Establishing static balance profiles using the Biodex Balance System in South African adults residing in the Johannesburg metropolitan area
- Authors: Ferreira, Simoné
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Equilibrium (Physiology) , Gender mainstreaming , Movement sequences
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/285739 , uj:30906
- Description: Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The ability to balance allows human beings to maintain positional equilibrium by coordinating internal and external forces applied to the body. Balance is a motor skill needed by all individuals and can be influenced by both age and gender. An inability to maintain balance, poses a risk of falling and injury. AIM: The aim of this study was to establish static balance profiles for adult men and women. METHODS: This study followed a quantitative descriptive and comparative cohort research design to establish and compare balance profiles for adult men and women. The population consisted of healthy adult men and women between the ages of 18 and 55 residing in the Johannesburg Metropolitan area. A total of 161 participants who volunteered passed the inclusion criteria. The Biodex Balance System was used to assess static balance, using four different balance protocols: Double-leg stable, double-leg unstable, single-leg stable left and right leg and single-leg unstable left and right leg. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric methods were used to analyse the data. All balance tests conducted using the unstable setting, was conducted at level 8. Balance data was reported using the overall stability index. The significance level of all the statistical tests was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The results of the current study showed that females performed significantly better than males in most of the balance tests performed. There was a significant difference in postural balance between the different age groups in the current study, and balance ability started to decline significantly after the age of 30. Although there were significant correlations between both stature and body weight, and balance ability, these correlations were low and they were poor predictors of balance ability. Thus, both gender and age had significant effects on balance ability in adults and these aspects should be taken into account when comparing test results of individual patients to that of norms and reference values. CONCLUSIONS: The current study’s main contribution was thus, to establish reference values for static balance in male and female adults (aged between 18 and 55 years) residing within the Johannesburg Metropolitan area. Future research may be performed in other regions of South Africa and on other age groups. , M.Phil. (Biokinetics)
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- Authors: Ferreira, Simoné
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Equilibrium (Physiology) , Gender mainstreaming , Movement sequences
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/285739 , uj:30906
- Description: Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The ability to balance allows human beings to maintain positional equilibrium by coordinating internal and external forces applied to the body. Balance is a motor skill needed by all individuals and can be influenced by both age and gender. An inability to maintain balance, poses a risk of falling and injury. AIM: The aim of this study was to establish static balance profiles for adult men and women. METHODS: This study followed a quantitative descriptive and comparative cohort research design to establish and compare balance profiles for adult men and women. The population consisted of healthy adult men and women between the ages of 18 and 55 residing in the Johannesburg Metropolitan area. A total of 161 participants who volunteered passed the inclusion criteria. The Biodex Balance System was used to assess static balance, using four different balance protocols: Double-leg stable, double-leg unstable, single-leg stable left and right leg and single-leg unstable left and right leg. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric methods were used to analyse the data. All balance tests conducted using the unstable setting, was conducted at level 8. Balance data was reported using the overall stability index. The significance level of all the statistical tests was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The results of the current study showed that females performed significantly better than males in most of the balance tests performed. There was a significant difference in postural balance between the different age groups in the current study, and balance ability started to decline significantly after the age of 30. Although there were significant correlations between both stature and body weight, and balance ability, these correlations were low and they were poor predictors of balance ability. Thus, both gender and age had significant effects on balance ability in adults and these aspects should be taken into account when comparing test results of individual patients to that of norms and reference values. CONCLUSIONS: The current study’s main contribution was thus, to establish reference values for static balance in male and female adults (aged between 18 and 55 years) residing within the Johannesburg Metropolitan area. Future research may be performed in other regions of South Africa and on other age groups. , M.Phil. (Biokinetics)
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The effect of a physical, psychological and visual intervention on decision-making in football players
- Authors: Bahdur, Khatija
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Decision making , Football players - Psychology , Football - Psychological aspects , Visual learning , Physical fitness - Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/58080 , uj:16416
- Description: Abstract: Decision-making is a complex process during which footballers are required to extract relevant information when faced with various stimuli, and then choose the appropriate plan of action which should then be executed. Decisions are sometimes made with conscious information processing and at other times are more intuitive. Decision-making can be studied from numerous perspectives. This study incorporated three different scientific components of sport performance. The fields of sport psychology, sports vision and fitness were combined to determine the role they play in decision-making of football players in competitive matches. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a visual and psychological intervention and monitor the effect of seasonal variations in fitness on the decision-making of elite South African football players. A secondary aim was to investigate the effect of external match components on the decision-making of elite South African football players. The research was based on a mixed-method, pre-test, post-test experimental case study of a single team competing in the South African Premier League. Players were put through a standardised sport psychology, sport vision and fitness test battery before and after an eight week vision and psychological intervention program. The number and quality of decisions and quality of executions during one-third of the team’s league matches was also recorded and correlations between the test and match variables were statistically determined. External match factors such as kick-off time, venue, number of spectators at the stadium, whether the match was televised or not were also recorded and the impact of these variable on match result and decisions was determined. Statistical significance was set at 95% (p≤0.05). This study found that a visual and psychological intervention can lead to improvements in sports vision and sport psychology components, but only found that mental rehearsal, centralperipheral vision, goal directedness, hand-eye co-ordination and contrast sensitivity were linked to decision-making and execution variables. This study also found seasonal variation in fitness components, with fitness in the post-test lower than for the pre-test. Aerobic endurance and leg power were important in the decision-making and execution of decisions. Match factors such as the average age of the team, tactical approach of the team and the... , D.Phil. (Sport Science)
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- Authors: Bahdur, Khatija
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Decision making , Football players - Psychology , Football - Psychological aspects , Visual learning , Physical fitness - Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/58080 , uj:16416
- Description: Abstract: Decision-making is a complex process during which footballers are required to extract relevant information when faced with various stimuli, and then choose the appropriate plan of action which should then be executed. Decisions are sometimes made with conscious information processing and at other times are more intuitive. Decision-making can be studied from numerous perspectives. This study incorporated three different scientific components of sport performance. The fields of sport psychology, sports vision and fitness were combined to determine the role they play in decision-making of football players in competitive matches. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a visual and psychological intervention and monitor the effect of seasonal variations in fitness on the decision-making of elite South African football players. A secondary aim was to investigate the effect of external match components on the decision-making of elite South African football players. The research was based on a mixed-method, pre-test, post-test experimental case study of a single team competing in the South African Premier League. Players were put through a standardised sport psychology, sport vision and fitness test battery before and after an eight week vision and psychological intervention program. The number and quality of decisions and quality of executions during one-third of the team’s league matches was also recorded and correlations between the test and match variables were statistically determined. External match factors such as kick-off time, venue, number of spectators at the stadium, whether the match was televised or not were also recorded and the impact of these variable on match result and decisions was determined. Statistical significance was set at 95% (p≤0.05). This study found that a visual and psychological intervention can lead to improvements in sports vision and sport psychology components, but only found that mental rehearsal, centralperipheral vision, goal directedness, hand-eye co-ordination and contrast sensitivity were linked to decision-making and execution variables. This study also found seasonal variation in fitness components, with fitness in the post-test lower than for the pre-test. Aerobic endurance and leg power were important in the decision-making and execution of decisions. Match factors such as the average age of the team, tactical approach of the team and the... , D.Phil. (Sport Science)
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A comparison between the q-angles of male and female runners and their relation to overuse injuries
- Authors: Bunger, Nicholas
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Overuse injuries , Running injuries , Leg - Wounds and injuries , Bones - Sex differences
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/90859 , uj:20032
- Description: Abstract: Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the Q-angles of previously injured male and female runners and to determine whether Q-angles were related to their overuse injuries. Method: One hundred participants were selected. The research participants consisted of fifty females and fifty males. All participants were between the ages of 18 to 65. The participants were required to fill in the IPAQ questionnaire and the running injury questionnaire. The measurement of their Q-angle was taken by the researcher only. This was a once off study, so once completed with the questionnaires and measurements the participants were finished with their part in the study. The research was conducted at running clubs in the Johannesburg area and at the Chiropractic day Clinic on the University of Johannesburg Doornfontein Campus. Procedure: This was a once off study where only answers to questionnaires and measurements were required of the participant. The participant was required to complete the IPAQ questionnaire and the running injury questionnaire before measurements of the Q-angle could take place. Objective data was collected using the protractor goniometer to measure the Q-angle which was measured in a standing position. The data collected was submitted to the statisticians at STATKON for statistical analysis. Results: Statistical analysis was performed using the independent sample t-test for group comparisons of males and females. The chi-square test of independence was used to assess whether variables were related or not. Statistical analysis revealed that females had significantly larger Q-angles than the males in the study. There was no statistical significance between Q-angle and overuse injuries in male or female runners... , M.Tech. (Chiropractic)
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- Authors: Bunger, Nicholas
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Overuse injuries , Running injuries , Leg - Wounds and injuries , Bones - Sex differences
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/90859 , uj:20032
- Description: Abstract: Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the Q-angles of previously injured male and female runners and to determine whether Q-angles were related to their overuse injuries. Method: One hundred participants were selected. The research participants consisted of fifty females and fifty males. All participants were between the ages of 18 to 65. The participants were required to fill in the IPAQ questionnaire and the running injury questionnaire. The measurement of their Q-angle was taken by the researcher only. This was a once off study, so once completed with the questionnaires and measurements the participants were finished with their part in the study. The research was conducted at running clubs in the Johannesburg area and at the Chiropractic day Clinic on the University of Johannesburg Doornfontein Campus. Procedure: This was a once off study where only answers to questionnaires and measurements were required of the participant. The participant was required to complete the IPAQ questionnaire and the running injury questionnaire before measurements of the Q-angle could take place. Objective data was collected using the protractor goniometer to measure the Q-angle which was measured in a standing position. The data collected was submitted to the statisticians at STATKON for statistical analysis. Results: Statistical analysis was performed using the independent sample t-test for group comparisons of males and females. The chi-square test of independence was used to assess whether variables were related or not. Statistical analysis revealed that females had significantly larger Q-angles than the males in the study. There was no statistical significance between Q-angle and overuse injuries in male or female runners... , M.Tech. (Chiropractic)
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Functional movement screening of youth development football players
- Authors: Conley, Simoné
- Date: 2015-10-14
- Subjects: Football injury , Prevention , Movement screening
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:14352 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14810
- Description: M.Phil. (Biokinetics) , As with any other athletic activity, football participation carries an inherent risk for injury. Inadequate rehabilitation and incomplete healing have been identified as some of the key reasons for the high levels of injury in football. The majority of football injuries occur in the lower extremities. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between functional movement patterns and injury in junior football players. South African youth development players (119) participated in the study. This study adopted a quantitative and descriptive research approach. An injury questionnaire (retrospective) was completed and Functional Movement Screening (FMS) was used to assess each participant. The relationship between injuries suffered previously and FMS score was analysed. Kolmogorov-‐Smirnov and Shapiro-‐Wilk tests were used to determine normality. A Levene’s test for equality of variances was conducted. Independent sample t-tests were used to test inter-group differences. The confidence level was set at 95% (p≤0.05). The findings reflected that injuries, in this group, were prevalent with 87.3% of the sample having sustained a previous injury. Lower limb injuries were the most prevalent (76%); 58.8% of the lower limb injuries were of a non-contact nature and 41.1% were due to contact. The mean FMS score was 12.9, which, according to previous research, is linked to an increased risk for injury. There was a significant difference in FMS score between players who sustained a lower limb injury, compared to those who suffered an injury to another part of the body (p=0.032). This study found that injury was prevalent in junior football players and that FMS is a useful tool to screen for injury risk. The primary recommendation is for injury prevention strategies to be established in youth development football in South Africa.
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- Authors: Conley, Simoné
- Date: 2015-10-14
- Subjects: Football injury , Prevention , Movement screening
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:14352 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14810
- Description: M.Phil. (Biokinetics) , As with any other athletic activity, football participation carries an inherent risk for injury. Inadequate rehabilitation and incomplete healing have been identified as some of the key reasons for the high levels of injury in football. The majority of football injuries occur in the lower extremities. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between functional movement patterns and injury in junior football players. South African youth development players (119) participated in the study. This study adopted a quantitative and descriptive research approach. An injury questionnaire (retrospective) was completed and Functional Movement Screening (FMS) was used to assess each participant. The relationship between injuries suffered previously and FMS score was analysed. Kolmogorov-‐Smirnov and Shapiro-‐Wilk tests were used to determine normality. A Levene’s test for equality of variances was conducted. Independent sample t-tests were used to test inter-group differences. The confidence level was set at 95% (p≤0.05). The findings reflected that injuries, in this group, were prevalent with 87.3% of the sample having sustained a previous injury. Lower limb injuries were the most prevalent (76%); 58.8% of the lower limb injuries were of a non-contact nature and 41.1% were due to contact. The mean FMS score was 12.9, which, according to previous research, is linked to an increased risk for injury. There was a significant difference in FMS score between players who sustained a lower limb injury, compared to those who suffered an injury to another part of the body (p=0.032). This study found that injury was prevalent in junior football players and that FMS is a useful tool to screen for injury risk. The primary recommendation is for injury prevention strategies to be established in youth development football in South Africa.
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Comparison between a home-based and a supervised exercise programme in reducing sub-acute low back pain
- Authors: Lumb, Michael James
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Backache - Exercise therapy , Back exercises , Backache - Treatment
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/291842 , uj:31705
- Description: Abstract: Low back pain is a prevalent condition affecting a large portion of the population world-wide. It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and work absenteeism. Therefore, cost-effective strategies used to treat this condition are important especially in a predominantly third world country such as South Africa where 55.5% of the population lived below the poverty line in 2015. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the favourable effects of rehabilitative exercise on reducing chronic low back pain (pain lasting longer than three months), some studies have failed to demonstrate the effectiveness of exercise in treating acute low back pain (pain lasting less than four weeks), and few studies have investigated the effectiveness of exercise on sub-acute low back pain (pain lasting between four weeks and three months). In addition, since supervised exercise rehabilitation may not be readily affordable or accessible for all patients due to numerous factors including economical, geographical and time constraints, the present study’s main aim was to investigate the effectiveness of a home-based exercise programme in reducing sub-acute low back pain. An experimental, quantitative research design with a four-week exercise intervention was used. A group of 31 males and females were recruited to participate in the study by way of referral, word of mouth, patient contact and personal knowledge of people with lower back problems. The participants were allocated into either a control group (n=10), a home-based group (n=10) or a supervised group (n=11). The mean age of the participants was 38.58 ±15.04 years. An evidence-based exercise program was developed and used as the four-week intervention. The program consisted of a cardiovascular warm-up lasting 5-10 minutes, four stretches of two to three sets held for 15-30 seconds each (straight-leg raises, hip flexor stretch, child pose and lumbar rotation), and five strength exercises consisting of 10 to 20 repetitions, including pelvic bridges, heel slides with transversus abdominis activation, four-point multifidus activation with active shoulder flexion, side plank on knees and prone lumbar hyper-extension). The strength exercises changed in week three and week four to allow for progression. The Supervised Group (SG) performed the exercise program under the supervision of a registered biokineticist, while the Home Group (HG) performed the exercise program at home only. The Control Group (CG) underwent the pre-test and post-test procedures but did not receive any intervention. Low back pain and disability was determined using the Oswestry’s Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire and the Visual Analogue Pain Score (VAS) scale. Statistical significance was set at a confidence level of 95% (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the three groups’ pre-test Oswestry scores (p=0.392), post-test Oswestry scores (p=0.065) and four weeks follow up Oswestry scores (p=0.195). There were however significant differences between the three... , M.Phil. (Biokinetics)
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- Authors: Lumb, Michael James
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Backache - Exercise therapy , Back exercises , Backache - Treatment
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/291842 , uj:31705
- Description: Abstract: Low back pain is a prevalent condition affecting a large portion of the population world-wide. It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and work absenteeism. Therefore, cost-effective strategies used to treat this condition are important especially in a predominantly third world country such as South Africa where 55.5% of the population lived below the poverty line in 2015. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the favourable effects of rehabilitative exercise on reducing chronic low back pain (pain lasting longer than three months), some studies have failed to demonstrate the effectiveness of exercise in treating acute low back pain (pain lasting less than four weeks), and few studies have investigated the effectiveness of exercise on sub-acute low back pain (pain lasting between four weeks and three months). In addition, since supervised exercise rehabilitation may not be readily affordable or accessible for all patients due to numerous factors including economical, geographical and time constraints, the present study’s main aim was to investigate the effectiveness of a home-based exercise programme in reducing sub-acute low back pain. An experimental, quantitative research design with a four-week exercise intervention was used. A group of 31 males and females were recruited to participate in the study by way of referral, word of mouth, patient contact and personal knowledge of people with lower back problems. The participants were allocated into either a control group (n=10), a home-based group (n=10) or a supervised group (n=11). The mean age of the participants was 38.58 ±15.04 years. An evidence-based exercise program was developed and used as the four-week intervention. The program consisted of a cardiovascular warm-up lasting 5-10 minutes, four stretches of two to three sets held for 15-30 seconds each (straight-leg raises, hip flexor stretch, child pose and lumbar rotation), and five strength exercises consisting of 10 to 20 repetitions, including pelvic bridges, heel slides with transversus abdominis activation, four-point multifidus activation with active shoulder flexion, side plank on knees and prone lumbar hyper-extension). The strength exercises changed in week three and week four to allow for progression. The Supervised Group (SG) performed the exercise program under the supervision of a registered biokineticist, while the Home Group (HG) performed the exercise program at home only. The Control Group (CG) underwent the pre-test and post-test procedures but did not receive any intervention. Low back pain and disability was determined using the Oswestry’s Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire and the Visual Analogue Pain Score (VAS) scale. Statistical significance was set at a confidence level of 95% (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the three groups’ pre-test Oswestry scores (p=0.392), post-test Oswestry scores (p=0.065) and four weeks follow up Oswestry scores (p=0.195). There were however significant differences between the three... , M.Phil. (Biokinetics)
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Isokinetic peak torque values of the knee and shoulder joint in university rowers
- Authors: Nolan, Kirsten Sarah
- Date: 2019
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/412922 , uj:34767
- Description: Abstract: Purpose: The main aim of this study was to assess bilateral isokinetic peak torque (PTQ) in the knee and shoulder joint of university rowers. A secondary aim was to examine possible bilateral muscle imbalances and to compare the males to the females in terms of PTQ produced. Method: The research design was a descriptive, quantitative study. The population of the research were university rowers in Gauteng. The research sample included rowers that were part of a university rowing club in Gauteng (n=37). Sampling included male and female rowers ranging between the ages of 18 and 35 years. All participants who consented to participate completed a PAR-Q and a comprehensive medical history questionnaire. Knee flexion and extension, shoulder internal (IR) and external rotation (ER) were assessed using the Humac Norm Isokinetic Dynamometer at 60°/sec, using a concentric-concentric (CON-CON) and eccentric-eccentric (ECC-ECC) contraction mode. Descriptive statistics (means, minimums, maximums and standard deviations) and non-parametric comparative statistics (Mann-Whitney U Test) were used to analyse the data. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Participants included 24 males (21.58 ±2.08 y) and 13 females (21.77 ±2.28 y). Significant differences were found between the dominant (DL) and non-dominant (NDL) CON and ECC knee extension PTQ at 60°/sec in male rowers (DL>NDL), but not in female rowers. However, in female rowers there were significant differences between the DL and the NDL for the eccentric hamstring/quadriceps (ECC H/Q) ratio and for CON and ECC shoulder IR and ER at 60°/sec (NDL>DL).A significant difference was also found for male rowers in CON PTQ for shoulder ER (DL>NDL), and ECC PTQ IR at 60°/sec (DL>NDL). Both CON knee H/Q ratio and CON shoulder ER/IR ratio at 60°/sec had no significant difference in DL and NDL for males and females (p≥0.05). However, there were significant differences in the DL and NDL for ECC knee H/Q ratio at 60°/sec for female rowers (NDL>DL; p=0.019), as well as for ECC shoulder ER/IR ratio for male rowers (NDL>DL; p=0.003). There was also a significant difference observed between males and females for the DL shoulder ER/IR ratio (p=0.002). Conclusion: The present study is the first to establish isokinetic reference values for the knee and shoulder muscles in South African university rowers. In addition, the results highlight the presence of significant muscle imbalances in both male and female rowers for CON and ECC knee flexion and extension, as well as for shoulder IR and ER. , M.Phil. (Biokinetics)
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- Authors: Nolan, Kirsten Sarah
- Date: 2019
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/412922 , uj:34767
- Description: Abstract: Purpose: The main aim of this study was to assess bilateral isokinetic peak torque (PTQ) in the knee and shoulder joint of university rowers. A secondary aim was to examine possible bilateral muscle imbalances and to compare the males to the females in terms of PTQ produced. Method: The research design was a descriptive, quantitative study. The population of the research were university rowers in Gauteng. The research sample included rowers that were part of a university rowing club in Gauteng (n=37). Sampling included male and female rowers ranging between the ages of 18 and 35 years. All participants who consented to participate completed a PAR-Q and a comprehensive medical history questionnaire. Knee flexion and extension, shoulder internal (IR) and external rotation (ER) were assessed using the Humac Norm Isokinetic Dynamometer at 60°/sec, using a concentric-concentric (CON-CON) and eccentric-eccentric (ECC-ECC) contraction mode. Descriptive statistics (means, minimums, maximums and standard deviations) and non-parametric comparative statistics (Mann-Whitney U Test) were used to analyse the data. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Participants included 24 males (21.58 ±2.08 y) and 13 females (21.77 ±2.28 y). Significant differences were found between the dominant (DL) and non-dominant (NDL) CON and ECC knee extension PTQ at 60°/sec in male rowers (DL>NDL), but not in female rowers. However, in female rowers there were significant differences between the DL and the NDL for the eccentric hamstring/quadriceps (ECC H/Q) ratio and for CON and ECC shoulder IR and ER at 60°/sec (NDL>DL).A significant difference was also found for male rowers in CON PTQ for shoulder ER (DL>NDL), and ECC PTQ IR at 60°/sec (DL>NDL). Both CON knee H/Q ratio and CON shoulder ER/IR ratio at 60°/sec had no significant difference in DL and NDL for males and females (p≥0.05). However, there were significant differences in the DL and NDL for ECC knee H/Q ratio at 60°/sec for female rowers (NDL>DL; p=0.019), as well as for ECC shoulder ER/IR ratio for male rowers (NDL>DL; p=0.003). There was also a significant difference observed between males and females for the DL shoulder ER/IR ratio (p=0.002). Conclusion: The present study is the first to establish isokinetic reference values for the knee and shoulder muscles in South African university rowers. In addition, the results highlight the presence of significant muscle imbalances in both male and female rowers for CON and ECC knee flexion and extension, as well as for shoulder IR and ER. , M.Phil. (Biokinetics)
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