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The role of big data in decision making in a South African bank

  • Authors: Waide, Eniola Abiola
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Big data , Strategic planning , Banks and banking
  • Language: English
  • Type: Masters (Thesis)
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/475100 , uj:42846
  • Description: Abstract: In recent years, data has been gradually recognised as an integral part of forming a business strategy, with some business leaders labelling it as the fourth factor of production, as essential as land, labour and capital. In the evolving business landscape, organisations are faced with the challenge of maintaining a competitive advantage, keeping up with the speed of change, mitigating the risks of regulatory fines, identifying new business opportunities, and remaining highly profitable. The decision-makers in these organisations should, additionally, be utilising big data to make good business decisions... , M.Com. (Business Management)
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The legal risks associated with trading in derivatives in a Merchant Bank

  • Authors: Terblanche, Janet Rene
  • Date: 2008-06-27T13:46:58Z
  • Subjects: Banks and banking , Derivative securities law and legislation , Risks management
  • Type: Thesis
  • Identifier: uj:10095 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/747
  • Description: The research defines derivatives as private contracts, with future rights and obligations imposed on all parties, used to hedge or transfer risk, which derives value from an underlying asset price or index, which asset price or index may take on various forms. The nature of derivatives is that the instruments are intended to be risk management tools. The objectives of derivatives is either to hedge a risk, or to speculate. Derivatives may be classified by the manner in which they are traded, either over the counter (OTC) or on exchange. Alternatively, derivatives may be classified on the basis of structure and mechanisms, i.e. forwards, futures, options or swaps. Risk and risk management are defined in the third chapter with the focus on merchant banking. The nature of risk is that it is inherent in all activities. The nature of risk management is that it aims to ensure that the risks faced by the merchant bank are managed on a daily basis. The objective of risk management is to ensure that losses are minimised and the appropriate level of risk is taken in order to maximise profits. Risk may be classified as operational, operations, market, systemic, credit and legal risk. A comprehensive discussion of credit risk is presented, as it pertains to the legal risk in derivatives in a merchant bank. This includes insolvency, set-off, netting, credit derivatives and collateral. Legal risk is defined as the risk of loss primarily caused by legal unenforceability (i.e. a defective transaction, for instance a contract), legal liability (i.e. a claim) or failure to take legal steps to protect assets (e.g. intellectual property). The nature of legal risk is that it is caused by jurisdictional and other cross-border factors, inadequate documentation, the behaviour of financial institutions, a lack of internal controls, financial innovation or the inherent uncertainty of the law. The objectives of legal risk management in derivatives is to avoid the direct and indirect costs associated with legal risk materialising. This includes reputational damage. Derivatives attract specific legal risks due to the complexity of the instruments as well as the constant innovation in the market. There remains some legal uncertainty regarding derivatives in terms of gaming, wagering and gambling, as well as insurance. The relationship between risk and derivatives is that due to the complexity and constant innovation associated with derivatives, there are some inherent risks to trading in derivatives. It is therefore important to ensure that there is a vested risk management culture in the derivatives trading environment. Chapter four gives an overview of derivatives legislation in foreign jurisdictions and in South Africa. The contractual and documentation issues are discussed with reference to ad hoc agreements, master agreements and ISDA agreements. The practical implementation issues of master agreements and ad hoc agreements are also discussed. The recommendations are that legal risk management be approached in a similar manner to credit, market and other risk disciplines. A legal risk management policy needs to be developed and implemented. The second recommendation is that a derivative to manage the legal risk in derivatives be developed. , Prof. P. Sutherland Dr. C. van der Bijl
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African Banking Corporation of Botswana v Kariba Furniture Manufacturers & Others (228/2014) [2015] ZASCA 69 (20 May 2015) : a discussion of the meaning of the term “binding offer” in terms of section 153(1)(b)(ii) of the Companies Act

Knowledge sharing tools for a banking institution

  • Authors: Shezi, Guyborn Njabulo
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Knowledge management , Information services , Banks and banking
  • Language: English
  • Type: Masters (Thesis)
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/237854 , uj:24378
  • Description: M.Com. (Business Management) , Abstract: Banking institutions operate in a sector driven by knowledge as an essential commodity for attaining and retaining a competitive advantage in a highly competitive knowledge economy. This economy is characterised by constant disruptions. Knowledge creation and sharing are essential activities that share a dichotomous relationship needed in shaping the competitive edge of modern banking institutions. Modern business is often characterised by organisational restructurings that bring about a plethora of positive and negative consequences to operations, people and knowledge flow in an organisation. Managing the sharing of knowledge through employing relevant, useful knowledge sharing tools during periods of major restructuring and post restructuring poses a challenge to management. Management may not always have high levels of awareness of the importance of ensuring that knowledge sharing survives major organisational restructuring. Management has to ensure that knowledge sharing continues to play its pivotal role in accelerating the company’s journey of recovery from chaos and moving towards normality and high business performance. The journey of one company, a banking institution, was the focus of this study. A case study was done on the use of knowledge sharing tools in helping a banking institution thrive under different business conditions viz. a period of major restructure and a period that follows a major restructure. The purpose of the study was to make a contribution to modern literature on business management by elevating the essentiality of applying knowledge management by promoting knowledge sharing in a normal business operating climate as well as under turbulent conditions. The empirical study involved interviewing employees at a major banking institution with the aim of gaining insights in the essential variables that must be taken into account when managing knowledge sharing within a banking institution. A questionnaire was used to gather data for an analysis of multiple knowledge sharing tools for their perceived usefulness in fostering knowledge under different business conditions. Though this study was not based on generational theory, it became necessary to understand a generational view on how the various knowledge sharing tools are used in the workplace. The case study participants included employees falling within the baby boomer, generation X and generation Y categories...
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Knowledge-mapping of blockchain technology applications for a banking institution

  • Authors: Sewpersadh, Natisha
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Blockchains (Databases) , Banks and banking , Bitcoin , Internet of things
  • Language: English
  • Type: Masters (Thesis)
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/403012 , uj:33752
  • Description: Abstract : Blockchain technology is a relatively new technology which provides many opportunities for knowledge-mapping. Blockchain technology is best described as a decentralised ledger system that stores information about transactions and uses digital currencies such as Bitcoin. The best possible utilisation of a new technology usually depends on how quickly people can develop and apply new knowledge of the technology. Knowledge is a key component to leverage the most useful features of any new technology. Moreover, it is crucial to know how to avoid the pitfalls of a new technology in order to develop solutions. This study’s unit of analysis is knowledge of blockchain technology, that is, the knowledge possessed by people operating in the banking industry. The banking industry is sternly regulated in all jurisdictions and employee know-how is a valuable resource. The recent wide dissemination of blockchain technology, the popularity of cryptocurrencies, and the Initial Coin Offering have contributed to the fact that financial institutions’ management underline the vast potential of blockchain technology in the financial industry. For example, large banks are conducting tests of decentralised asset technology and implementing decentralised ledger systems in business processes. Banks are investing in projects and start-ups that are developing blockchain-based solutions. Therefore, bank employees with know-how and prior experience with blockchain are essential to create blockchain solutions. The objective of this study is to map the existing know-how and identify knowledge gaps of blockchain technology know-how and its possible application in a South African Banking Institution (SABI). This is done through an analysis of knowledge of how the utilisation of blockchain technology changes the existing operations models of financial institutions. The research methodology consists of an inductive knowledge-mapping strategy and mixed-method approach. The quantitative data collection method involved gathering data via an online questionnaire sent to a purposive sample, namely, SABI’s clients, investors, experts, and individuals with the common denominator: Blockchain technology knowledge interest who had attended the Blockchain Africa Conference. The qualitative data collection method was an interview with individuals who had a specific technical knowledge of blockchain technology, with the common denominator: SABI blockchain knowledge group. iv The data analysis was sequential; the quantitative data analysis was followed by qualitative data analysis. The findings identify categories of knowledge that are needed to inform and build new blockchain technology-based operations models. Knowledge gaps were identified in the SABI. Based on the findings, the study conceptualises a knowledge map and develops a theory, namely: If the blockchain knowledge maps of financial institutions integrate knowledge across their Core Banking Application pillars, then the financial services industry will create an Internet of Value-Exchange advantage for everyone on the network. Further study is required in order to test this theory. A key recommendation is to perform knowledge-mapping of the Core Banking Application pillars as the next step of SABI’s knowledge maturity of blockchain technology. In conclusion, knowledge maturity of blockchain technology is essential to create an Internet of Value-Exchange advantage for everyone within the network. The mapping of knowledge provides a measurement of knowledge maturity. Blockchain technology provides many opportunities for knowledge-mapping. , M.Phil. (Information Management)
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Bank employees’ engagement with communities in corporate social responsibility initiatives

  • Authors: Penn, Vincent Cho , Penn, Vincent
  • Date: 2015-04-24
  • Subjects: Banks and banking , Bank employees , Social responsibility of business
  • Type: Thesis
  • Identifier: uj:13574 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13717
  • Description: M.Com. (Business Management) , In the course of firms serving their own interest of securing financial profit, there is a responsibility to take action in protecting and enhancing the interest of the society in which they operate, with the total endeavour and effect of improving the quality of life. This is often done by giving back to the society in the form of community involvement projects. The main objective of this study is:  To investigate the extent to which the value chain in employee volunteering - community involvement programmes is understood and fully optimised from these stakeholders‟ perspective. There were three types of respondent groups within the entire population of Choma, involved in this study. Firstly, there was a respondent group of five senior CSR managers at Choma who manage and co-ordinate all CSR activities within the bank. They have full knowledge of the scope of Choma CSR stated objectives and what is happening in the context of Choma CSI projects, and can thus give valuable insight to the Choma CSI projects‟ current state, including successes and challenges. Two CSR projects were selected by these senior CSR managers, where one was really outstanding and one was also completed, but not considered as valuable in attaining Choma CSR objectives as good as the first. The first group of respondents are members who were actively involved in Project 1 from Choma RBB operations, while the second group was involved in Project 2, from RBB Choma personal loans. Three employees were interviewed from each project. These projects were executed in two different communities leading to two additional respondent samples drawn from the two communities. Two community members were interviewed from each community. This provides three views of the research problem and a triangulation from three different sources of CSR value to a community. All interviews were face-to-face in the respective offices of the respondents by scheduled appointments.
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Comparative analysis of decentralised and centralised operating model in retail banking global transactional services

  • Authors: Mpala, Taurai Culbert , Chiloane, P. Thabo
  • Date: 2014-06-20
  • Subjects: Banks and banking , Decentralization in management
  • Type: Thesis
  • Identifier: uj:11558 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11265
  • Description: M.Com. (Business Management) , The Global Transactions Services (GTS) business unit was established alongside the Rand Merchant Bank (RMB) brand reporting into a Corporate and Investment Banking Board. GTS has been mandated to deliver global cash management, trade and custody services and account services to large corporates in the jurisdictions where FirstRand operates. Technology advances in centralising operating structures, have made it possible for GTS to centralise back office operations to a few locations within the country as witnessed by Global banks like Citigroup. The research problem therefore was to evaluate and identify the strengths as well as shortfalls of the current decentralised operating model versus a proposed approach towards a centralised operating model within the GTS business unit; focusing on investigating whether outsourcing IT operations and technology would create efficiencies, attract skilled employees and technological advancement to the division. Primary objective of the research was to evaluate the current decentralised operating model. Secondary objective was to evaluate the gains associated with implementing a central operating model against the gains currently derived from the decentralised operating model. The findings derived from the study suggest that: (i) There is a misalignment between the business strategy and IT strategy within the current operating model resulting in IT playing a supporting role and not an enabling role in the business strategy formulation and implementation. (ii) The bank does not engage in an on-going activity to evaluate processes, procedures and technology making it difficult to streamline and automate processes resulting in a lot of manual processing. (iii) The bank lacks the internal capabilities required to introduce automated processes which will reduce manual interventions; (iv) Existence of Silos in the business prevent the business from taking advantage of benefits brought about by economies of scale, cross skilling, knowledge sharing, straight through processing and ultimately economies of scope benefits
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Lending patterns and adaptations made to the Grameen Bank Model in South Africa

  • Authors: Moolla, Raeesa
  • Date: 2011-12-12
  • Subjects: Microfinance , Banks and banking , Grameen Bank Model (Bangladesh) , Grameencredit
  • Type: Thesis
  • Identifier: uj:1887 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4241
  • Description: M.A. , In South Africa, high unemployment rates, uneven distribution of opportunities and poverty are major concerns for the government. Poverty is defined as the deprivation of people due to the lack of access, and their right, to certain commodities. In 2004, close to 15,4 million people were living below the poverty line. In addition to this, in 2005, 53 percent of South Africans, equating to 16,4 million persons, were excluded from formal financial services. Microcredit has been advocated as a tool to reduce poverty. A world renowned microfinance model, the Grameen Bank model of Bangladesh has had success in not only reducing poverty, but also allowing poor people access to formal financial services. The bank has 7,93 million borrowers, with 97 percent being female clients, and one third of its borrowers have crossed the poverty line. Four organisations in South Africa have replicated this model. These organisations are the Small Enterprise Foundation, Marang Financial Services, The Women's Development Businesses, and the South African National Zakah Fund. These organisations have achieved in reaching 130,000 clients across South Africa, and extended over R1 billion in loans. However, only four of the nine provinces in the country have been infiltrated effectively. The impacts on these borrowers lives, and their households has been exceptional. Many of the families now have increased selfworth, a stable income, job security and access to credit in order to advance their businesses. In addition, Grameencredit has allowed thousands of South Africans access to legal, formal financial services. Thus, Grameencredit has been advocated to be an effective method in the fight against poverty.
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The role of internal marketing in building corporate reputation in South African retail banking, particularly ABSA

  • Authors: Mokgoatlheng, Jacob Elias
  • Date: 2012-06-05
  • Subjects: Banks and banking , Corporate image , Communication in organizations , ABSA Bank , Reputation
  • Type: Mini-Dissertation
  • Identifier: uj:2459 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4916
  • Description: M.Comm. , Many authors perceive corporate reputation as one of the important intangibles for organisations. It is therefore important that organisations manage corporate reputation effectively. There are several ways by which organisations can build and maintain corporate reputation. One such way is through using internal marketing. This study intends to explore the research problem that is presented in the form of a question. What is the role that internal marketing can play to help Absa as a retail bank in South Africa build its corporate reputation?
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Debate and panel discussion on the corporate psychopath : he is perfect; don’t hire him – preventing the recruitment of psychopaths

Progress on the Financial Sector Charter scorecard in the South African banking sector

  • Authors: Matlabe, Aubrey
  • Date: 2010-10-25T06:32:35Z
  • Subjects: Banks and banking , Financial institutions , Financial Sector Charter
  • Type: Thesis
  • Identifier: uj:6937 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3447
  • Description: M.Comm. , The Financial Sector Charter is a transformation charter in terms of the Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) Act (Act 53 of 2003). The Charter is a voluntary initiative by the financial sector to address racially based income and social inequalities in South Africa. It aims to encourage black economic participation through its six pillars. The Charter came into effect in January 2004 as a result of the Financial Sector Summit hosted by the National Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC), the multilateral social dialogue forum on social, economic and labour policy. The Nedlac partners – government, business, labour and community constituencies – negotiated the Financial Sector Summit Agreements on transforming the financial sector and signed the Summit declaration on 20 August 2002. The Charter commits its participants to 'actively promoting a transformed, vibrant, and globally competitive financial sector that reflects the demographics of South Africa, and contributes to the establishment of an equitable society by effectively providing accessible financial services to black people and by directing investment into targeted sectors of the economy. Financial institutions affected by the Charter include banks, long-term insurers, shortterm insurers, re-insurers, collective investment schemes, investment managers, retirement funds, and licensed exchanges. Any other institution in the financial sector may opt to participate in the Charter. The objectives of the Charter are to: • constitute a framework and establish the principles upon which BEE will be implemented in the financial sector; • provide the basis for the sector’s engagement with other stakeholders; • establish targets and unquantified responsibilities in respect of each principle; • outline processes for implementing the charter and mechanisms to monitor and report on progress. Progress on the Financial Sector Charter Scorecard in the South African Banking Sector In pursuit of these objectives, the Charter commits financial institutions in the sector to transforming in the areas of: • Human resource development; • Procurement of goods and services; • Access to financial services; • Empowerment financing; • Ownership and control; • Corporate social investment. The study provides an overview on the above objectives of the Charter and seeks to measure and assesses in detail the progress of the banking sector regarding the six key areas of the FSC as outlined in the FSC Scorecard against the set targets of 2008. The scorecards analysed would be those that have been submitted to the Council as at the 31 December 2006. • Amalgamated Banks of South Africa (Absa Group); • FirstRand Group (including First National Bank); • Nedbank Group; • Standard Bank Group. The study will assess the performance of each bank, highlighting the positives and providing recommendations where there are shortfalls. The results will be consolidated to give an overall performance overview of the banking sector in South Africa in meeting transformational challenges faced by the country. According to the South African Reserve Bank (2008:106) the financial services sector including insurance, real estate and business services added 22% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2007 making it the biggest contributor. It is therefore imperative for this study to be undertaken to assess and ensure that the sector commits to the process of transformation in addressing the past imbalances with regard to inclusive participation by all in the South African economy.
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The impact of bank intermediation on economic growth in South Africa, 1981-2007

  • Authors: Mashele, Shighughudwana
  • Date: 2010-11-09T06:26:59Z
  • Subjects: Economic development , Banks and banking , Finance
  • Type: Thesis
  • Identifier: uj:6958 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3467
  • Description: D.Litt. et Phil. , This study essentially is about the correlation between finance and economic growth. The research hypothesis postulates a direct causal correlation between bank-intermediated finance and economic growth in South Africa (SA) during the reference period. International research findings give mixed signals on the role, if any, that finance plays in economic growth. In the past, many economic commentators ignored the role of finance in economic growth, or argued that finance had no direct role in economic growth. However, contemporary research tends to assign a positive role for finance in economic growth. This has implications for economic policy-making, because policies which promote bank intermediation indirectly contribute towards enhancing prospects for economic growth, and vice versa. An innovative dimension in the discourse on the finance-economic growth nexus is introduced in this study by means of qualitatively linking bank regulation to economic growth. It is argued in this thesis that bank regulation influences the intensity and scope of the mobilisation and allocation of loanable funds in an economy. If the financial regulatory regime restricts banks from optimising their mobilisation of surplus funds, and the subsequent allocation of credit for productive investment, then the prospects for economic growth will be diminished. On the contrary, financial regulatory policies that promote bank intermediation are also likely to enhance prospects for economic growth. Moreover, financial regulation that unwittingly triggers financial crises, such as bank runs, will be harmful to the performance of the economy. This emphasises that financial regulation should be designed to create an environment in which stability reigns in the financial markets.
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The implementation of third wave management in the technology and operations division of Nedbank Limited

Documentary collections as a method of payment in international sale transactions

A comparative analysis of the usefulness of fair value in measuring the financial instruments of South African banks

  • Authors: Jooste, Cilliers Johan Cornel
  • Date: 2012-07-04
  • Subjects: Financial instruments , Fair value , Banks and banking
  • Type: Mini-Dissertation
  • Identifier: uj:8785 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5143
  • Description: M.Comm. , The debate around the usefulness of fair value as a basis for measuring financial instruments has become increasingly topical and, in recent times, has attracted the attention of various market participants as a result of the global credit crisis which developed during 2007. The qualitative characteristics of relevance and reliability are central to any analysis regarding the usefulness of fair value as a financial instrument measurement basis. This study therefore investigates the relevance and reliability of the fair value measurements disclosed by the four largest South African banks in their 2008 annual financial statements in order to determine whether fair value is the most useful basis for measuring the majority of the financial instruments of South African banks. The financial instrument categories and fair value hierarchy defined in International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are used to perform a content analysis on the 2008 annual financial statements of the banks included in the study, in order to conclude on the relevance and reliability, respectively, of the financial instrument fair values provided. Collectively, an analysis of the financial instrument categories applied and an investigation of the differences between the fair values and carrying values of financial instruments not measured at fair value suggest that fair value is not the most relevant basis for measuring the majority of the financial assets of all of the banks included in the study, and is also not the most relevant basis for measuring the majority of the financial liabilities of three of the four banks included in the study. Based on their fair value hierarchy classification, the fair values of the majority of both the financial assets and financial liabilities of the banks included in the study were not found to be reliable. Fair value was therefore not found to be the most useful basis for measuring the majority of the financial instruments of three of the four banks surveyed, while the findings for the fourth bank were inconclusive in this respect. Keywords: Fair value, financial instruments, usefulness, relevance, reliability
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Stakeholder perceptions of the relevance of corporate social responsibility policies and practices in the banking industry

  • Authors: Johnson, Darren Leslie
  • Date: 2012-06-05
  • Subjects: Banks and banking , Social responsibility of business
  • Type: Mini-Dissertation
  • Identifier: uj:2450 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4908
  • Description: M.Comm. , Organisations, such as the banks, have realised that it is important to be profitable while, at the same time, they need to be good corporate citizens. Banks have certain codes of practice to follow and, by investing in more than just their core business, they can improve on their corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability initiatives. These CSR and sustainability practices are used as a means of demonstrating to their stakeholders that they are taking pro-active measures to behave in a manner that is socially responsible and that they are making a contribution to mitigating the socio-political effects of South Africa‟s past. However, banks might be using their CSR endeavours as a means to improve their public image rather than engaging in actual corporate citizenship. The objective of the study was to investigate stakeholders‟ perception of the relevance of CSR policies and practices in each of South Africa‟s four largest banks.
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The management of liquid asset and cash reserve requirements in the South African banking sector

Effect of credit rating announcements on the banking industry of emerging markets

  • Authors: Harilal, Krishna Das
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Credit ratings , Banks and banking
  • Language: English
  • Type: Masters (Thesis)
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/478352 , uj:43229
  • Description: Abstract: Banks provide several benefits that contribute to the growth of an emerging market economy, such as collecting savings from various sources and enabling borrowers to borrow these funds and invest in profitable sectors (De Ferro, 2013). Banks contribute to the growth of essential sectors of the economy and thereby influence a country's economy. Before making investment decisions, investors use credit ratings to determine the risk of investing in a specific country. This study aimed to define the extent to which sovereign credit rating (SCR) announcements influence the behaviour of bank share prices in the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), which are emerging market countries. A quantitative research methodology was used to analyse data from January 2010 to December 2017 using an experimental research design. The data was collected from Bloomberg. The investigation carried out was an event study using the daily share price of banks, and the All Share Total Return Index of each country as the benchmark proxy, to determine whether abnormal returns (ARs) exist following an SCR announcement... , M.Com. (Investment Management)
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Managing economic transformation and organisational change in the banking industry

  • Authors: Geduld, Earl
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Economic development , Organizational change , Banks and banking
  • Language: English
  • Type: Masters (Thesis)
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/451354 , uj:39767
  • Description: Abstract: Economic transformation is a fundamental principle and important tool in addressing the socio-economic challenges facing South African society. The banking industry, as an integral player in creating the diverse disparities in the country and society, is also an integral player to address these serious anomalies. The industry, with its influential financial and commercial advantage, has a key role in empowering and enabling individuals and communities to social and economic growth. However, efforts to transform the banking industry to support the greater economic transformation of society and the country as a whole, have proven to be lack-lustre and dismal at best. The aim of the study was to identify challenges experienced by banking industry in meeting its transformation objectives to support socio-economic development, and to propose a strategic framework to the industry to address the challenges encountered. A qualitative study was conducted to gain deeper understanding of the issues relating to the study topic and objectives. A purposive non-probability sampling technique was used to select a sample of 13 participants who were directly and indirectly involved in the banking industry. These participants included 8 middle managers from 6 different banks, as well as 5 participants at a senior management level in the finance ministry and National Treasury, the South African Revenue Service, the Ministry for Public Enterprise, the Ministry for Co-operative Governance, and the Banking Association of South Africa. Data was collected from the participants using semi-structured focus group interviews and semi-structured face-to-face interviews respectively. The interviews were recorded and transcribed as permitted by all participants. Data was subsequently analysed using qualitative content analysis... , M.Com. (Business Management)
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Enkele aspekte van die monetiseringsproblematiek van die huidige internasionale ekonomiese stelsel

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