify (M&V) the energy and demand impacts of two projects at one of the power stations. The projects were a steam feed pump refurbishment and a high pressure turbine re-blade. The projects were M&V’d using the International Performance Measurement & Verification Protocol (IPMVP). This involves establishing a baseline model for the performance of the two units affected by the project. The post implementation performance of each unit is then compared to its baseline, after making adjustments for changes in operating conditions between the baseline and assessment periods. Both projects resulted in an increase in megawatts sent out. Additionally the turbine re-blade resulted in a 2.7% increase in efficiency.
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Evaluation of savings from an underground fan replacement project
- De Canha, D., Pretorius, J.H.C., Laubscher, R., Van Rhyn, P.
- Authors: De Canha, D. , Pretorius, J.H.C. , Laubscher, R. , Van Rhyn, P.
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Measurement and verification , Energy efficiency , Underground ventilation
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/213676 , uj:21182 , De Canha, D. et al. 2016. Evaluation of savings from an underground fan replacement project.
- Description: Abstract: The savings calculation methodology from a fan replacement project is presented in this paper. The fans replaced are part of the underground ventilation system in a platinum mine. Initially, 290 axial flow fans rated at 45kW were to be replaced with carbon fibre composite fans. According to the manufacturer, the carbon fibre construction allowed for an optimum blade shape which results in the carbon fibre fan being more energy efficient. However, after the first few fans were replaced, it was discovered that the mine’s blasting activities caused the carbon fibre fans to crack and eventually fail. Fortunately, the manufacturer was able to produce a steel fan with similar performance to that of the carbon composite fans and continue replacing old fans in the mine. The savings were independently verified according to the International Performance Measurement & Verification Protocol (IPMVP). This involved testing old and new fans in a BS848 test duct and comparing the old and new fans at various operating points on their fan curves and making adjustments for operating conditions such as air density underground vs at the test duct. It was found that the new fans saved 5kW on average, across a range of operating points.
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- Authors: De Canha, D. , Pretorius, J.H.C. , Laubscher, R. , Van Rhyn, P.
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Measurement and verification , Energy efficiency , Underground ventilation
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/213676 , uj:21182 , De Canha, D. et al. 2016. Evaluation of savings from an underground fan replacement project.
- Description: Abstract: The savings calculation methodology from a fan replacement project is presented in this paper. The fans replaced are part of the underground ventilation system in a platinum mine. Initially, 290 axial flow fans rated at 45kW were to be replaced with carbon fibre composite fans. According to the manufacturer, the carbon fibre construction allowed for an optimum blade shape which results in the carbon fibre fan being more energy efficient. However, after the first few fans were replaced, it was discovered that the mine’s blasting activities caused the carbon fibre fans to crack and eventually fail. Fortunately, the manufacturer was able to produce a steel fan with similar performance to that of the carbon composite fans and continue replacing old fans in the mine. The savings were independently verified according to the International Performance Measurement & Verification Protocol (IPMVP). This involved testing old and new fans in a BS848 test duct and comparing the old and new fans at various operating points on their fan curves and making adjustments for operating conditions such as air density underground vs at the test duct. It was found that the new fans saved 5kW on average, across a range of operating points.
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Measurement & verification of a utility sponsored residential demand side management programme involving multiple technologies
- De Canha, D., Pretorius, J.H.C.
- Authors: De Canha, D. , Pretorius, J.H.C.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Energy efficiency - South Africa , Load shifting
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5008 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13148
- Description: Due to the low reserve margin on the electrical grid in South Africa many energy initiatives were introduced by the utility over the last decade. One such initiative was to roll out identified energy efficiency technologies at residential homes. The utility aimed to achieve a 90MW evening peak (18h00 to 20h00) demand reduction by distributing free CFLs, LEDs, geyser timers, pool timers and low flow shower roses to residential electricity customers throughout the country. This paper presents an overview of the process and methodology used to measure and verify (M&V) the energy and demand impact of the programme. The verified saving achieved was 87.2MW. This includes both an energy efficiency and a load shifting component. The project was M&V’d using the International Performance Measurement & Verification Protocol (IPMVP) and SANS 50010 standard for determining energy savings.
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- Authors: De Canha, D. , Pretorius, J.H.C.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Energy efficiency - South Africa , Load shifting
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5008 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13148
- Description: Due to the low reserve margin on the electrical grid in South Africa many energy initiatives were introduced by the utility over the last decade. One such initiative was to roll out identified energy efficiency technologies at residential homes. The utility aimed to achieve a 90MW evening peak (18h00 to 20h00) demand reduction by distributing free CFLs, LEDs, geyser timers, pool timers and low flow shower roses to residential electricity customers throughout the country. This paper presents an overview of the process and methodology used to measure and verify (M&V) the energy and demand impact of the programme. The verified saving achieved was 87.2MW. This includes both an energy efficiency and a load shifting component. The project was M&V’d using the International Performance Measurement & Verification Protocol (IPMVP) and SANS 50010 standard for determining energy savings.
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The selection of renewable energy technologies and their cost implications for a developing country : the case of South Africa
- Pillay, S., Pretorius, J.H.C., De Canha, D.
- Authors: Pillay, S. , Pretorius, J.H.C. , De Canha, D.
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Analytical hierarchy process , Solar energy , Renewable energy
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/259953 , uj:27363 , Citation: Pillay, S., Pretorius, J.H.C. & De Canha, D. 2017. The selection of renewable energy technologies and their cost implications for a developing country : the case of South Africa.
- Description: Abstract: Now more than ever, renewable energy technologies have become a key player in improving accessibility to energy on the African continent. Focusing on the developing nation of South Africa, published works have indicated approximately thirteen criteria for selecting renewable energy technologies. Consideration was given to developed criteria and how they were used from technical, economic, social, environmental and political stances. The aid of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and an established decision-model the author endeavored to substantiate a method of selecting appropriate technologies. These technologies were ranked in order of priority using South African energy projects. Case study information for onshore wind, solar photo-voltaic, concentrated solar thermal, biomass and small hydro energy alternatives were used to apply the decision-model for their ranking and prioritizing. The overall outcome of the decisionmodel identified that solar energy is the most suitable for South Africa and should be developed for long-term policy and energy roadmaps.
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- Authors: Pillay, S. , Pretorius, J.H.C. , De Canha, D.
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Analytical hierarchy process , Solar energy , Renewable energy
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/259953 , uj:27363 , Citation: Pillay, S., Pretorius, J.H.C. & De Canha, D. 2017. The selection of renewable energy technologies and their cost implications for a developing country : the case of South Africa.
- Description: Abstract: Now more than ever, renewable energy technologies have become a key player in improving accessibility to energy on the African continent. Focusing on the developing nation of South Africa, published works have indicated approximately thirteen criteria for selecting renewable energy technologies. Consideration was given to developed criteria and how they were used from technical, economic, social, environmental and political stances. The aid of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and an established decision-model the author endeavored to substantiate a method of selecting appropriate technologies. These technologies were ranked in order of priority using South African energy projects. Case study information for onshore wind, solar photo-voltaic, concentrated solar thermal, biomass and small hydro energy alternatives were used to apply the decision-model for their ranking and prioritizing. The overall outcome of the decisionmodel identified that solar energy is the most suitable for South Africa and should be developed for long-term policy and energy roadmaps.
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Negative energy impacts in the absence of proper baseline studies - a South African case study
- Pretorius, J.H.C., Van Rhyn, P., De Canha, D.
- Authors: Pretorius, J.H.C. , Van Rhyn, P. , De Canha, D.
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Measurement and verification , Energy efficiency , Underground ventilation
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/368139 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/213583 , uj:21171 , Citation: Pretorius, J.H.C., Van Rhyn, P & De Canha, D. 2016. Negative energy impacts in the absence of proper baseline studies - a South African case study.
- Description: Abstract: Energy Conservation projects have become a focus area throughout the world in an attempt to reduce greenhouse gasses. These projects encompass various energy efficient technologies of which the retrofit of old technologies with new technology has become a common phenomenon. Energy savings are usually quantified by comparing actual post-retrofit energy consumption levels with baseline levels representative of the preretrofit status quo, adjusted for changes in energy drivers (e.g. weather). Baseline adjustments during energy conservation projects are of the utmost importance if operating conditions, occupancies, ambient temperatures, production levels and other factors have changed between the baseline period and the postretrofit period. During a recent case study in South Africa, an HVAC retrofit was done on a multistorey building where old technology air-conditioners were replaced with heat pump based units with inverters. To the disappointment of the landlord, the post energy measurements exceeded the baseline energy consumption by approximately 12% without any changes in operating conditions. This paper illustrates the catastrophic effects when an energy efficiency project is accelerated to the implementation stage without due consideration of operating conditions during the pre-implementation stage. A qualitative analysis prior to baseline establishment is proposed.
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- Authors: Pretorius, J.H.C. , Van Rhyn, P. , De Canha, D.
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Measurement and verification , Energy efficiency , Underground ventilation
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/368139 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/213583 , uj:21171 , Citation: Pretorius, J.H.C., Van Rhyn, P & De Canha, D. 2016. Negative energy impacts in the absence of proper baseline studies - a South African case study.
- Description: Abstract: Energy Conservation projects have become a focus area throughout the world in an attempt to reduce greenhouse gasses. These projects encompass various energy efficient technologies of which the retrofit of old technologies with new technology has become a common phenomenon. Energy savings are usually quantified by comparing actual post-retrofit energy consumption levels with baseline levels representative of the preretrofit status quo, adjusted for changes in energy drivers (e.g. weather). Baseline adjustments during energy conservation projects are of the utmost importance if operating conditions, occupancies, ambient temperatures, production levels and other factors have changed between the baseline period and the postretrofit period. During a recent case study in South Africa, an HVAC retrofit was done on a multistorey building where old technology air-conditioners were replaced with heat pump based units with inverters. To the disappointment of the landlord, the post energy measurements exceeded the baseline energy consumption by approximately 12% without any changes in operating conditions. This paper illustrates the catastrophic effects when an energy efficiency project is accelerated to the implementation stage without due consideration of operating conditions during the pre-implementation stage. A qualitative analysis prior to baseline establishment is proposed.
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