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A framework for growth of small and medium-size construction firms : a literature review

- Arthur-Aidoo, B.M., Aigbavboa, C.O., Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku

  • Authors: Arthur-Aidoo, B.M. , Aigbavboa, C.O. , Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku
  • Date: 2015
  • Subjects: Construction firms , Framework , Growth
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/85381 , uj:19338 , Citation: Arthur-Aidoo, B.M., Aigbavboa, C.O. & Thwala, W.D. 2015. A framework for growth of small and medium-size construction firms : a literature review.
  • Description: Abstract: Small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) are considered as the engine of growth in most economies due to their significant contribution in terms of employment and natural development. SMEs growth within an economy is, therefore, paramount. Growth of SMEs firms has been deliberated in literature as an expansion. This development is classified as either organic (internal expansion) or inorganic (expansion by integration). Literature has also stressed on the eased at which these construction SMEs enter the market environment and quickly exit due to peculiar challenges including growth. Therefore, this study seeks to establish a framework for SMEs in the construction industry in order to foster their growth. The study adopted the use of extensive use of literature. This was supported by informal semi-structured interviews which involved construction industry professionals as the papulation. The research focused on the determinants of growth and how thesefactors will be established The study concludes thatfor growth to be ascertained in afirm, there must be an integration of both the internal and external variables to influence growth.
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A framework for higher education and industry linkage in the Ghanaian built environment

- Alhassan, M., Aigbavboa, C.O., Atepor, L.

  • Authors: Alhassan, M. , Aigbavboa, C.O. , Atepor, L.
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Industry , Linkage , Education
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/216891 , uj:21567 , Citation: Alhassan, M., Aigbavboa, C.O & Atepor, L. 2016. A framework for higher education and industry linkage in the Ghanaian built environment.
  • Description: Abstract: One of the challenges we face as a nation is the absence of relevance or responsiveness of the polytechnic training efforts to the changing needs of industry and society. The overall purpose of this study is to explore the effectiveness of industrial attachment collaboration between higher institutions and the industry. The objectives are to identify the relevance of the polytechnic curricula to industry and the world of work. To find how Polytechnics are actively involved in the monitoring and assessment of students’ industrial attachment. To determine the capacity of the polytechnics in the delivery of both theory and practical lessons. To identify major constraints faced by polytechnics and the Industry during attachment. To find out how mutual benefits between polytechnics and Industry are likely to strengthen collaborations. Existing research works were conducted in the research area. The industrial attachment is expected to give students the requisite practical skill and for that matter the needed manpower necessary for national development.
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A literature review on the barriers to the adaptation and implementation of Building Information Modelling in the South Africa Construction Industry

- Kekana, T.G., Aigbavboa, C.O.

A model for assessing the housing satisfaction of beneficiaries in publicly funded housing in South Africa

- Aigbavboa, C.O.

  • Authors: Aigbavboa, C.O.
  • Date: 2015
  • Subjects: Housing satisfaction , Housing adequacy , Beneficiaries’ satisfaction,
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/68880 , uj:17791 , Citation: Aigbavboa, C.O. 2015. A model for assessing the housing satisfaction of beneficiaries in publicly funded housing in South Africa.
  • Description: Abstract: A model is proposed for predicting and measuring the housing satisfaction level of public housing schemes in South Africa, a case study of the Gauteng Province (economic hub of Southern Africa). The suggested model assumes the measurement of housing satisfaction both subjectively, in terms of beneficiaries’ satisfaction with the housing environment; the adequacy level of the dwelling and its environment. It is hoped that such a model will help in testing different types of public housing provisions in South Africa and assist in identifying the most predictive and useful factors that need to be given proper consideration in the implementation of policy governing public housing provision. This paper introduces the model and its development process and the outcome of its testing and the validation programme will be reported later. It is important to note that the research model has been developed to fit the conditions of South Africa and its application in a different set of condition would need further alteration and adjustment to fit the specific context.
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A review of indigenous firm’s competitiveness in the construction industries of developing countries

- Somiah, M.K., Aigbavboa, C.O.

A theoretical assessment of the performance of Small and Medium Sized Enterprise through lmowledge management in the South Africa construction industry

- Mametja, W., Aigbavboa, C.O.

Adopting innovative methods in the Ghanaian construction industry

- Eyiah-Botwe, E., Aigbavboa, C.O., Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku

  • Authors: Eyiah-Botwe, E. , Aigbavboa, C.O. , Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Barriers , Housing , Modern method of construction
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/216984 , uj:21581 , Citation: Eyiah-Botwe, E., Aigbavboa, C.O & Thwala, W.D. 2016. Adopting innovative methods in the Ghanaian construction industry.
  • Description: Abstract: Increased demand for building infrastructure delivery advocates for innovative construction methods. This paper examines the concept and application of Modern Method of Construction used in the South-West UK, and the Innovative Building Technologies in South Africa. It assesses the methods, current use, off-site manufacturing; identifies and evaluates aspects of the construction process typically used with the aim of identifying and analysing the barriers and merits for the adoption in the Ghanaian construction industry. The research design adopts a qualitative method and case study of two housing projects as part of a broader study to determine an appropriate innovative construction method to meet project targets of time, cost, quality and improved delivery for the Ghanaian industry. The study finds; convenience; speed; reduced cost and improved delivery as the key success factors though there is less than 5% use of the innovative methods in the entire sector for mainly repetitive housing, schools and hospital projects. Negative end-users perception of building quality and low satisfaction; less government intervention through education; promotion; availability of off-site contractors and materials were also the barriers identified. Management contract is adopted in most cases hence the risk transferred to the management contractors. Lessons learnt are outlined and recommendation made for government action plans to mitigate the barriers during its implementation in the Ghanaian construction industry.
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An assessment of factors affecting risk management in the South African construction industry

- Seku, L., Aigbavboa, C.O., Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku

  • Authors: Seku, L. , Aigbavboa, C.O. , Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku
  • Date: 2015
  • Subjects: Construction industry , Construction risk management , Construction projects
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/73287 , uj:18390 , Citation: Seku, L., Aigbavboa, C.O. & Thwala, W.D. 2015. An assessment of factors affecting risk management in the South African construction industry.
  • Description: Abstract: Purpose The research aims to assess and evaluate the techniques used in managing risks in South African construction projects, the effectiveness of risk management techniques that are currently in use and the factors that influence the use of risk management by contractors in their projects. Methodology The data used in this paper were derived from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data was obtained through the use of a structured questionnaire survey. This was distributed to Contractors operating in Gauteng province. One hundred and eight structured questionnaires were used for the survey. Out of the 108 questionnaires sent out, all were received back representing 100% response rate, these formed the basis of the analysis for the paper. The secondary data for the study was derived from the review of literatures. Findings The empirical studies have identified that risk management in the South Africa construction is mostly influenced and affected by the size of company, education and experience of construction company and managers. The study also revealed that the majority of South African contractors are aware and make use of the structured process of risk management. Value The study contributes to the body of knowledge the use of risk management in the South African construction industry.
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An assessment of infrastructure financing in South Africa : a theoretical assessment

- Chiloane, K.O., Aigbavboa, C.O.

  • Authors: Chiloane, K.O. , Aigbavboa, C.O.
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Infrastructure , Finance , South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/215197 , uj:21377 , Citation: Chiloane, K.O & Aigbavboa, C.O. 2016. An assessment of infrastructure financing in South Africa : a theoretical assessment.
  • Description: Abstract: Infrastructure development in many countries is considered as the most important factor which contributes to production growth by encouraging economic activities, productivity and improving the quality of life. Infrastructure is considered to have a positive and significant effect on productivity growth in all sectors of the economy. Infrastructure development is a means of promoting economic growth and it is essential for any country to investment in infrastructure that will leads to economic growth. Infrastructure is categorized in different category namely: physical infrastructure (which includes water system, electricity, roads and transport, etc.) and social infrastructure (which includes education and health facilities). In simple words infrastructure development aid to stimulates economic growth and create jobs for citizens. This is the indication that government must invest in infrastructure development and enjoy the benefits their investments will stimulates and also to maintain service delivery to the public. The objective of this study is to assess the sources of infrastructure financing in South Africa. The study is conducted with reference to existing theoretical literature, published and unpublished researches in order to assess the sources of infrastructure financing in South Africa. Findings revealed that there are major sources of infrastructure financing which includes: tax revenues; lenders to government or enterprises (loans or guarantees); private investors (equity); development agencies (loans); donors (grants); tariffs and public-private partnerships. The study is conducted with reference to existing literature, unpublished and published research. Hence, this study assess the sources of infrastructure financing in South Africa and presented a robust background on the current sources of infrastructure financing. The findings of this study thus contribute to the body of knowledge on infrastructure financing and other available sources of infrastructure financing other than the use of taxation revenues to finance infrastructure. Furthermore, the findings provides a robust understanding of the need and importance of financing infrastructure.
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An exploration of public private partnership in infrastructure development in South Africa

- Aigbavboa, C.O., Liphadzi, M., Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku

  • Authors: Aigbavboa, C.O. , Liphadzi, M. , Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku
  • Date: 2014
  • Subjects: Building energy efficiency assessment
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: uj:4792 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12044
  • Description: Building energy efficiency assessment (BEEA) is an important area in both the built environment and energy management. Over the years it has received increasing attention among researchers due to the pertinent sustainability issues. What is the common practice in building energy assessment research methodology? This study attempts to find the common practice in BEEA research methodology to find out how developing countries can be equipped to do more research in this field. In this paper five major journals in the field of building energy are quantitatively reviewed with a particular interest in identifying what methods and approaches have been presented or employed in BEEA. A scanning of the search results gave a list of 63 articles that are considered relevant to the research interest. The assessment methods were introduced and categorized in a manner that helps the readers get the best sense of the overall picture. The results indicate that 65% of the studies employed more than one research method and documentation dominated BEEA research. The study showed that to develop the research capacity of developing countries in this area the need for expertise, availability of data and policy direction needs to be in place.
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An integrated framework for maintenance of public buildings in Ghana

- Owusu, D., Aigbavboa, C.O.

  • Authors: Owusu, D. , Aigbavboa, C.O.
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Maintenance , Public buildings , Integrated framework
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/216860 , uj:21562 , Citation: Owusu, D & Aigbavboa, C.O. 2016. An integrated framework for maintenance of public buildings in Ghana.
  • Description: Abstract: Maintenance works is an important function in organizations with significant investment in physical assets. This aids to prolong the life of these assets and plays an important role in achieving organizational goals. Acknowledging the need of a systematic maintenance for public buildings, this research therefore is seen as the vital approach to highlight and to assist the improvement on the maintenance for public buildings. This research intents to integrate two key elements, namely, the importance and the needs of the maintenance, with the aim of developing an integrated framework for a systematic maintenance programme for public buildings in Ghana. The study is a social research which is focused on obtaining perceptions or opinions of the caretakers, maintenance experts and other stakeholders who are key in the implementation of maintenance programmes for public buildings. The nature of this investigation will be undertaken through a cross sectional survey design and will make use of a mix of qualitative and quantitative research strategies. This study will be conducted in government owned universities in Ghana. The research will be limited to respondents who are involved in maintenance of these public universities. The respondents will represent government departments, budget officers, maintenance officers, community consultants, contractors, designers, engineers, project managers, town planners and cultural heritage preservation experts. The involvement of multiple project stakeholders in this study will provide in-depth views and aid validate the research findings. The study will employ both probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling techniques. Purposive sampling will be use to narrow the sample frame to only universities owned by the government and used in selecting the experts and other key stakeholders while systematic sampling will be used to select the actual buildings from various universities to be analyzed...
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An integrated framework for the implementation of sustainable road infrastructure projects in developing countries

- Ametepey, S.A., Aigbavboa, C.O.

  • Authors: Ametepey, S.A. , Aigbavboa, C.O.
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Developing countries , Infrastructure development , Road infrastructure
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/216686 , uj:21539 , Citation: Ametepey, S.A & Aigbavboa, C.O. 2016. An integrated framework for the implementation of sustainable road infrastructure projects in developing countries.
  • Description: Abstract: With recent unprecedented environmental deterioration becoming more adverse worldwide, discussions by the international community for establishing an appropriate response policy against this menace has become more urgent. This has led the world to focus on a new sustainable development agenda tagged Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A significant section of the SDGs focuses on sustainable infrastructure development. Therefore, the road infrastructure sector cannot be left out of the sustainability agenda since it forms a significant part of infrastructure development. Though there are a few sustainability interventions in road infrastructure development, they are limited and unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to develop an integrated framework to guide the implementation of sustainable road infrastructure projects in developing countries. The study will adopt a mixed method approach. Face-to-face interviews on selected representatives of key stakeholders will be carried out to select and classify, confirm and prioritize a list of sustainability performance targets that will be identified through literature and past research. A Delphi technique through questionnaire survey will be used to explore the extent to which the sustainability criteria and indicators impact or influence on Sustainable road infrastructure project implementation in developing countries. Through the identification and integration of different perceptions and priority needs of the stakeholders, as well as key sustainability indicators and solutions for critical issues, a set of decision-making guidelines will be developed to promote and drive consistent sustainability deliverables in road infrastructure projects. The study is expected to provide an innovative and practical framework which will aid road infrastructure development stakeholders in the implementation of Sustainable Road Infrastructure projects.
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An investigation of the major causes of failure in construction small businesses : a case study of the Gauteng Province

- Eke, C.C., Aigbavboa, C.O., Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku

An Investigation on the Ways to improve further development and success of construction Small, Medium and micro enterprise in the Gauteng Province of South Africa

- Tshikhudo, L.M., Aigbavboa, C.O., Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku

Assessing beneficiaries’ needs and expectations as a determinant of residential satisfaction in South Africa

- Aigbavboa, C.O.

  • Authors: Aigbavboa, C.O.
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Confirmatory factor analysis , Needs and expectations , Housing satisfaction , Structural equation modelling
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/93879 , uj:20403 , Citation: Aigbavboa, C.O. 2016. Assessing beneficiaries’ needs and expectations as a determinant of residential satisfaction in South Africa.
  • Description: Abstract: Purpose: There is an integral link between theory and measurement suggesting that validation of measures should be the first stage of theory testing. The aim of the present study was to validate the factorial validity of needs and expectations features as determinants of low-income residents’ housing satisfaction in South Africa. Methodology: Empirical data were collected by a questionnaire survey conducted among 751 low-income housing residents’ in three metropolitan and one district municipality in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. Data gathered via the questionnaire survey were analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM) version 6.2 which was used to assess the factorial structure of the constructs. Findings: SEM analysis revealed that the internal consistency coefficients were over 0.70 criterions for acceptability and the constructs showed a good mode fit to the sample data. The Z-statistics analysis revealed that the construct (needs and expectations) have direct influence in determining low-income residents’ satisfaction with their houses. Conclusion: The SEM result advocates a practical consideration of the construct and its respective indicator variables in future development of low-income housing in South Africa.
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Assessment of atmospheric pollution reduction : challenging issue for developing countries

- Mustapha, Z., Aigbavboa, C.O., Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku

  • Authors: Mustapha, Z. , Aigbavboa, C.O. , Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku
  • Date: 2015
  • Subjects: Atmospheric pollution , Challenging issues , Developing countries
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/73973 , uj:18482 , Citation: Mustapha, Z., Aigbavboa, C.O. & Thwala, W.D. 2015. Assessment of atmospheric pollution reduction : challenging issue for developing countries.
  • Description: Abstract: Air pollution has been a menace in recent years posing serious threats to environmental and social wellbeing. One death out of every eight global deaths was linked to polluted air. The review of literature in the existing body of knowledge becomes paramount in order to continue with the research on the subject matter. The study will enable the road map for the assessment of the challenging issues related to atmospheric pollution in developing countries. A total number of thirty-five studies relevant to atmospheric pollution were selected out of the total number of fifty studies. The review of literature looked into details on different views from various scholars about the challenges faced by developing countries on air pollution and appropriate control measures. Discussion was also in the various countries that are on the priority list of industrial technologies for protection and exploitation of developed technologies, as well as the forms of technologies for future air pollution control measures. The findings from the literature review showed that the environmental health risk facing the world now is air pollution. This has resulted in the death of millions of people. It was also mostly mentioned that outdoor air pollution exposure levels have risen significantly in some parts of the world, particularly in countries with large populations’ growth through rapid industrialization, such as China and India. The paper presented the assessment of atmospheric pollution reduction: a challenging issue for developing countries. The evidence in literature signals the need for concerted effort to clean up the air we all breathe to save millions of lives.
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Awareness and utilization of construction videos in the teaching of construction technology courses in Ghana

- Adjei, K.O., Aigbavboa, C.O., Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku

  • Authors: Adjei, K.O. , Aigbavboa, C.O. , Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Building technology , Construction videos , Construction technology courses
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/213255 , uj:21125 , Citation: Adjei, K.O., Aigbavboa, C.O & Thwala, W. D. 2016. Awareness and utilization of construction videos in the teaching of construction technology courses in Ghana.
  • Description: Abstract: This study explores the use of construction videos as an educational tool in the teaching of construction technology courses in Ghana. The objectives were to find out the g. The study mostly used quantitative data. The population and sample size comprised lecturers who handled the courses from the first to final years' in the Higher National Diploma Building Technology programme in the top five Polytechnics namely; Accra, Kumasi, Takoradi, Koforidua and Cape Coast. Cluster sampling technique was used in selecting respondents. Structured interview in the form of questionnaires was used with 100% response rate. The findings revealed that, the 100% awareness of construction videos were; megastructure world's tallest hotel, formwork to columns and beams, building technology industrialised building system and modern home construction technique. Most of the respondents used construction videos from downloads to teach which followed by those who access it online. The least respondents refer students to watch it during teaching. Level100 bad substructure, superstructure walls and columns, and retaining walls videos mostly used in teaching. Level 200 bad staircase, roof, framed structures construction videos fairly used in the teaching of construction technology course. Level 300 bad industrialised building system, precast and road videos used in teaching. It is however recommended that project consultants who work on projects to be executed by top class contractors should add a draft in the conditions of contract that the project would be videoed for educational purpose.
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Barriers to implementation of construction innovation and measures of mitigating these barriers

- Arthur-Aidoo, B.M., Aigbavboa, C.O., Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku

  • Authors: Arthur-Aidoo, B.M. , Aigbavboa, C.O. , Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku
  • Date: 2015
  • Subjects: Structured Interviewinterview , Construction innovation
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/72347 , uj:18267 , Citation: Arthur-Aidoo, B.M., Aigbavboa, C.0. & Thwala, W.D. 2015. Barriers to implementation of construction innovation and measures of mitigating these barriers.
  • Description: Abstract: Emphasis on the importance of innovation within the construction industry to a larger extent has received an increased call. The need for the construction industry to facilitate technological innovations in order to maintain a competitive edge in the market lower Construction cost, improve quality, maximize productivity and meet the infrastructure need of the economy has been further emphasized. Realization of this increased importance of innovation will be nullified if the barriers to implementation of innovation are not understudied with provisions of stringent measures to mitigate the barriers to innovation. This exploratory paper analyses the barriers to implementation of construction innovation in the construction industry and likewise proposes measures of reducing the barriers to construction innovation. The research methodology includes extensive literature review supported with and random interviews. In all thirty (30) contractors, clients and construction association professionals were contacted via structured interviews to ascertain the existence and severity of the barriers. Findings from the study revealed that some of the barriers to construction innovation include: industry barriers, organizational barriers, legislative and regulatory barriers amongst others. It is recommended that effective collaboration within the construction sector and its stakeholders should be fostered in order to facilitate construction innovation as evidenced from other industries. Moreover, the formulation and cooperation of governmental and institutional policies which does not suppress construction companies must be established.
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Beneficiary participation defined - a South Africa perspective

- Aigbavboa, C.O., Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku

  • Authors: Aigbavboa, C.O. , Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku
  • Date: 2015
  • Subjects: Beneficiary participation , Housing , Housing policy
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/372614 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/81352 , uj:18817 , Citation: Aigbavboa, C.O. & Thwala, W.D. 2015. Beneficiary participation defined - a South Africa perspective.
  • Description: Abstract: Beneficiaries’ participation is a rich concept that varies with its application and definition. The way participation is defined, depends on the context in which it occurs. For some scholars, it is a matter of principle; for others, a matter of practice; for even more it is an end in itself. Hence, in this paper a South Africa perspective on the definition of participation will be discussed in relation to subsidised low-income housing beneficiaries. The data used in this research were derived from secondary sources only; through a detailed review of related literature on the subject in order to meet the research objectives. The study is a South Africa perspective on the definition of participation. From the review of the extant literature, it was found that participation is a stereotyped word like children use Lego pieces. Like Lego pieces, the words fit arbitrarily together and support the most fanciful constructions. They have no content but do serve a function. As these words are separate from any context, they are ideal for manipulative purposes. Hence, it was found that ‘Participation’ belongs to this category of word. Therefore, because involvements in projects and other ventures gives people a better understanding of their interests and the interests of others, and, in some cases, brings them to see what would be best for the entire group, this study thus contribute to the body of knowledge in the conceptualisation of subsidised low-income beneficiary participation in South Africa.
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Challenges facing construction site management in the Swaziland construction industry

- Dube, N.N.F., Aigbavboa, C.O., Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku

  • Authors: Dube, N.N.F. , Aigbavboa, C.O. , Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku
  • Date: 2015
  • Subjects: Construction industry , Site management , Swaziland
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/383970 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/75700 , uj:18708 , Citation: Dube, N.N.F., Aigbavboa, C.O. & Thwala, W.D. 2015. Challenges facing construction site management in the Swaziland construction industry.
  • Description: Abstract: Site Management involves a mixture of activities that turn basic resources into a finished product. Construction is seen as the conversion of raw resource inputs into defined functioning output by means of a managed process. Therefore, the construction site is viewed as a key area where money is made or lost and where there is considerable scope for improving efficiency, productivity and quality. Achieving good site management on construction sites is imperative. Hence, this paper present research findings on the challenges affecting construction site management on construction sites in the Swaziland construction industry. The study was conducted with reference to existing theoretical literature and the use of a survey questionnaire distributed to 120 participants in the construction industry. The questionnaire survey participants include: construction professionals and contractors. The questionnaires were analysed through the use of multivariate statistics. To ascertain the validity and reliability of the results, the study made use of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Findings emanating from the study showed that there are several challenging and management problems that affects effective construction site management in Swaziland. The identified findings from the questionnaire analysis include: time, limited budget, planning, and non-adherence to specification which often cause defects, disputes and delays. The study findings contribute to the understanding of snags affecting effective construction site management in the Swaziland construction industry.
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