Die professionele identiteitsontwikkeling van voorligtingsielkundiges
- Authors: Buchner, Morné
- Date: 2012-08-20
- Subjects: Psychologists -- Research -- South Africa , Career development -- Research -- South Africa , Counseling -- Practice -- Research -- South Africa , Psychologists -- Training of , Identity (Psychology) -- Research -- South Africa
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:2860 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6294
- Description: M.A. , Professional identity development of counselling psychologists in South-Africa occurs through seven (and possibly eight) phases of professional development. Phases of professional development are necessary when one attempts to establish optimal levels of professional identity development for counselling psychologists in terms of their experience and training. Using these phases, counselling psychologists may be compared in each development phase to ascertain his/her development or the lack thereof. The phases also serve as guidelines for both the training personnel and the counselling psychologist, enabling them to affect certain changes or modifications in order to optimise professional development for the counselling psychologist. The benefits of optimised development should not be underestimated. The objective of this comparative research study was to ascertain the extent of similarities found in the professional development phases, as postulated by Skovholt and Ronnestad (1995) and the results of the current research study. The eight phases are the conventional phase, transition to professional training phase, imitation of experts phase, conditional autonomy phase, exploration phase, integration phase, individuation phase and the integrity phase. The research strategy consists of a qualitative analysis of responses obtained from a structured interview. Analysis is made possible by way of a replication strategy together with the use of a matrix. The matrix consists of eight categories used by Skovholt and Ronnestad (1995) to describe the relevant developmental phase and to regulate the responses. After describing and allocating the responses according to the categories of the matrix, a storyline is derived by use of an iteration process. Themes become apparent which outline the developmental path across the eight proposed professional developmental phases. Both the categories and the themes are compared to those proposed by Skovholt and Ronnestad (1995). Great similarity was found. The differences and themes derived from this study can also be used as hypotheses for further research.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Buchner, Morné
- Date: 2012-08-20
- Subjects: Psychologists -- Research -- South Africa , Career development -- Research -- South Africa , Counseling -- Practice -- Research -- South Africa , Psychologists -- Training of , Identity (Psychology) -- Research -- South Africa
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:2860 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6294
- Description: M.A. , Professional identity development of counselling psychologists in South-Africa occurs through seven (and possibly eight) phases of professional development. Phases of professional development are necessary when one attempts to establish optimal levels of professional identity development for counselling psychologists in terms of their experience and training. Using these phases, counselling psychologists may be compared in each development phase to ascertain his/her development or the lack thereof. The phases also serve as guidelines for both the training personnel and the counselling psychologist, enabling them to affect certain changes or modifications in order to optimise professional development for the counselling psychologist. The benefits of optimised development should not be underestimated. The objective of this comparative research study was to ascertain the extent of similarities found in the professional development phases, as postulated by Skovholt and Ronnestad (1995) and the results of the current research study. The eight phases are the conventional phase, transition to professional training phase, imitation of experts phase, conditional autonomy phase, exploration phase, integration phase, individuation phase and the integrity phase. The research strategy consists of a qualitative analysis of responses obtained from a structured interview. Analysis is made possible by way of a replication strategy together with the use of a matrix. The matrix consists of eight categories used by Skovholt and Ronnestad (1995) to describe the relevant developmental phase and to regulate the responses. After describing and allocating the responses according to the categories of the matrix, a storyline is derived by use of an iteration process. Themes become apparent which outline the developmental path across the eight proposed professional developmental phases. Both the categories and the themes are compared to those proposed by Skovholt and Ronnestad (1995). Great similarity was found. The differences and themes derived from this study can also be used as hypotheses for further research.
- Full Text:
A cross-cultural study of the meaning of working and life roles in South African youth
- Authors: Collins, Jane Louise
- Date: 2012-08-23
- Subjects: Youth - South Africa - Cross-cultural studies , Expectation (Psychology) , Work - South Africa - Psychological aspects , Role expectation - Research - South Africa , Labor - South Africa
- Type: Mini-Dissertation
- Identifier: uj:3136 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6555
- Description: M.A. , Recent political and socio-economic changes that have faced South Africans suggested a need to investigate how the youth of the country view the world of work. The abolition of apartheid has opened new doors to careers for several cultural groups that were previously discriminated against. High levels of unemployment and affirmative action policies on the other hand, have firmly closed career doors for many. The Meaning of Working International Research Team (1987) have researched the psychological aspects of the meaning of working, using a heuristic research model that takes cognisance of not only an individual's personal and family situation, but also of how their career history and the macro socio-economic environment influence three major meaning constructs: work centrality; societal norms and entitlements; and work goals. Rather than study the role of work in isolation, this study combines the Meaning of Working framework with Super's (1982) developmental approach to working and life role salience. Super's approach also recognises that man does not exist in a vacuum when it comes to career choices and includes the consideration of psychological, economic and sociological forces. Not all life satisfaction is gained from the work role, but may be found in other roles such as those of homemaker, student, citizen or leisurite. The aim of this study was twofold. The first aim was to describe the meaning that working has for the youth of South Africa, including their expectations, aspirations and existing experience of work. Secondly, the study sought to investigate the possible effects that culture may have on the meaning of working and life role salience, including the influence of socio-economic status and gender. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to this effect, including the use of MANOVA, ANOVA, Scheffe multiple comparisons, Hotelling's T2, Student's t-tests, principal factor analysis and Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient. The research design was ex post facto quasi-experimental. The sample consisted of 367 standard 9 students, from a total of 19 schools situated within the Gauteng area. It was divided into three main cultural groups: an Afrocentric group of 207 black pupils from non-integrated schools situated within the East Rand townships of Tembisa, Tokoza, Vosloorus and Katlehong; an Accultural group of 59 black pupils attending fully integrated schools in areas outside the townships; and a Eurocentric group of 101 white pupils attending the same schools as the Accultural sample. A questionnaire was administered which included a biographical section, an abridged version of the Meaning of Working Questionnaire and the Life Role Inventory. The results of the study included the finding that all cultural groups were unrealistic in their expectations about the availability of work. Most respondents indicated the wish to continue with tertiary education, university being the most popular choice of the Afrocentric and Eurocentric groups and technikon for the Accultural group. Members of the Afrocentric group were far more likely to be influenced by their parents and families in their career decision making. Meaning of working patterns for the different groups were similar, irrespective of culture, socio-economic status or gender. South African youth define working primarily in terms of economic dimensions, their most highly valued work goal being good pay. They also define working as a means by which they may contribute to society.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Collins, Jane Louise
- Date: 2012-08-23
- Subjects: Youth - South Africa - Cross-cultural studies , Expectation (Psychology) , Work - South Africa - Psychological aspects , Role expectation - Research - South Africa , Labor - South Africa
- Type: Mini-Dissertation
- Identifier: uj:3136 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6555
- Description: M.A. , Recent political and socio-economic changes that have faced South Africans suggested a need to investigate how the youth of the country view the world of work. The abolition of apartheid has opened new doors to careers for several cultural groups that were previously discriminated against. High levels of unemployment and affirmative action policies on the other hand, have firmly closed career doors for many. The Meaning of Working International Research Team (1987) have researched the psychological aspects of the meaning of working, using a heuristic research model that takes cognisance of not only an individual's personal and family situation, but also of how their career history and the macro socio-economic environment influence three major meaning constructs: work centrality; societal norms and entitlements; and work goals. Rather than study the role of work in isolation, this study combines the Meaning of Working framework with Super's (1982) developmental approach to working and life role salience. Super's approach also recognises that man does not exist in a vacuum when it comes to career choices and includes the consideration of psychological, economic and sociological forces. Not all life satisfaction is gained from the work role, but may be found in other roles such as those of homemaker, student, citizen or leisurite. The aim of this study was twofold. The first aim was to describe the meaning that working has for the youth of South Africa, including their expectations, aspirations and existing experience of work. Secondly, the study sought to investigate the possible effects that culture may have on the meaning of working and life role salience, including the influence of socio-economic status and gender. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to this effect, including the use of MANOVA, ANOVA, Scheffe multiple comparisons, Hotelling's T2, Student's t-tests, principal factor analysis and Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient. The research design was ex post facto quasi-experimental. The sample consisted of 367 standard 9 students, from a total of 19 schools situated within the Gauteng area. It was divided into three main cultural groups: an Afrocentric group of 207 black pupils from non-integrated schools situated within the East Rand townships of Tembisa, Tokoza, Vosloorus and Katlehong; an Accultural group of 59 black pupils attending fully integrated schools in areas outside the townships; and a Eurocentric group of 101 white pupils attending the same schools as the Accultural sample. A questionnaire was administered which included a biographical section, an abridged version of the Meaning of Working Questionnaire and the Life Role Inventory. The results of the study included the finding that all cultural groups were unrealistic in their expectations about the availability of work. Most respondents indicated the wish to continue with tertiary education, university being the most popular choice of the Afrocentric and Eurocentric groups and technikon for the Accultural group. Members of the Afrocentric group were far more likely to be influenced by their parents and families in their career decision making. Meaning of working patterns for the different groups were similar, irrespective of culture, socio-economic status or gender. South African youth define working primarily in terms of economic dimensions, their most highly valued work goal being good pay. They also define working as a means by which they may contribute to society.
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Identiteit binne die konteks van studente-ontwikkeling
- Authors: Müller, Amelia Eunice
- Date: 2012-08-20
- Subjects: Erikson, Erik H. (Erik Homburger), 1902- - Influence , Identity (Psychology) - South Africa , Career development - South Africa , Students - South Africa , Marcia, J. E. (James E.) - Influence
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:2804 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6242
- Description: M.A. , Identity development has a definite influence on a broad spectrum of developmental domains. This study focuses on specific domains such as student- and career development as facilitating structures from which the formation of a personal identity can be studied and understood. The purpose of this study is to undertake a descriptive investigation into the process of identity development during the late adolescent and early adulthood phases of college students. This developmental process has a definite influence on student development within aspects such as career maturity, intimacy and interpersonal relationships. These aspects' relevance to identity formation is also highlighted. This study utilises theories such as the psychosocial developmental perspective of Erik H. Erikson to investigate the purpose of a variety of factors within the sphere of student and career development. The test sample consisted of 78 students between the ages of 18 and 27 years from the Park Town Tertiary College. The following questionnaires were completed: the Extended Version of the Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status Questionnaire (EOM-EIS); the Career Development Questionnaire (CDQ) and the Student Developmental Task and Lifestyle Inventory (SDTLI). Taking the descriptive quality of this study in consideration, the statistical techniques used in the analysis of the quantitative data included canonical correlation analysis. The study concentrated on possible interventions and recommendations that takes the influence of identity developmental processes and career maturity in consideration with issues such as curriculum compilations, teaching methods and tertiary educational systems.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Müller, Amelia Eunice
- Date: 2012-08-20
- Subjects: Erikson, Erik H. (Erik Homburger), 1902- - Influence , Identity (Psychology) - South Africa , Career development - South Africa , Students - South Africa , Marcia, J. E. (James E.) - Influence
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:2804 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6242
- Description: M.A. , Identity development has a definite influence on a broad spectrum of developmental domains. This study focuses on specific domains such as student- and career development as facilitating structures from which the formation of a personal identity can be studied and understood. The purpose of this study is to undertake a descriptive investigation into the process of identity development during the late adolescent and early adulthood phases of college students. This developmental process has a definite influence on student development within aspects such as career maturity, intimacy and interpersonal relationships. These aspects' relevance to identity formation is also highlighted. This study utilises theories such as the psychosocial developmental perspective of Erik H. Erikson to investigate the purpose of a variety of factors within the sphere of student and career development. The test sample consisted of 78 students between the ages of 18 and 27 years from the Park Town Tertiary College. The following questionnaires were completed: the Extended Version of the Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status Questionnaire (EOM-EIS); the Career Development Questionnaire (CDQ) and the Student Developmental Task and Lifestyle Inventory (SDTLI). Taking the descriptive quality of this study in consideration, the statistical techniques used in the analysis of the quantitative data included canonical correlation analysis. The study concentrated on possible interventions and recommendations that takes the influence of identity developmental processes and career maturity in consideration with issues such as curriculum compilations, teaching methods and tertiary educational systems.
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A survey of the status of career counselling practiced by registered psychologists in South Africa
- Authors: Tanchum, Hilton
- Date: 2012-09-11
- Subjects: Vocational guidance - South Africa , Counseling psychologists - South Africa , Career counseling , Psychometric instruments
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:10086 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7471
- Description: M.A. , Career counselling is an activity that influences a wide range of people, from primary school age, to adults in their fifties and sixties. Current writers on the subject, for example Hansen (1997), and Gysbers (1998) are increasingly bringing out the view that career development is a life span issue, and that it affects other life roles. This view should also be seen in conjunction with post-modern approaches to careers and work. These approaches emphasise the rapid technological changes of the 1990's, and the increasing unpredictability and uncertainty in careers. These factors create new and demanding roles for career counsellors, who will have to increase their range of skills. The above factors illustrate the importance of career counselling, and the purpose of this study is to attempt to fill a perceived gap in the literature, and provide more information on the status and standing of career counselling in South Africa as practised by registered psychologists. Questionnaires were issued by mail to a sample of registered psychologists, and their responses form the data for this study. Aspects to be investigated include the training of career counsellors, how long they have been in practice, what tests they use, which counselling methods they follow, and what their opinions are concerning the practice of career counselling in South Africa. A theoretical overview of career counselling models is presented, and an examination of recent trends in career counselling is set forth. A quantitative analysis will provide a more detailed breakdown of the responses of the members of the sample, while a qualitative analysis will list the main themes detailed by the respondents. Projections are undertaken to illustrate possible scenarios concerning the amount of time available for psychologists to provide career counselling for students. The recommendations arising from the study may be summarised as follows. Ensure that career guidance programs be installed in as many schools as possible. Increase the amount of training that career counsellors receive, and examine the possibility of specialisation in career counselling. Attempt to increase the role that businesses play in the career counselling process at schools. Ensure that the needs of minority and disadvantaged groups are met. Implement further research to examine which other groups besides registered psychologists are performing career counselling.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Tanchum, Hilton
- Date: 2012-09-11
- Subjects: Vocational guidance - South Africa , Counseling psychologists - South Africa , Career counseling , Psychometric instruments
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:10086 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7471
- Description: M.A. , Career counselling is an activity that influences a wide range of people, from primary school age, to adults in their fifties and sixties. Current writers on the subject, for example Hansen (1997), and Gysbers (1998) are increasingly bringing out the view that career development is a life span issue, and that it affects other life roles. This view should also be seen in conjunction with post-modern approaches to careers and work. These approaches emphasise the rapid technological changes of the 1990's, and the increasing unpredictability and uncertainty in careers. These factors create new and demanding roles for career counsellors, who will have to increase their range of skills. The above factors illustrate the importance of career counselling, and the purpose of this study is to attempt to fill a perceived gap in the literature, and provide more information on the status and standing of career counselling in South Africa as practised by registered psychologists. Questionnaires were issued by mail to a sample of registered psychologists, and their responses form the data for this study. Aspects to be investigated include the training of career counsellors, how long they have been in practice, what tests they use, which counselling methods they follow, and what their opinions are concerning the practice of career counselling in South Africa. A theoretical overview of career counselling models is presented, and an examination of recent trends in career counselling is set forth. A quantitative analysis will provide a more detailed breakdown of the responses of the members of the sample, while a qualitative analysis will list the main themes detailed by the respondents. Projections are undertaken to illustrate possible scenarios concerning the amount of time available for psychologists to provide career counselling for students. The recommendations arising from the study may be summarised as follows. Ensure that career guidance programs be installed in as many schools as possible. Increase the amount of training that career counsellors receive, and examine the possibility of specialisation in career counselling. Attempt to increase the role that businesses play in the career counselling process at schools. Ensure that the needs of minority and disadvantaged groups are met. Implement further research to examine which other groups besides registered psychologists are performing career counselling.
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Cross-cultural, cross-gender aspects of identity formation in youth
- Authors: Todes, Karyn
- Date: 2009-09-16T10:23:14Z
- Subjects: College students , Identity (Psychology) in youth , Gender identity , Cross-cultural studies
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:8627 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2968
- Description: M.A.
- Full Text: false
- Authors: Todes, Karyn
- Date: 2009-09-16T10:23:14Z
- Subjects: College students , Identity (Psychology) in youth , Gender identity , Cross-cultural studies
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:8627 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2968
- Description: M.A.
- Full Text: false
The development and evaluation of the pursuit of wholeness model for paraprofessional counsellors
- Authors: Frankish, Coral A.
- Date: 2012-09-05
- Subjects: Counselors -- South Africa -- Attitudes , Paraprofessionals in social service , Holism
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:9610 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7030
- Description: M.A. , South Africa is a country characterised by inherent diversity of culture, language and race and is undergoing a process of reconstruction and development. This entails the establishment of a new national identity and socio-political structure based on integration, accommodation of difference and equity of access to the basic necessities for mental, physical, social and spiritual well-being for all its citizens within budgetary and personnel limitations. Mental health care needs and services have been shaped by socio-political and economic factors in the past. Further there has been unequal access to health care, which focused on psychiatric conditions and which provided curative, institutionalised care. Little provision was made for mental health care of children and mentally handicapped persons. A climate of unprecedented change and uncertainty also impacts on the mental health care of South Africans. A vital part of the Reconstruction and Development Programme is the reorientation of health care, which includes mental health, to a comprehensive health care approach with emphasis on primary preventive and promotive health care. An invaluable, economical yet untapped source of manpower to provide primary mental health care is the paraprofessional counsellor. Paraprofessional mental health workers can provide first level mental health care in the form of growth counselling which includes primary preventive and promotive care as well as some secondary and tertiary mental health care. In order to provide safe and effective care, this category of health worker needs to be carefully selected and trained and should work under the supervision of professional mental health care workers. The role of the latter needs to be re-evaluated in the context of South Africa. Effective and efficient care can be facilitated by the use of a simple yet comprehensive model for the selection and training of paraprofessionals and to guide their contribution to mental health care in South Africa. Two theoretical shifts have influenced mental health care. These are the paradigm shift from linear Cartesian-Newtonian thinking to the circular systems epistemology and the movement in psychological theories to ecosystemic theories. These developments have given rise to the bio-psycho-social model which does provide a basis for holistic health care but it excludes the spiritual dimension. This dissertation examines the concept of spirituality and argues for its inclusion in a truly holistic model of human functioning. The Pursuit of Wholeness model is proposed as a simply yet truly holistic tool to effect efficient, economical and ethical mental health care using , paraprofessionals. The model is described in detail and its use by paraprofessional counsellors in a growth counselling situation is discussed. An evaluative study was undertaken to test the use of the Pursuit of Wholeness model by paraprofessionals in three organisations. Results showed that the Pursuit of Wholeness model has the potential to enable paraprofessional counsellors through holistic growth counselling to contribute significantly to mental health care in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Frankish, Coral A.
- Date: 2012-09-05
- Subjects: Counselors -- South Africa -- Attitudes , Paraprofessionals in social service , Holism
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:9610 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7030
- Description: M.A. , South Africa is a country characterised by inherent diversity of culture, language and race and is undergoing a process of reconstruction and development. This entails the establishment of a new national identity and socio-political structure based on integration, accommodation of difference and equity of access to the basic necessities for mental, physical, social and spiritual well-being for all its citizens within budgetary and personnel limitations. Mental health care needs and services have been shaped by socio-political and economic factors in the past. Further there has been unequal access to health care, which focused on psychiatric conditions and which provided curative, institutionalised care. Little provision was made for mental health care of children and mentally handicapped persons. A climate of unprecedented change and uncertainty also impacts on the mental health care of South Africans. A vital part of the Reconstruction and Development Programme is the reorientation of health care, which includes mental health, to a comprehensive health care approach with emphasis on primary preventive and promotive health care. An invaluable, economical yet untapped source of manpower to provide primary mental health care is the paraprofessional counsellor. Paraprofessional mental health workers can provide first level mental health care in the form of growth counselling which includes primary preventive and promotive care as well as some secondary and tertiary mental health care. In order to provide safe and effective care, this category of health worker needs to be carefully selected and trained and should work under the supervision of professional mental health care workers. The role of the latter needs to be re-evaluated in the context of South Africa. Effective and efficient care can be facilitated by the use of a simple yet comprehensive model for the selection and training of paraprofessionals and to guide their contribution to mental health care in South Africa. Two theoretical shifts have influenced mental health care. These are the paradigm shift from linear Cartesian-Newtonian thinking to the circular systems epistemology and the movement in psychological theories to ecosystemic theories. These developments have given rise to the bio-psycho-social model which does provide a basis for holistic health care but it excludes the spiritual dimension. This dissertation examines the concept of spirituality and argues for its inclusion in a truly holistic model of human functioning. The Pursuit of Wholeness model is proposed as a simply yet truly holistic tool to effect efficient, economical and ethical mental health care using , paraprofessionals. The model is described in detail and its use by paraprofessional counsellors in a growth counselling situation is discussed. An evaluative study was undertaken to test the use of the Pursuit of Wholeness model by paraprofessionals in three organisations. Results showed that the Pursuit of Wholeness model has the potential to enable paraprofessional counsellors through holistic growth counselling to contribute significantly to mental health care in South Africa.
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The impact of the South African post-matric programmes on career maturity and self-efficacy.
- Authors: MacKenzie, Suzanne Janine
- Date: 2012-08-14
- Subjects: Self-efficacy , Vocational guidance , Postsecondary education , Self-efficacy - South Africa , Vocational guidance - South Africa , Postsecondary education - South Africa
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:9278 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5722
- Description: M.A. , The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of the South African post-matric programmes on career maturity and self-efficacy. The research design employed in order to measure this impact was a non-equivalent three group, pre-posttest design within a quasi-experiment. Post-matric students in the experimental group were taken from nine independent schools in South Africa. Two control groups were used, one consisting of matriculation students and the other of first year university students. Post-matric is an additional year of schooling aimed at bridging the gap between school and university. The difficulties experienced by young people during this school to work transition and the main reasons for students partaking in post-matric programmes are presented. In order to comprehensively outline the construct career maturity, the theories of three authors, namely, Donald Super, John Crites and Ronelle Langley, are discussed. The construct self-efficacy is also fully outlined with a theoretical exposition of the work of Albert Bandura, John Krumboltz and Nancy Betz. Measurement instruments used in this study are a biographical questionnaire, the Career Development Questionnaire (CDQ) and the Career Decision-Making Self- Efficacy Scale (CDMSES). Various hypotheses were formulated and Hotelling's T 2- tests, Students t-tests, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Scheffe test were used to test the hypotheses. Results of these statistical tests showed that the three groups of participants started off unequally with regard to the measures of career maturity and career decision-making self-efficacy, but the two school groups improved to such an extent that their mean scores on all scale variables compared favourably with those of the university group at the end of the study. It is especially the career maturity and career decisionmaking self-efficacy of the post-matric students that improved significantly within the nine month period during which the post-matric programmes were implemented. This finding reflects positively on the impact of the post-matric programmes. As the CDMSES is an overseas research instrument being used extensively in South Africa for the first time in this research, certain statistical procedures were carried out in order to highlight its psychometric properties. Of particular interest is the finding that in South Africa the CDMSES measured only one factor which can be named as Forethought with regard to Career Knowledge. In conclusion it is recommended that full use be made in educational institutions of the measurement instruments used in this study as diagnostic aids to enhance the effectiveness of career counselling. It is also recommended that further research in this topic be carried out on the broader community in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Authors: MacKenzie, Suzanne Janine
- Date: 2012-08-14
- Subjects: Self-efficacy , Vocational guidance , Postsecondary education , Self-efficacy - South Africa , Vocational guidance - South Africa , Postsecondary education - South Africa
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:9278 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5722
- Description: M.A. , The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of the South African post-matric programmes on career maturity and self-efficacy. The research design employed in order to measure this impact was a non-equivalent three group, pre-posttest design within a quasi-experiment. Post-matric students in the experimental group were taken from nine independent schools in South Africa. Two control groups were used, one consisting of matriculation students and the other of first year university students. Post-matric is an additional year of schooling aimed at bridging the gap between school and university. The difficulties experienced by young people during this school to work transition and the main reasons for students partaking in post-matric programmes are presented. In order to comprehensively outline the construct career maturity, the theories of three authors, namely, Donald Super, John Crites and Ronelle Langley, are discussed. The construct self-efficacy is also fully outlined with a theoretical exposition of the work of Albert Bandura, John Krumboltz and Nancy Betz. Measurement instruments used in this study are a biographical questionnaire, the Career Development Questionnaire (CDQ) and the Career Decision-Making Self- Efficacy Scale (CDMSES). Various hypotheses were formulated and Hotelling's T 2- tests, Students t-tests, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Scheffe test were used to test the hypotheses. Results of these statistical tests showed that the three groups of participants started off unequally with regard to the measures of career maturity and career decision-making self-efficacy, but the two school groups improved to such an extent that their mean scores on all scale variables compared favourably with those of the university group at the end of the study. It is especially the career maturity and career decisionmaking self-efficacy of the post-matric students that improved significantly within the nine month period during which the post-matric programmes were implemented. This finding reflects positively on the impact of the post-matric programmes. As the CDMSES is an overseas research instrument being used extensively in South Africa for the first time in this research, certain statistical procedures were carried out in order to highlight its psychometric properties. Of particular interest is the finding that in South Africa the CDMSES measured only one factor which can be named as Forethought with regard to Career Knowledge. In conclusion it is recommended that full use be made in educational institutions of the measurement instruments used in this study as diagnostic aids to enhance the effectiveness of career counselling. It is also recommended that further research in this topic be carried out on the broader community in South Africa.
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A marriage enrichment program based on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
- Authors: Hinckley, Megan
- Date: 2012-08-15
- Subjects: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator , Personality tests , Marriage counseling - South Africa
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:9337 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5777
- Description: M.A. , The divorce rate in South Africa has reached alarming proportions. In 1994 alone, 29 878 divorces were reported in South Africa, and a total of 38 367 children were traumatised by these divorces. Despite this, most people still marry, or want to marry. Marriage is one of the most important and meaningful relationships we can have as human beings. It enriches our lives and provides fulfillment and companionship. Many couples entering into the marital relationship are not aware of the demands of marriage, and especially of the demands of modern marriages where marital roles are new and different. Marriage enrichment is a movement to help couples.to respond to these demands. Enrichment programs teach partners interpersonal skills and build empathetic respect between individuals within the marital relationship. Although there are many marriage enrichment programs currently in use, there seems to be not one in South Africa that is based on the concepts of personality type differences. The aim of this study was to develop a marriage enrichment program based on the concepts of personality type, as indicated by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The focus was to educate couples in personality type differences, thereby creating self-awareness and awareness of others, and enabling them to better understand themselves and their spouses. The program was designed and developed and then trial-tested on two groups of volunteers consisting of two couples in each group. Feedback received yielded positive results, and the participants found the program to be useful and valuable in their own relationships.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Hinckley, Megan
- Date: 2012-08-15
- Subjects: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator , Personality tests , Marriage counseling - South Africa
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:9337 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5777
- Description: M.A. , The divorce rate in South Africa has reached alarming proportions. In 1994 alone, 29 878 divorces were reported in South Africa, and a total of 38 367 children were traumatised by these divorces. Despite this, most people still marry, or want to marry. Marriage is one of the most important and meaningful relationships we can have as human beings. It enriches our lives and provides fulfillment and companionship. Many couples entering into the marital relationship are not aware of the demands of marriage, and especially of the demands of modern marriages where marital roles are new and different. Marriage enrichment is a movement to help couples.to respond to these demands. Enrichment programs teach partners interpersonal skills and build empathetic respect between individuals within the marital relationship. Although there are many marriage enrichment programs currently in use, there seems to be not one in South Africa that is based on the concepts of personality type differences. The aim of this study was to develop a marriage enrichment program based on the concepts of personality type, as indicated by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The focus was to educate couples in personality type differences, thereby creating self-awareness and awareness of others, and enabling them to better understand themselves and their spouses. The program was designed and developed and then trial-tested on two groups of volunteers consisting of two couples in each group. Feedback received yielded positive results, and the participants found the program to be useful and valuable in their own relationships.
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An evaluation of the Myers-Briggs type indicator and the self-directed search as validated by a career typology workshop.
- Authors: Deller, Karen
- Date: 2012-08-08
- Subjects: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. , Vocational guidance-Research-South Africa. , Career development-Research-South Africa. , Career education-Research-South Africa.
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:8940 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5413
- Description: M.A. , School leavers are faced with the need to study further in an attempt to increase their chances of finding employment. However, school leavers are rarely equipped with all of the necessary skills, information and self-knowledge necessary to make the "right" career decision and study-path choice. The cost of tertiary education is high, and a school leaver who makes an unsuitable study-path selection could be trapped in an unsuitable career for life or drop out of the tertiary education sector due to boredom or failure. This further decreases their chance of finding employment. It is against this background that this study was conducted. In an attempt to assist potential students applying to the largest private education provider in South Africa with their choice of study-path, a career-counselling workshop was offered which included psychometric testing. Essentially this study had two main objectives. The first was to validate the suitability of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Self-Directed Search as careercounselling tools in a South African tertiary environment. The second objective was to quantitatively assess the suitability of the career guidance workshop designed to assist school leavers to make the most suitable choice of a field of study, subjects and a career. The results of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Self-Directed Search were compared using straightforward Pearson's product-moment correlations and an interbattery correlation. The results indicated the need to continue to use both of the instruments simultaneously, as they appeared to be measuring different underlying constructs. In addition, each instruments was able to supplement the information provided by the other, which allowed the career counsellor to give the students additional information to assist them with their studies and their lives. The research around the career-counselling workshop involved the use of the developmental research design methodology. which stipulated the appropriate methodological procedures to follow. The workshop was developed utilising an understanding of career-counselling theories and practices, as well as an understanding of the various Myers-Briggs types and Holland types (as determined understanding of the various Myers-Briggs types and Holland types (as determined by the Self-Directed Search) that would attend the workshops. The workshop was, therefore, designed to appeal to a wide audience, and to give as many different "types" of students the experience which they required to make an informed and realistic course, subject and career choice. The success of the workshop was evaluated by means of a questionnaire completed by the students, a comparison of the failure rates of students who attended the workshop and those who did not attend it, and an analysis of the pass/fail statistics between those who attended the workshop and those who did not. The findings of this study indicated that the workshop was well received by the students and that it had sufficient internal and face validity for use with this group of school leavers. The research group was a convenience sample that consisted of 73 students who had applied to the largest South African private education provider. These students were from four major campuses in South Africa, they had very different academic and cultural backgrounds and they were interested in different academic fields of study. The one similarity was that all of the courses offered by this private education provider are business-orientated, and only students who were interested in business studies would apply. This study established the validity of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Self- Directed Search in a career-counselling context. The validity of the careercounselling workshop was also established. As this research group cannot be said to be representative of the general population, it is not possible to generalise these findings beyond this group. However, as the results do match those found in other similar international studies, it could be deduced that if this study were repeated with a representative sample the results would be replicated.
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- Authors: Deller, Karen
- Date: 2012-08-08
- Subjects: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. , Vocational guidance-Research-South Africa. , Career development-Research-South Africa. , Career education-Research-South Africa.
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:8940 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5413
- Description: M.A. , School leavers are faced with the need to study further in an attempt to increase their chances of finding employment. However, school leavers are rarely equipped with all of the necessary skills, information and self-knowledge necessary to make the "right" career decision and study-path choice. The cost of tertiary education is high, and a school leaver who makes an unsuitable study-path selection could be trapped in an unsuitable career for life or drop out of the tertiary education sector due to boredom or failure. This further decreases their chance of finding employment. It is against this background that this study was conducted. In an attempt to assist potential students applying to the largest private education provider in South Africa with their choice of study-path, a career-counselling workshop was offered which included psychometric testing. Essentially this study had two main objectives. The first was to validate the suitability of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Self-Directed Search as careercounselling tools in a South African tertiary environment. The second objective was to quantitatively assess the suitability of the career guidance workshop designed to assist school leavers to make the most suitable choice of a field of study, subjects and a career. The results of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Self-Directed Search were compared using straightforward Pearson's product-moment correlations and an interbattery correlation. The results indicated the need to continue to use both of the instruments simultaneously, as they appeared to be measuring different underlying constructs. In addition, each instruments was able to supplement the information provided by the other, which allowed the career counsellor to give the students additional information to assist them with their studies and their lives. The research around the career-counselling workshop involved the use of the developmental research design methodology. which stipulated the appropriate methodological procedures to follow. The workshop was developed utilising an understanding of career-counselling theories and practices, as well as an understanding of the various Myers-Briggs types and Holland types (as determined understanding of the various Myers-Briggs types and Holland types (as determined by the Self-Directed Search) that would attend the workshops. The workshop was, therefore, designed to appeal to a wide audience, and to give as many different "types" of students the experience which they required to make an informed and realistic course, subject and career choice. The success of the workshop was evaluated by means of a questionnaire completed by the students, a comparison of the failure rates of students who attended the workshop and those who did not attend it, and an analysis of the pass/fail statistics between those who attended the workshop and those who did not. The findings of this study indicated that the workshop was well received by the students and that it had sufficient internal and face validity for use with this group of school leavers. The research group was a convenience sample that consisted of 73 students who had applied to the largest South African private education provider. These students were from four major campuses in South Africa, they had very different academic and cultural backgrounds and they were interested in different academic fields of study. The one similarity was that all of the courses offered by this private education provider are business-orientated, and only students who were interested in business studies would apply. This study established the validity of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Self- Directed Search in a career-counselling context. The validity of the careercounselling workshop was also established. As this research group cannot be said to be representative of the general population, it is not possible to generalise these findings beyond this group. However, as the results do match those found in other similar international studies, it could be deduced that if this study were repeated with a representative sample the results would be replicated.
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Norming the South African work value questionnaire
- Authors: Bode, Belinda
- Date: 2012-08-15
- Subjects: Working class -- South Africa -- Gauteng -- Attitudes , Values -- Research -- South Africa -- Gauteng , Work ethic -- Research -- South Africa -- Gauteng
- Type: Mini-Dissertation
- Identifier: uj:9431 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5864
- Description: M.A. , Over the past 40 years, work values have gained prominence and have become included into vocational theory along with aptitudes and interests. Clarifying one's values is an enabling step in making informed and congruent decisions, leading to higher levels of satisfaction. A choice of career is an important decision in terms of adult life roles with significant long term consequences. As a person's stated values may differ from their actually held values, identifying one's values through a more objective manner may be beneficial. Engelbrecht (1993) developed a questionnaire after recognising the need for a South African tested work value indicator, which was named the South African Work Value Questionnaire. The Questionnaire measures four specific value factors, namely, power distance, collectivity, development and growth, and participation and involvement. The aim of this study was to establish norm tables for the South African Work Value Questionnaire. The study is quantitative and psychometric and nature. In the study a theoretical basis and relevant research to values, work values and study specific work values were firstly provided. The data capturing and statistical analysis procedures were then given, after which a detailed description of the sample group, on which the tentative norm tables were drawn up, was discussed. The reference group consisted of 1 356 respondents from the Gauteng region between the developmental stages of late adolescence and early adulthood. The sample was on the verge of job entry in terms of career decidedness and aspired to mid or high level careers. The study ends of with the limitations of the norm establishment and possible recommendations for further research.
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- Authors: Bode, Belinda
- Date: 2012-08-15
- Subjects: Working class -- South Africa -- Gauteng -- Attitudes , Values -- Research -- South Africa -- Gauteng , Work ethic -- Research -- South Africa -- Gauteng
- Type: Mini-Dissertation
- Identifier: uj:9431 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5864
- Description: M.A. , Over the past 40 years, work values have gained prominence and have become included into vocational theory along with aptitudes and interests. Clarifying one's values is an enabling step in making informed and congruent decisions, leading to higher levels of satisfaction. A choice of career is an important decision in terms of adult life roles with significant long term consequences. As a person's stated values may differ from their actually held values, identifying one's values through a more objective manner may be beneficial. Engelbrecht (1993) developed a questionnaire after recognising the need for a South African tested work value indicator, which was named the South African Work Value Questionnaire. The Questionnaire measures four specific value factors, namely, power distance, collectivity, development and growth, and participation and involvement. The aim of this study was to establish norm tables for the South African Work Value Questionnaire. The study is quantitative and psychometric and nature. In the study a theoretical basis and relevant research to values, work values and study specific work values were firstly provided. The data capturing and statistical analysis procedures were then given, after which a detailed description of the sample group, on which the tentative norm tables were drawn up, was discussed. The reference group consisted of 1 356 respondents from the Gauteng region between the developmental stages of late adolescence and early adulthood. The sample was on the verge of job entry in terms of career decidedness and aspired to mid or high level careers. The study ends of with the limitations of the norm establishment and possible recommendations for further research.
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South African Myers-Briggs type distribution : a comparative study.
- Authors: De Beer, Johanna
- Date: 2012-08-14
- Subjects: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. , Personality. , Personality and culture - South Africa. , Ethnopsychology - South Africa.
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:9268 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5713
- Description: D.Litt. et Phil. , South Africa is a country in transition where the development of people is a primary focus. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®) is a valuable instrument to use for such a purpose. The applicability, use and popularity of the MBTI® in Southern Africa has outstripped research using the instrument on the African continent. This study serves to provide base line research on type distribution patterns found amongst different language, age and gender groups within the South African culture. The research also has as an important focus the assessment of similarities and differences found in South African and USA type distribution data. A total of 6 452 South African MBTI® profiles is used in this study. This represents males and females from a broad segment of society and industry. The database consists mainly of adults, both working and non-working. The profiles represent individuals ranging from 17 to 70 years of age. The study discusses the following international analyses : RSA type distribution compared to a representative USA sample; RSA White type distribution compared to a representative USA White sample; and RSA Black type distribution compared to a representative USA African-American sample. The study discusses the following national analyses : type distribution of the Afrikaans speaking compared to English speaking group; type distribution of the Afrikaans speaking compared to Indigenous languages group; and type distribution of the English speaking compared to Indigenous languages group. The study discusses the following national comparison of language and gender groups : type distribution of Afrikaans speaking females compared to Afrikaans speaking males; type distribution of English speaking females compared to English speaking males; and type distribution of Indigenous language speaking females compared to males of the Indigenous languages group. The study discusses the following national comparison of age groups : type distribution of females aged 20-29 compared to females aged 50-59 years; and type distribution of males aged 20-29 compared to males aged 50-59 years. Results indicate similarities and differences in both the international and national comparisons. Similarities and differences are discussed in detail in terms of MBTI® attitudes, functions, functional pairs, whole types, temperament and dynamics of type. The South African type distribution results are related to the theories of national cultures formulated by Hofstede (1991), Lessem (1993) and Trompenaars (1993). The concept of UBUNTU, as a significant cultural force (Mbigi, 1997) is interpreted within the perspective of the unique type distribution results of the South African Indigenous Languages group.
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- Authors: De Beer, Johanna
- Date: 2012-08-14
- Subjects: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. , Personality. , Personality and culture - South Africa. , Ethnopsychology - South Africa.
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:9268 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5713
- Description: D.Litt. et Phil. , South Africa is a country in transition where the development of people is a primary focus. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®) is a valuable instrument to use for such a purpose. The applicability, use and popularity of the MBTI® in Southern Africa has outstripped research using the instrument on the African continent. This study serves to provide base line research on type distribution patterns found amongst different language, age and gender groups within the South African culture. The research also has as an important focus the assessment of similarities and differences found in South African and USA type distribution data. A total of 6 452 South African MBTI® profiles is used in this study. This represents males and females from a broad segment of society and industry. The database consists mainly of adults, both working and non-working. The profiles represent individuals ranging from 17 to 70 years of age. The study discusses the following international analyses : RSA type distribution compared to a representative USA sample; RSA White type distribution compared to a representative USA White sample; and RSA Black type distribution compared to a representative USA African-American sample. The study discusses the following national analyses : type distribution of the Afrikaans speaking compared to English speaking group; type distribution of the Afrikaans speaking compared to Indigenous languages group; and type distribution of the English speaking compared to Indigenous languages group. The study discusses the following national comparison of language and gender groups : type distribution of Afrikaans speaking females compared to Afrikaans speaking males; type distribution of English speaking females compared to English speaking males; and type distribution of Indigenous language speaking females compared to males of the Indigenous languages group. The study discusses the following national comparison of age groups : type distribution of females aged 20-29 compared to females aged 50-59 years; and type distribution of males aged 20-29 compared to males aged 50-59 years. Results indicate similarities and differences in both the international and national comparisons. Similarities and differences are discussed in detail in terms of MBTI® attitudes, functions, functional pairs, whole types, temperament and dynamics of type. The South African type distribution results are related to the theories of national cultures formulated by Hofstede (1991), Lessem (1993) and Trompenaars (1993). The concept of UBUNTU, as a significant cultural force (Mbigi, 1997) is interpreted within the perspective of the unique type distribution results of the South African Indigenous Languages group.
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Assessment of a counseling psychology curriculum
- Authors: MacKenzie, Justin W. R.
- Date: 2012-09-05
- Subjects: Curriculum planning - Study and teaching (Higher) - Research - South Africa - Evaluation , Curriculum evaluation - Research - South Africa , Psychology - Study and teaching (Higher) - Research - South Africa , Counseling - Study and teaching (Higher) - Research - South Africa
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:9608 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7029
- Description: M.A. , A review of research titles produced since 1985 at RAU indicates that no formal research has been conducted on the evaluation of the counselling psychology curriculum. An overview of the literature in this field indicates that the profession has not consolidated a unique identity, and its evolution continues since its inception in approximately 1890 together with the origination of the general field of psychology. It thus becomes difficult to define a standard counselling psychology curriculum in this changing growth process, and this study examines only a single curriculum while attempting to determine efficiency, effectiveness and relevance within the changing South African context. Thus while the literature and existing theoretical models served to provide some bench marks in the evaluation process in terms of current trends, the related needs of a diverse and changing South African population were also utilised. It was anticipated that this evaluation process would provide the training system with relevant feedback to be used for possible future implementation. Given the limitations of a dissertation the aim was not to conduct an empirical study, but rather to obtain as much useful information as possible by using a questionnaire with rating scales and open ended questions in order to best determine efficiency, effectiveness and relevance of the training curriculum. While the analysis of the results appears to show that students experienced overall satisfaction with training, except for some modules, a trend is also noted where the programme itself has evolved by better meeting the needs of students. However, it is indicated that the programme does not adequately prepare students for the demands of private practice, and that the emphasis is too academic and less applied, which results in producing adequate knowledge but inadequate skills. Serious consideration is found to be needed regarding the relevance of the curriculum in terms of the broader South African community and needs.
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- Authors: MacKenzie, Justin W. R.
- Date: 2012-09-05
- Subjects: Curriculum planning - Study and teaching (Higher) - Research - South Africa - Evaluation , Curriculum evaluation - Research - South Africa , Psychology - Study and teaching (Higher) - Research - South Africa , Counseling - Study and teaching (Higher) - Research - South Africa
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:9608 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7029
- Description: M.A. , A review of research titles produced since 1985 at RAU indicates that no formal research has been conducted on the evaluation of the counselling psychology curriculum. An overview of the literature in this field indicates that the profession has not consolidated a unique identity, and its evolution continues since its inception in approximately 1890 together with the origination of the general field of psychology. It thus becomes difficult to define a standard counselling psychology curriculum in this changing growth process, and this study examines only a single curriculum while attempting to determine efficiency, effectiveness and relevance within the changing South African context. Thus while the literature and existing theoretical models served to provide some bench marks in the evaluation process in terms of current trends, the related needs of a diverse and changing South African population were also utilised. It was anticipated that this evaluation process would provide the training system with relevant feedback to be used for possible future implementation. Given the limitations of a dissertation the aim was not to conduct an empirical study, but rather to obtain as much useful information as possible by using a questionnaire with rating scales and open ended questions in order to best determine efficiency, effectiveness and relevance of the training curriculum. While the analysis of the results appears to show that students experienced overall satisfaction with training, except for some modules, a trend is also noted where the programme itself has evolved by better meeting the needs of students. However, it is indicated that the programme does not adequately prepare students for the demands of private practice, and that the emphasis is too academic and less applied, which results in producing adequate knowledge but inadequate skills. Serious consideration is found to be needed regarding the relevance of the curriculum in terms of the broader South African community and needs.
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'n Post-modernistiese benadering tot loopbaansielkunde
- Authors: Geldenhuis, Pauli
- Date: 2012-09-07
- Subjects: Postmodernism -- Psychological aspects , Career development -- Psychological aspects , Grounded theory , Self , Lifestyles , Values
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:9777 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7183
- Description: M.A. , South Africa finds itself in the socio-historical transition from the modern to the post-modern era, which influences every South African in all their life roles. One of the most prominent life roles is that of a career, which is also within a post-industrial transition state. It is imperative to develop a post-modern approach to career psychology to provide in the career needs of every individual within the given context of post-industrialisation and multiversalism. The objective of this study is therefore to define the position of career psychology in the post-modern paradigm, and to apply the Grounded Theory in developing an approach to establish career psychology in the post-industrial world of work. The research strategy consists of the Grounded Theory and more specifically the paradigm model. The post-modern approach to career psychology can be summarised as the narration of a life story, with the purpose to achieve a realistic and pro-active career choice within the context of st-industrialisation and multiversalism. The self takes a central position in the subjective and objective career contexts, and is influenced by the self s interpretation of its current and anticipated values, roles and life style. This pro-active process is future orientated, occurs in the present, and has its roots in the past. The post-modern approach to career psychology is flexible enough to integrate new or existing theories or approaches in career psychology or related disciplines.
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- Authors: Geldenhuis, Pauli
- Date: 2012-09-07
- Subjects: Postmodernism -- Psychological aspects , Career development -- Psychological aspects , Grounded theory , Self , Lifestyles , Values
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:9777 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7183
- Description: M.A. , South Africa finds itself in the socio-historical transition from the modern to the post-modern era, which influences every South African in all their life roles. One of the most prominent life roles is that of a career, which is also within a post-industrial transition state. It is imperative to develop a post-modern approach to career psychology to provide in the career needs of every individual within the given context of post-industrialisation and multiversalism. The objective of this study is therefore to define the position of career psychology in the post-modern paradigm, and to apply the Grounded Theory in developing an approach to establish career psychology in the post-industrial world of work. The research strategy consists of the Grounded Theory and more specifically the paradigm model. The post-modern approach to career psychology can be summarised as the narration of a life story, with the purpose to achieve a realistic and pro-active career choice within the context of st-industrialisation and multiversalism. The self takes a central position in the subjective and objective career contexts, and is influenced by the self s interpretation of its current and anticipated values, roles and life style. This pro-active process is future orientated, occurs in the present, and has its roots in the past. The post-modern approach to career psychology is flexible enough to integrate new or existing theories or approaches in career psychology or related disciplines.
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