Microstructural characterization of friction stir lap welds of aluminium incorporated with titanium carbide
- Authors: Abegunde, O. O. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Madyira, D. M.
- Date: 2015-07-01
- Subjects: Aluminium , Friction stir welding , Titanium carbide , Aluminum
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5123 , ISBN 9789881404701 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14085
- Description: In this research study, the characterization of the microstructure evolution of friction stir lap welds (FSLW) of Aluminium incorporated with Titanium Carbide powder to form Aluminium based composites is presented. The Titanium Carbide powder was infused at the weld interface to produce a composite. The FSLW were conducted on an Intelligent Stir Welding for Industry and Research (I-STIR) Process Development System (PDS). Different welding parameters were used for the welding process. Rotational speeds of 1600 rpm and 2000 rpm and transverse speeds of 100 mm/min, 200 mm/min and 300 mm/min were employed. The process parameters were carefully selected to represent a low, medium and high setting for the feed rates. The microstructural evolution of the samples were studied. Optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to investigate the particle distribution of the welded samples. The results obtained revealed the influence of the welding parameters on the particle distribution of the welded samples. A homogenous mixture of the materials was observed at higher rotational speed of 2000 rpm.
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Microstructural evolution and mechanical characterizations of AL-TiC matrix composites produced via friction stir
- Authors: Abegunde, Olayinka O. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Madyira, Daniel M.
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Friction stir welding , Metal matrix composite , Aluminium
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/236151 , uj:24161 , Citation: Abegunde, O.O., Akinlabi, E.T. & Madyira, D.M. 2017. Microstructural evolution and mechanical characterizations of AL-TiC matrix composites produced via friction stir.
- Description: Abstract: In this research work, ample study was conducted on the material characterization of aluminium (Al) and titanium carbide (TiC) metal matrix composites produced via friction stir welding. Different process parameters were employed for the welding process. Rotational speeds of 1600 rpm to 2000 rpm at an interval of 200 rpm and traverse speeds of 100 to 300 mm/min at an interval of 100 mm/min were employed for the welding conducted on an Intelligent Stir Welding for Industry and Research (I-STIR) Process Development System (PDS) platform. The characterizations carried out include optical microscopy and the scanning electron microscopy analyses combined with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) techniques to investigate the particle distribution, microstructural evolution and the chemical analysis of the welded samples. Vickers microhardness tests were used to determine the hardness distribution of the welded zone and tensile testing was conducted to quantify the strength of the welded area to the base metal in order to establish the optimal process parameters. Based on the results obtained from the characterization analysis, it was found that the process parameters played a major role in the microstructural evolution. Homogenous distribution of the TiC particles was observed at high rotational speed of 2000 rpm and low traverse speed of 100 mm/min. The highest hardness value was measured at the stir zone of the weld due to the presence of the TiC reinforcement particles. The tensile strength also increased as the rotational speed increased and 92% joint efficiency was recorded in a sample produced at 2000 rpm and 100 mm/min. The EDS analysis revealed that Al, Ti and C made up the composition formed at the stir zone. The optimum process parameter setting was found to be at 2000 rpm and 100 mm/min and can be recommended.
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Force feedback analysis: friction stir welding of aluminium metal matrix composite
- Authors: Abegunde, Olayinka O. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Madyira, Daniel M.
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Force feedback , Friction stir welding , Heat input , Torque
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/93400 , uj:20342 , Citation: Abegunde, O.O., Akinlabi, E.T. & Madyira, D.M. 2016. Force feedback analysis: friction stir welding of aluminium metal matrix composite.
- Description: Abstract: This paper presents the output response parameters (forces feedback, torque and heat input) during friction stir welding of aluminium. The welding was performed on an Intelligent Stir Welding for Industry and Research (ISTIR) Process Development System (PDS) using different rotational and transverse speeds while other input parameters like tool geometry, tilt angle and workpieces configuration were kept constant. The I-STIR FSW platform is capable of recording the force feedback and torque during the welding process and the heat input was calculated using a mathematical relationship. The study reveals the influence of the rotational and transverse speed on the pattern of the output feedback. The reinforcement ceramic particles added to the weld seam during welding also affected the output feedback.
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Characterization of aluminium and titanium carbide metal matrix composites produced via friction stir welding
- Authors: Abegunde, Olayinka Oluwatosin
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Friction stir welding , Titanium alloys
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/212716 , uj:21011
- Description: Abstract: The Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process was invented and developed at The Welding Institute of United Kingdom in the year 1991 for solid state joining of aluminum and its alloys. Subsequently, this welding process has been used for joining other materials like magnesium, titanium and copper alloys, stainless steels and thermoplastics. In this research work, ample study was conducted on the material characterization of aluminium (Al) and titanium carbide (TiC) metal matrix composites produced via friction stir welding. Different process parameters were employed for the welding process. Rotational speeds of 1600 rpm to 2000 rpm at an interval of 200 rpm and transverse speeds of 100 to 300 mm/min at an interval of 100 mm/min were employed for the welding on an Intelligent Stir Welding for Industry and Research (I-STIR) Process development System (PDS) platform. The process parameters were carefully selected to represent low, medium and high for the rotation and the translation of the tool. The characterizations carried out include optical microscopy and the scanning electron microscopy analyses combined with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) techniques to investigate the particle distribution, microstructural evolution and the chemical analysis of the welded samples. Vickers microhardness tests was used to determine the hardness distribution of the welded zone and tensile testing was conducted to quantify the strength of the welded area to the base metal in order to establish the optimal process parameters. Based on the results obtained from the characterization analysis, it was found that the process parameters played a major role in the microstructural evolution. Homogenous distribution of the TiC particles was observed at high rotational speed of 2000 rpm and low transverse speed of 100 mm/min. The highest hardness value was measured at the stir zone of the weld due to the presence of the TiC reinforcement particles. The tensile strength also increased as the rotational speed increased and 92% joint efficiency was found in a sample produced at 2000 rpm and 100 mm/min. The EDS analysis revealed that Al, Ti and C made up the composition formed at the stir zone. The optimum process parameter setting was found to be at 2000 rpm and 100 mm/min and can be recommended. , M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering Science)
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Characterisation of dissimilar friction stir welded 7075 and 6101 aluminum alloys
- Authors: Abolusoro, Olatunji Peter
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Friction stir welding , Aluminum alloys
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/479411 , uj:43363
- Description: Abstract: Please refer to full text to view abstract. , D.Phil. (Mechanical Engineering)
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Friction stir processing : simulation and experimental characterizations of aluminium metal matrix composites
- Authors: Adetunla, Adedotun Olanrewaju
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Friction stir welding , Aluminum alloys - Welding
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/437050 , uj:37934
- Description: Abstract: Aluminum (Al) and its alloys have been the prime materials of construction for many industries. The Al alloys are readily weldable and have excellent formability, good strength and excellent resistance to corrosion. While Al alloys are very strong and exhibit a high strength to weight ratio, they exhibit limited capabilities for wear and abrasion applications. The reinforcement of Aluminum and its alloys with various reinforcing powders has engineered a new type of material regarded as metal-matrix composites. The reinforcement of pure Al and its alloys with ceramic particles is expected to result in an improved mechanical property-to-weight ratio, as well as a superior resistance to wear, and to a high specific hardness. However, these composites suffer from a great loss in ductility and toughness due to the incorporation of non-deformable ceramic reinforcements as a result of inappropriate fabrication process and process parameters. The fabrication process used in this study is known as the friction stir processing technique ... , D.Phil. (Mechanical Engineering Science)
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Fracture location characterizations of dissimilar friction stir welds.
- Authors: Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Akinlabi, Stephen A.
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Fracture location , Friction stir welding , Intermetallics , Metallography
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5322 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8230
- Description: This paper reports the tensile fracture location characterizations of dissimilar friction stir welds between 5754 aluminium alloy and C11000 copper. The welds were produced using three shoulder diameter tools; namely, 15, 18 and 25 mm by varying the process parameters. The rotational speeds considered were 600, 950 and 1200 rpm while the feed rates employed were 50, 150 and 300 mm/min to represent the low, medium and high settings respectively. The tensile fracture locations were evaluated using the optical microscope to identify the fracture locations and were characterized. It was observed that 70% of the tensile samples failed in the Thermo Mechanically Affected Zone (TMAZ) of copper at the weld joints. Further evaluation of the fracture surfaces of the pulled tensile samples revealed that welds with low Ultimate Tensile Strength either have defects or intermetallics present at their joint interfaces.
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Effects of processing parameters on the corrosion properties of dissimilar friction stir welds of aluminium and copper
- Authors: Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Anthony, Andrews , Akinlabi, Stephen A.
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Aluminium alloy , Copper , Corrosion , Friction stir welding
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5019 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13159
- Description: The influence of friction stir welding processing parameters on dissimilar joints conducted between aluminium alloy (AA5754) and commercially pure copper (C11000) was studied. The welds were produced by varying the rotational speed from 600 to 1200 r/min and the feed rate from 50 to 300 mm/min. The resulting microstructure and the corrosion properties of the welds produced were studied. It was found that the joint interfacial regions of the welds were characterized by interlayers of aluminium and copper. The corrosion tests revealed that the corrosion resistance of the welds was improved as the rotational speed was increased. The corrosion rates of the welds compared to the base metals were improved compared with Cu and decreased slightly compared with the aluminium alloy. The lowest corrosion rate was obtained at welds produced at rotational speed of 950 r/min and feed rate of 300 mm/min which corresponds to a weld produced at a low heat input.
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Friction stir welding of dissimilar materials – statistical analysis of the weld data
- Authors: Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Akinlabi, Stephen A.
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Friction stir welding
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5336 , ISSN 2078-0966 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8879
- Description: This paper reports the results of statistical analysis conducted on the weld data obtained from friction stir welding of aluminium and copper. The welds were produced by varying the process parameters; the rotational speed was varied between 600 to 1200 rpm and the welding speed varied between 50 and 300 mm/min. The Statistica (version 9.0) statistical analysis software package was used to generate the scatter and surface plots relative to the experimental results obtained from the tensile testing and the FSW data. Regression analysis was also done on the weld data. It was found that the downward vertical force has a significant effect on the Ultimate Tensile Strength of the weld and a strong relationship exist between the heat input into the welds and the measured electrical resistivities of the welds.
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Friction stir welding process : a green technology
- Authors: Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Akinlabi, Stephen A.
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Friction stir welding , Green technology
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5335 , ISSN 2010-3778 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8878
- Description: Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process invented and patented by The Welding Institute (TWI) in the United Kingdom in 1991 for butt and lap welding of metals and plastics. This paper highlights the benefits of friction stir welding process as an energy efficient and a green technology process in the field of welding. Compared to the other conventional welding processes, its benefits, typical applications and its use in joining similar and dissimilar materials are also presented.
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Microstructural characterizations of dissimilar friction stir welds
- Authors: Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Reddy, Randall D. , Akinlabi, Stephen A.
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Friction stir welding , Scanning Electron Microscopy , Aluminum alloys , Copper
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5332 , ISSN 2070-3740 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8871
- Description: This paper reports the microstructural characteristics of dissimilar friction stir welds between 5754 aluminium alloy and C11000 copper. Dissimilar Friction Stir Welds of 5754 aluminium and C11000 copper were produced by varying the rotational speeds between 600 and 1200 rpm and the feed rate between 50 and 300 mm/min. The welds were characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The SEM analysis revealed the levels of metallurgical bonding achieved at the joint interfaces of the welds produced and it can be established that better metallurgical bonding and good mixing of both materials joined were achieved in welds produced at lower feed rates of 50 mm/min and 150 mm/min while defect population was found to be common in the welds produced at high feed rate of 300 mm/min.
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Designs of temperature measuring device for a re-configured milling machine
- Authors: Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Akinlabi, Stephen A.
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Friction stir welding , Milling machines
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4876 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12552
- Description: The design of temperature measuring approach for a re-configured milling machine to produce friction stir welds is reported in this paper. The product design specifications for the redesigning of a milling machine were first outlined and the ranking criteria were determined. Three different concepts were generated for the temperature measurement on the reconfigured system and the preferred or the best concept was selected based on the set design ranking criteria. Further simulation and performance analysis was then conducted on the concept. The Infrared Thermography (IRT) concept was selected for the temperature measurement among other concepts generated because it is an ideal and most effective system of measurement in this regard.
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Non-destructive testing of dissimilar friction stir welds
- Authors: Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Levy, Adrian C. S. , Akinlabi, Stephen A.
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Friction stir welding , Non-destructive testing , Aluminum alloys , Copper
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5333 , ISSN 2078-0966 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8876
- Description: friction stir welds between 5754 aluminium alloy and C11000 copper. The Friction stir welds of 5754 aluminium alloy and C11000 copper were produced at different tool rotational speeds and feed rates. The tool rotational speed was varied between 600 and 1200 rpm while the feed rate was varied between 50 and 300 mm/min. The visual inspection and the x-ray radiographic testing techniques were employed to conduct the tests; these tests were conducted on the welds to ascertain the joint integrity before characterization to have an idea of the quality of the welds. No visual defects were observed on all the welds considered but the x-ray radiography technique revealed the presence of wormhole defects and discontinuities in some of the welds. It was found that the welds produced at 950 rpm with varied feed rates were the best quality welds produced and this was substantiated with the microstructural evaluation of the joint interface. It was found that these welds have good mixing and metallurgical bonding at the interfaces.
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Effect of rotational speed on joint inegrity of friction stir lap welded aluminium
- Authors: Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Akinlabi, Stephen A.
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Friction stir welding , Aluminum , Rotational speed
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/93262 , uj:20326 , Citation: Akinlabi, E.T. & Akinlabi, S.A. 2016. Effect of rotational speed on joint inegrity of friction stir lap welded aluminium.
- Description: Abstract: Friction stir welding is a newly developed solid state welding process, which was developed by The Welding Institute in the year 1991. The development of FSW has allowed the process to be used in different applications for different industries, which include aerospace and automobile industry. Due to the increase in the demand of high strength and low weight components in different manufacturing applications, there is a need for using pure aluminium and its alloys in lap configuration. Research studies are required to characterize and obtain optimum process parameters, which can be used to produce good quality lap welds. This paper reports lap welded 1050 Aluminium Alloy using friction stir welding process and established the effect of rotational speed on the joint integrity of the welds. The welds were produced by varying the rotational speed in the range of 1200 and 2000 rpm, and maintaining the traverse speed constant at 150 mm/min. The welds were characterized through microstructural evaluation, microhardness profiling and tensile testing in order to determine the joint integrity of the welds. The results from the macrograph of the welded joints, show a basin shaped nugget resulting from the stirring of the tool during the welding process. Fine and equiaxed grains characterized the microstructure in the stirred zone, which was a result of a dynamic recrystallization. The tensile test data revealed that as the tool rotational speed was increased, the fracture strength also increases, the highest value of the fracture strength was 195 N/mm and was found on the welds produced at 2000 rpm. High Vickers microhardness values were measured at the nugget zone with the highest value found to be 31.88 HV. It was revealed that the welds produced at the rotational speed of 2000 rpm exhibited the optimum welding parameters to join 1050 Aluminium Alloy.
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Friction stir welding of aluminium and copper : fracture surface characterizations
- Authors: Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Akinlabi, Stephen A.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Aluminium , Copper , Fracture surfaces , Friction stir welding
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4745 , ISSN 2078-0966 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11731
- Description: Butt welds of aluminium alloy and copper alloy were produced by Friction Stir Welding by varying the feed rate and keeping all other parameters constant. The final weld matrix was composed of welds produced by a constant rotational speed of 600 rpm and the feed rate varied between 50 and 300mm/min. The microstructure and fracture surfaces of the joint interfaces were investigated. The results revealed that the joint interface was characterised with mixed layers of both materials joined. The strongest weld was produced at the highest feed rate employed at 300 mm/min. The fracture surfaces were characterised with thin layers of intermetallic compounds and can be considered fit for practical applications.
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Processing parameters influence on wear resistance behaviour of friction stir processed Al-TiC composites
- Authors: Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Mahamood, R. M. , Akinlabi, S. A. , Ogunmuyiwa, E.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Friction stir welding , Friction stir processing , Materials - Mechanical properties
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4995 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13130
- Description: Friction stir processing (FSP) being a novel process is employed for the improvement of the mechanical properties of a material and the production of surface layer composites. The vital role of the integrity of surface characteristics in the mechanical properties of materials has made the research studies into surface modification important in order to improve the performance in practical applications. This study investigates the effect of processing parameters on the wear resistance behavior of friction stir processed Al-TiC composites. This was achieved through microstructural characterization by using both the optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM), microhardness profiling, and tribological characterization by means of the wear. The microhardness profiling of the processed samples revealed an increased hardness value, which was a function of the TiC particles incorporated when compared to the parent material. The wear resistance property was also found to increase as a result of the TiC powder addition. The right combination of processing parameters was found to improve the wear resistance property of the composites produced.
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Weld reliability characterisation of dissimilar friction stir welds of aluminium alloys
- Authors: Azeez, Sarafadeen Tunde
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Friction stir welding , Dissimilar welding , Welded joints - Reliability , Metals - Weldability , Aluminum
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/269883 , uj:28676
- Description: D.Phil. (Mechanical Engineering) , Abstract: Welding is a crucial joining technique that is generally employed in the fabrication industry. The integrity of weld joints is of great importance, because of its safety and the economic implications. This research provides a glimpse into the basic concept of weld reliability, failure prediction, mechanical and microstructure characterization, with respect to friction stir welding (FSW) of similar and dissimilar Aluminium alloys. The establishment of this concept will enhance welds in service performance and their application in setting criteria for the evaluation of materials’ integrity. Friction stir welding (FSW) of a 6 mm thick AA6082-T6 Aluminium alloy was performed for the preliminary experiment. Three welding speeds of 90 mm/min, 120 mm/min and 150 mm/min at a tool-rotational speed of 950 rpm were used. A solution heat treatment carried out on the specimen revealed a drastic response by an over 120 % increment in strength. The welds at welding speed 150mm/min and the tool-rotation speed of 950rpm (i.e. sample S3) have maximum UTS values of 101MPa at as-weld and 234MPa after heat treatment (i.e. sample H3). The lowest values of strength were observed at 84MPa, at as-weld (i.e. sample S2) and 167MPa when heat-treated (i.e. 90mm/min and 950rpm, sample H1), respectively. The higher the heat input the softer the weld joints. However, the as-weld samples (S1-S6) deviate from the conventional trend unlike the heat treated samples (H1-H6). This is due to overlapping of the temperature field for friction stir bead at the end of each welds. All the samples (i.e. similar welds) fractured at the heat-affected zone (HAZ), due to the reduction in hardness, as a result of a dissolution mechanism. Aside from the point of fracture, the disparities in composition evolution and physical integrity of the weld joints are similar. Ductility is a material property that is inversly related to the strength of the materials. However, a solution heat treatment of the samples (H1-H6) has an increment of over 120% in UTS...
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Effect of plunge depth on weld integrity of friction stir welds of dissimilar aluminium and copper
- Authors: Ewuola, Oluwatoyin O. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Madyira, Daniel M.
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Aluminum , Copper , Friction stir welding , Plunge depth , Lap welds
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/93322 , uj:20332 , Citation: Ewuola, O.O., Akinlabi, E.T. & Madyira, D.M. 2016. Effect of plunge depth on weld integrity of friction stir welds of dissimilar aluminium and copper.
- Description: Abstract: This paper presents the effects of plunge depth on the weld integrities of Friction Stir lap welds of aluminium and copper. 3 mm sheets of aluminium and copper were joined using the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) technique. The study focuses on understanding the relationship between the defects and the process parameters. The produced welds were characterized using visual inspection, microstructural evaluation and microhardness profiling. It was found that while all the typical FSW microstructural zones were present in the welds, the sizes of the voids observed in the welds were dependent on the plunge depth employed. Optimization of the processing parameters is in view.
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Characterisation of tool geometries for friction stir lap welds of aluminium and copper
- Authors: Ewuola, Oluwatoyin Olabisi
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Friction stir welding , Dissimilar welding , Welded joints - Cracking , Aluminum , Copper
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/370322 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/212826 , uj:21032
- Description: Abstract: The patenting of the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process in 1991 opened up a process that was known within a relatively small circle of researchers to the entire research community. As a ground-breaking process in the field of joining, FSW offered a chance for the types of joining that had been fraught with lots of difficulties using the prevalent traditional means of joining. Dissimilar metal joining had been plagued with more challenges compared to similar metal joining due to issues related to differences in thermal expansion and conductivity, wettability, melting properties, microstructural properties and other material properties. Fusion welding of some dissimilar materials such as Aluminium and titanium; Aluminium and Steel had been nearly impossible; the few welds that were successful resulted in defects (like wormhole, lack of penetration, porosity, cracks) and welding imperfections. Hence, the advent of FSW, a solid state welding technique, provided a way out of the many difficulties that arise in the joining of dissimilar metals. Aluminium and copper are also two of such dissimilar metals whose material properties make them useful for a wide range of applications. However, due to the wide differences in their material properties, both metals had been difficult to join using the fusion welding technology. Recently, lots of successes have been achieved in the joining of both dissimilar metals using FSW and a lot of these are recorded in the open literature. Nonetheless, most of the successes recorded in the FSW of aluminium and copper have been in the butt weld configuration. Literatures abound on the FSW of aluminium and copper in butt configuration, while there are... , M.Phil. (Mechanical Engineering)
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Effects of forces on the welding tool during the dissimilar joining of aluminium and copper
- Authors: Ewuola, Oluwatoyin Olabisi , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Madyira, Daniel Makundwaneyi , Akinlabi, Stephen Akinwale
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Defect , Dissimilar , Friction stir welding
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/237702 , uj:24358 , Citation: Ewuola, O.O. et al. 2017. Effects of forces on the welding tool during the dissimilar joining of aluminium and copper.
- Description: Abstract: In 1991, a game changing technique was introduced into the metal joining community. Patented in 1991 by The Welding Institute, the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process has since transformed the way metal joining is being done. Since then, many industries have come to embrace the new joining technology due to its ease of operation and other numerous advantages it offers. Aside from the ease with which it is employed to join similar metals, FSW provides a way of joining dissimilar metals at the microstructural level without some of the problems that traditional metal joining technologies (especially fusion welding) encounter.
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