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Validating and identifying health and safety performance improvement indicators : experience of using Delphi technique

- Agumba, Justus N., Haupt, Theo

  • Authors: Agumba, Justus N. , Haupt, Theo
  • Date: 2015
  • Subjects: Delphi technique , Indicators , Methodology
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/87674 , uj:19608 , Citation: Agumba, J.N. & Haupt, T. 2015. Validating and identifying health and safety performance improvement indicators : experience of using Delphi technique.
  • Description: Abstract: The literature on health and safety (H&S) is bound with different elements and indicators of measuring H&S performance. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the success and challenges of using quantitative and qualitative approach of Delphi technique in validating and identifying H&S performance indicators that small and medium construction enterprises (SMEs) can use to measure and monitor their H&S performance improvement at project level. Furthermore, discuss the identification of experts in the field of H&S, ways of improving consensus analysis and minimizing experts’ non‐response. This study is based on practical experience of the researchers pertaining to the Delphi technique method which is a constructivist or interpretive approach to knowledge. The study started with an extensive literature review to identify core elements and leading indicators characterizing H&S culture to develop a Delphi questionnaire that was used in the first round of Delphi. A four round Delphi technique was conducted to attain consensus of the identified H&S indicators. The experts were identified from published articles of H&S, practitioners’ website of H&S and word of mouth. The use of email was used as a mode of communication. This study set to warn but also encourage the use of Delphi technique as a method to unearth information in areas where consensus has not been reached such as H&S performance measurement indicators for construction SMEs in South Africa.
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The implementation of health and safety practices : do demographic attributes matter?

- Agumba, Justus N., Haupt, Theo C.

  • Authors: Agumba, Justus N. , Haupt, Theo C.
  • Date: 2014
  • Subjects: Construction industry - South Africa - Health measures , Construction industry - South Africa - Safety measures
  • Identifier: uj:4906 , ISSN 1726-0531 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13005
  • Description: The purpose of this study was to investigate the personnel attributes perception on reliable and valid health and safety (H&S) practices within small- and medium-sized construction enterprises (SMEs) in South Africa. It explores whether these valid and reliable H&S practices could be implemented based on the demographic attributes, namely, years of experience in the construction industry, number of years working in the current organisation and educational level. Design/methodology/approach – A mixed method approach was used to conduct this research, namely, Delphi and questionnaire survey. A structured questionnaire consisting of 31 H&S practices categorised into five major H&S practices was developed from extensive literature review and the participation of 20 purposive sampled H&S experts. Sixteen H&S experts completed four iterations. A convenient sample of 1,450 SMEs was obtained. In total, 228 questionnaires were returned, of which 216 responses were useable for analysis. The data were analysed using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to determine the validity, reliability and acceptability of theH&Spractices. Finally, one-wayANOVAand t-test were conducted to determine personnel attributes perception on the implementation of the H&S practices. Findings – The five major H&S practices (constructs), namely, upper management commitment and involvement in H&S, employee involvement and empowerment in H&S, project supervision, project H&S planning and communication in H&S and H&S resources and training, were retained as reliable and valid practices of H&S within construction SMEs at project level. One-way ANOVA established no statistical significant difference on the respondents’ perception of the H&S practices. However, t-test revealed statistically significant difference on the respondents’ perception on, upper management commitment and involvement in H&S and H&S resources and training. The respondents with post-matric qualification strongly agreed that upper management are committed and involved in H&S. Originality/value – The findings may help construction SMEs to use these H&S practices to manage H&S in their projects. The SMEs may also consider the level of education of their personnel when implementing H&S practices of upper management and H&S resources and training.
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The impact of road transportation network on productivity and growth in Kenya 50 years after independence : a review

- Agumba, Justus N., Ochieng, George M.

  • Authors: Agumba, Justus N. , Ochieng, George M.
  • Date: 2014
  • Subjects: Road networks - Kenya
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: uj:5021 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13164
  • Description: Kenya celebrated her 50 years of independence on the 12th December 2013 with economic and policy analysts jotting that in that period the economy had grown nine times. It is a proven fact that development and maintenance of physical infrastructure are prerequisites for rapid economic growth and poverty reduction, as they influence production costs, employment creation, access to markets, and investment. Despite being considered an economic powerhouse in the East and parts of Central Africa Economic block, the size of the roads network, which is perceived to be fairly well developed, has suffered from numerous setbacks. Among these are; inadequate maintenance, repair and rehabilitation (MR&R), and the fragmentation of the institutional framework within which it is managed. This paper aims to provide a review of challenges the Kenyan government has faced on its road network, the impact of the state of the road network on productivity and growth, and the interventions proposed within the 50 years of her independence. This paper is based on an exploratory review of literature on the state of road networks and its effects on Kenya productivity and growth. Inferences from the reviewed literature indicate that the state of road network in Kenya causes delays, breakages and high maintenance cost for transport machinery, leading to high costs of doing business. This has resulted in the concentration of industries in areas with good road network thus creating disparities in regional industrial development. However, the government of Kenya has been developing road polices to improve on the road network. Given that the findings reported herein are inferences deduced from material reported in literature, the factual correctness of some of the intricate indices may not be explicitly verified. However, the general facts may be implied by the existing state of affairs. The paper presents the identified probable causes that have slowed the development of road network in Kenya including their effects and interventions proposed or implemented by the government of Kenya. It expresses an objective overview on literary discourse around the road network in Kenya. The study advocates for policies that will lead the country to achieve her development strategic plan of Vision 2030 on road network development, which the authors view as a catalyst to address the endemic systemic inadequacies that have stifled prudent infrastructure management strategies in the past 50 years of independence.
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Sources and type of credit for construction of small and medium enterprises in the South Africa : a literature review

- Balogun, Olanrewaju O., Agumba, Justus N., Ansary, Nazeem

Risk management in the construction industry : a new literature review

- Renault, Berenger Y., Agumba, Justus N.

  • Authors: Renault, Berenger Y. , Agumba, Justus N.
  • Date: 2016
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/93540 , uj:20359 , Citation: Renault, B.Y. & Agumba, J.N. 2016. Risk management in the construction industry : a new literature review.
  • Description: Abstract: The construction industry is well known as a highly risk prone industry owing to the complexity of its activities and dynamic project environments generating an atmosphere of risks that must be taken into consideration in the decision process. For this reason, we have developed this treatise to elucidate the fundamentals of risk management through a concise new proposal of literature review for risk management in construction. Our explanation of this is venture is that over the years, this area has been acknowledged as a crucial process in the business institutions and the most discussed subject among experts and researchers in the construction sector. We have tried in this report to present the most recent studies considering the impossibility to present all definitions of the concept of risk. This study is mainly a literature review; it looks at the literature relating to the concept of risk, risk management in construction as well as methods used in construction industry.
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Perceptions of construction health and safety perfomance improvement enablers

- Agumba, Justus N., Haupt, Theo

Perception on the effects of substance abuse in a comprehensive university: a case of gender

- Agumba, Justus N., Musonda, Innocent

  • Authors: Agumba, Justus N. , Musonda, Innocent
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Effects , Substance abuse , Gender
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/93897 , uj:20405 , Citation: Agumba, J.N. & Musonda, I. 2016. Perception on the effects of substance abuse in a comprehensive university: a case of gender.
  • Description: Abstract: Substance abuse has been identified to interfere with the students’ physical, cognitive and affective development. The main aim of this study was to determine the perception of gender on the effects of substance abuse on their physical, cognitive and affective development. Methodology: The research philosophy adopted was positivism and the approach was deductive. A self-administered questionnaire containing items developed from literature review was administered to 199 built environment and civil engineering students at a South African university. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Cronbach alpha was used to achieve the reliability for internal consistency of the measured constructs i.e. physical, cognitive and affective development. Item correlation identified the correlation of the measures of physical, cognitive and affective development. T-test was further conducted to test gender perception on the effects of substance abuse on the physical, cognitive and affective development. Findings: The measures of physical, cognitive and affective development had a strong relationship and were reliable measures. Furthermore, the results suggest that there was no statistical significant difference on the perception of the effect of substance abuse on cognitive development as informed by male and female students. However, there was a significant difference on their perception on substance abuse on physical and affective development. Limitation(s): The respondents were from one comprehensive university, therefore the findings cannot be generalized for all the tertiary institutions in South Africa...
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Perception on the effects of substance abuse in a comprehensive university: a case of gender

- Agumba, Justus N., Musonda, Innocent

Perception of the effects of delay in construction projects: a case of Gauteng

- Mphego, Portia T., Agumba, Justus N.

  • Authors: Mphego, Portia T. , Agumba, Justus N.
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Construction industry , Delay , Effects
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/92773 , uj:20268 , Citation: Mphego, P.T. & Agumba, J.N. 2016. Perception of the effects of delay in construction projects: a case of Gauteng.
  • Description: Abstract: Construction industry globally is bemoaned by project delays despitethe importance of the Industry in most of the countries. In context of this sentiment this study examined the causes of construction project delays, the effects of construction projects delays, and strategies to improve construction projects delivery.A quantitative research methodologywas used.Questionnairewas developed from literature review. A total of76 conveniently sampled respondents were sent the questionnaires. Forty two useable questionnaires were returned representing response rate of 55.26%. The respondents were concentrated in Gauteng province in South Africa. The questionnaire consisted of twenty two factors defining causes of construction project delay, six factors related to effects of delays and ten proposed strategies to improve project delivery. The statistical parameters used were mean score and percentage and were computed using excel statistical method. The findings indicated that the most common causes of delay reported were improper planning, poor site managem ent and supervision,poor communication, skills shortages and corruption. The most common effects of delay were cost overrun,timeoverrun,disputes, litigation and total abandonment. Lastly the five highest strategies toimprove project delivery established were complete and proper design at the right time, site management and supervision,proper material procurement, clear informationand proper communication channels and frequent co-ordination between the parties.The study suggested that the constructioncompanies should concentrate on the strategies inorder to stifle project delay.A modelto reduce or prevent delaysfrom occurringonconstruction projects is advocated.
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Obstacles to risk management implementation in construction small and medium enterprises in South African

- Renault, Berenger Y., Agumba, Justus N., Ansary, N.

  • Authors: Renault, Berenger Y. , Agumba, Justus N. , Ansary, N.
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Obstacles , RMI , Construction SMEs
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/248136 , uj:25786 , Citation: Renault, B.Y., Agumba, J.N. & Ansary, N. 2017. Obstacles to risk management implementation in construction small and medium enterprises in South African.
  • Description: Abstract: Risk management implementation (RMI) in construction projects is often affected by several obstacles which can endanger the achievement of project objectives. Regrettably, there is a paucity of empirical studies investigating these obstacles in the South African construction industry (SACI), especially in the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) sector. Hence, the current study sought to investigate the major obstacles hindering the IRMP at project level of SMEs. A structured questionnaire consisting of eighteen factors was used to collect data from SMEs who were conveniently sampled. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23, computing descriptive statistics. The results indicated that: unsupportive organisation culture, lack of qualified personnel and inadequate training were the major obstacles hindering the IRMP. The results of the study could provide professionals in the CI with information on factors that hinder the IRMP in construction projects of SMEs. This will enable construction SMEs to conscientiously incorporate RM in their professional work and that would result in better project performance.
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Investigating the impact of risk factors on project outcome of small and medium contractors in South Africa

- Renault, Berenger Y., Agumba, Justus N., Ansary, N.

  • Authors: Renault, Berenger Y. , Agumba, Justus N. , Ansary, N.
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Contractors , Project outcome , Risk impact
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/248146 , uj:25788 , Citation: Renault, B.Y., Agumba, J.N. & Ansary, N. 2017. Investigating the impact of risk factors on project outcome of small and medium contractors in South Africa.
  • Description: Abstract: The delivery of construction project is often affected by several risks factors which can threaten the achievement of project outcome in terms of time, cost, quality and health and safety (H&S). Regrettably, there is a paucity of empirical studies investigating the impact of these risks on project outcome in the South African construction industry (SACI), especially in the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) sector. Hence, the current study sought to investigate the impact of these risk factors on project outcome of SMEs in the Gauteng province of South Africa. A structured questionnaire consisting of nineteen risk factors was used to collect data from SMEs who were conveniently sampled. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23, computing descriptive statistics. Empirical findings revealed that time and cost were both impacted by variation by the client, design variation, incomplete approval and unsuitable construction program planning while incomplete or inaccurate cost estimates impacted highly on cost and quality objectives. Furthermore, accidents due to poor safety procedure, the absence of fire safety systems on site, equipment damage and labour injuries were deemed to have a high impact on project H&S outcome. The results of the study will boost the knowledge of industry practitioners on the risk factors affecting project outcome of SMEs.
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Investigating the causes of skills shortage in South Africa construction industry : a case of artisans

- Tshele, Lukhanyo, Agumba, Justus N.

  • Authors: Tshele, Lukhanyo , Agumba, Justus N.
  • Date: 2014
  • Subjects: Construction industry - South Africa , Artisans - South Africa
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: uj:5009 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13149
  • Description: Purpose: The decline in artisans in the construction industry in South Africa has prompted the government to be reactive. The current artisan shortfall is at 46 000. This study explores the causes and the effects of artisan skills shortage in the South African construction industry. Furthermore, it explores possible solution to alleviate the skills shortage in the South African construction industry. Methodology: The research approach used was inductive, using a structured interview. A combination of purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used, to identify respondents who met the criteria for inclusion in the study and to reach the targeted sample. Finally a total of 17 respondents were interviewed. Each interview took approximately 35 minutes. The data was manually recorded in a notebook. The interviewees refused to be recorded because of the sensitivity of the questions. Content analysis was used to analyse the data. Findings: The causes of skills shortage were established to be: the closing down of artisan training schools, insufficient practical exposure, unattractiveness of being artisans and migration of skilled artisans among others. It was also found that artisan skills shortages had also impacted negatively in the industry in terms of the quality of work produced increased costs of projects, delays and a decline in productivity. Value: The severity of artisan skills shortages in South Africa construction industry, which according to the findings advocates for the reinstating of artisan training institutes. Practical implications: Skilled artisans are critical to the delivery of vision 2030 for infrastructure delivery; hence the continuous training of artisans should be safeguarded.
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Identification of health and safety performance improvement indicators for small and medium construction enterprises: a Delphi consensus study

- Agumba, Justus N., Haupt, Theo C.

  • Authors: Agumba, Justus N. , Haupt, Theo C.
  • Date: 2011-09
  • Subjects: Health and safety , Performance improvement , Small and medium construction enterprises , Delphi approach
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: uj:5323 , ISSN 2281-4612 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8234
  • Description: This study sought to identify and validate a comprehensive set of health and safety (H&S) leading indicator metrics that will enable small and medium construction enterprises (SMEs) personnel to monitor the level of H&S performance in their projects. The Delphi approach was used where the opinion of H&S experts, academics and industry practitioners were canvassed on 64 potential indicator metrics, categorized in 10 elements or leading indicators that will enable H&S performance improvement e.g. reduction in accidents, injuries, diseases but to name a few. The experts rated each indicator metric on a 10-point Likert scale of impact, where 1= no major impact or 10% impact and 10 = major impact or 100% impact. Consensus was reached on 32 indicator metrics after four successive rounds of Delphi if the indicators attracted final scores of, percentage median impact of 90% to 100% which is 9.00 to 10.00 median rating and over 50% of respondents rating the indicator metrics in the band of 9.00 to 10.00 or 90% to 100% impact to improve H&S performance. The experts had the opportunity to reconsider their scores informed by the group median score in rounds 2, 3 and 4. The limitation of the study was the reliance of a structured questionnaire in the first round as experts were not allowed to add any new indicators, until the fourth round. This study contributes to the H&S body of knowledge where no consensus has been reached pertaining to the indicator metrics that have major impact to improve H&S performance at project level of construction SMEs in South Africa.
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Identification of health and safety performance improvement indicators for small and medium construction enterprises : a Delphi consensus study

- Agumba, Justus N., Haupt, Theo C.

  • Authors: Agumba, Justus N. , Haupt, Theo C.
  • Date: 2012
  • Subjects: Health and safety , Performance improvement , Small business - Safety measures
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: uj:5328 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8623
  • Description: This study sought to identify and validate a comprehensive set of health and safety (H&S) leading indicator metrics that will enable small and medium construction enterprises (SMEs) personnel to monitor the level of H&S performance in their projects. The Delphi approach was used where the opinion of H&S experts, academics and industry practitioners were canvassed on 64 potential indicator metrics, categorized in 10 elements or leading indicators that will enable H&S performance improvement e.g. reduction in accidents, injuries, diseases but to name a few. The experts rated each indicator metric on a 10-point Likert scale of impact, where 1= no major impact or 10% impact and 10 = major impact or 100% impact. Consensus was reached on 32 indicator metrics after four successive rounds of Delphi if the indicators attracted final scores of, percentage median impact of 90% to 100% which is 9.00 to 10.00 median rating and over 50% of respondents rating the indicator metrics in the band of 9.00 to 10.00 or 90% to 100% impact to improve H&S performance. The experts had the opportunity to reconsider their scores informed by the group median score in rounds 2, 3 and 4. The limitation of the study was the reliance of a structured questionnaire in the first round as experts were not allowed to add any new indicators, until the fourth round. This study contributes to the H&S body of knowledge where no consensus has been reached pertaining to the indicator metrics that have major impact to improve H&S performance at project level of construction SMEs in South Africa.
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Gender socio-economic and demographic determinants predictors of mathematics success

- Agumba, Justus N.

  • Authors: Agumba, Justus N.
  • Date: 2015
  • Subjects: Determinants , Gender , Engineering , Mathematics
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/17886 , uj:15934 , Citation: Agumba, J.N. 2015. Gender socio-economic and demographic determinants predictors of mathematics success. Strouhal, J. & Sandhu, P.S. (Eds.) 2015 International Conference on Environment, Agricultural & Civil Engineering (ICEACE-15), Sept. 24-25, 2015 Penang, Malaysia. pp.99-104. ISBN: 9789384422394.
  • Description: Abstract: he socio-economic and demographic factors have been indicated to predict mathematics success. However, there is paucity of research to verify if these factors differ in predicating mathematics success based on gender (male and female). Hence, this paper reports on a study of gender socio-economic and demographic factors as predictors of mathematics success for civil and built environment students at a comprehensive university in South Africa. Data was obtained through, questionnaire survey from 199 students who were purposive sampled. However, two questionnaires were not valid. The questionnaire was developed from exiting literature. The data was analysed using Statistical Package fo! r the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. The statistical analyses computed were both descriptive and inferential. Inferential statistics were used to determine gender socio-economic and demographic variables influencing mathematics success. This was computed using binary logistic regression, splitting gender into male and female. The result established that when male and female socio-economic and demographic variables were tested they were poor predictors of mathematics success. Hence all the variables were insignificant, as the p-values were less than 0.05. However, the descriptive statistics on the socio-economic and demographic factors indicated that male students outperformed the female students in mathematics at high school and at the university. In terms of weekly income majority of the students earned less than R200, with 54% male and 55% for female. It is interesting to note that female students’ parents’ highest education were far better than male students, as 38% of ! female students indicated their parents highest education level was university degree compared to 30% of male students. However, the arithmetic difference is not too wide. Furthermore, majority of female students i.e. 74% compared to 61% male students pursued the building course, whereas male students were the majority in civil engineering technology compared to their female counterparts. This study informs university policy makers that where male and female students are accommodated, their age, passing high school mathematics, amount of weekly allowance, entry level to the university and type of education sponsors does not predict passing mathematics at university. However, further research is advocated as these variables are not exhaustive
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Evaluating project management techniques in small and medium enterprises delivering infrastructure in South Africa construction industry

- Agumba, Justus N., Adegoke, I. O., Otieno, F. A. O.

Evaluating management commitment to health and safety in small and medium construction enterprises

- Agumba, Justus N., Haupt, Theo.

  • Authors: Agumba, Justus N. , Haupt, Theo.
  • Date: 2009
  • Subjects: Construction industry , Construction health and safety , Small business
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: uj:5308 , ISBN 978-0-620-44689-1 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5297
  • Description: Construction health and safety (H&S) in small and medium construction enterprises (SMEs) has received little attention in South Africa, in terms of either research or support for preventive initiatives. Previous research suggests that this sector has serious problems exacerbated by limited access to human, economic and technological resources. Moreover it is now recognized that methods developed specifically for large firms cannot necessarily be transferred to smaller and medium firms, hence the need to investigate management commitment to H&S among SMEs.
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Drivers for and obstacles to enterprise risk management in construction firms: A literature review

- Renault, Berenger, Y., Agumba, Justus N., Balogun, O.A.

  • Authors: Renault, Berenger, Y. , Agumba, Justus N. , Balogun, O.A.
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Construction firms , Entreprise Risk Management (ERM) , Obstacles
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/386555 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/93988 , uj:20416 , Citation: Renault, B.Y, Agumba, J.N. & Balogun, O.A. 2016. Drivers for and obstacles to enterprise risk management in construction firms: A literature review.
  • Description: Abstract: Regardless of the increased number of studies on Risk Management (RM) in several industries, limited studies have strived to reveal the components are driving and obstructing ERM implementation in construction firms. These firms are constantly exposed to business risks, thus requiring not only project risk management (PRM) but also a more integrated, comprehensive focused risk management approach to managing risks on an enterprise basis defined as enterprise risk management (ERM). Therefore, this study aims to identity the drivers and obstacles to ERM implementation. The work methodology included a comprehensive literature search relating to ERM. The review spanned a decade and lustrum between January 2000 and December 2015 and was based on a combination keyword search in three databases namely; Science Direct, Taylor and Francis Online, and Emerald and in Google. Thirty-one quantitative and mixed methods research were justified to be relevant in this study. The study revealed that empirical studies have identified various important drivers for ERM implementation namely; legal and regulatory compliance requirements, non-mandatory reports, credits rating agencies’ requirements, reduced earnings volatility, reduced cost and losses, increased profitability and earnings. The study further revealed that lack of support from top management, management priorities, reluctance to discuss sensitive information, difficulties in quantifying the risks, lack of common risk language, lack of quality data and limited access to data were key obstacles to ERM. The identification of the obstacles enables the management to be clear about the challenges encountered by the ERM program and take corrective actions to reduce their undesirable effect. Furthermore, construction firms can use the drivers and obstacles revealed in this treatise to prepare their customized list of drivers and obstacles. The findings of this study contribute to global knowledge relating to ERM and allow the management to overcome the challenges posed by the significant obstacles.
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Demographic attributes influence on health and safety practices for small and medium construction enterprises

- Agumba, Justus N., Haupt, Theo C.

Critical indicators for measuring health and safety performance improvement in small and medium construction enterprise projects

- Agumba, Justus N., Haupt, Theo

  • Authors: Agumba, Justus N. , Haupt, Theo
  • Date: 2012
  • Subjects: Construction industry - Safety measures
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: uj:4679 , ISSN 1-8843420-02-7 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10448
  • Description: The common measures of measuring health and safety (H&S) performance have, been down stream indicators. Such measures alone are regarded as inadequate in providing meaningful information to help reduce the cause of workplace injury or illness. Researchers have indicated that there is no consensus on what constitutes appropriate H&S performance indicators. This study sought to validate the identified set of leading indicators to enable personnel of small and medium construction enterprises (SME) monitor and improve H&S performance on their projects.
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