A comparative study of spark plasma sintering and hybrid spark plasma sintering of W-4.9ni-2.1Fe heavy alloy
- Authors: Shongwe, Mxolisi Brendon , Diouf, Saliou , Durowoju, Mondiu Olayinka , Olubambi, Peter Apata , Ramakokovhu, Munyadziwa Mercy , Obadele, Babatunde Abiodun
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Tungsten heavy alloys , Spark plasma sintering , Microstructure
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/123454 , uj:20793 , Citation: Shongwe, M.B. et al. 2016. A comparative study of spark plasma sintering and hybrid spark plasma sintering of W-4.9ni-2.1Fe heavy alloy.
- Description: Abstract: Mixed 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe powders were sintered via the spark plasma sintering (SPS) and hybrid spark plasma sintering (HSPS) techniques with 30 mm and 60 mm samples in both conditions. After SPS and HSPS, the 30 mm and 60 mm alloys (except 60mm-SPS) had a relative density (>99.2%) close to the theoretical density. Phase, microstructure and mechanical properties evolution of W-Ni-Fe alloy during SPS and HSPS were studied. The microstructural evolution of the 60 mm alloys varied from the edge of the sample to the core of the sample. Results show that the grain size and the hardness vary considerable from the edge to the core of sintered sample of 60 mm sintered using conventional SPS compared to hybrid SPS. Similarly, the hardness also increased from the edge to the core. The 60 mm-HSPS alloy exhibit improved bending strength than the 60 mm-SPS, 1115 MPa and 920 MPa respectively, former being similar to the 30 mm-SPS and HSPS alloys. The intergranular fracture along the W/W grain boundary is the main fracture modes of W-Ni-Fe, however in the 60 mm-SPS alloy peeling of the grains was also observed which diminished the properties. The mechanical properties of SPS and HSPS 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe heavy alloys are dependent on the microstructural parameters such as tungsten grain size and overall homogeneity.
- Full Text:
Mineralogical and leaching characteristics of altered ilmenite beach placer sands
- Authors: Ramakokovhu, Munyadziwa Mercy , Olubambi, Peter Apata , Mbaya, Richard Kady Kadiambuji , Mojisola, Tajudeen , Teffo, Moipone Linda
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Ilmenite , Characterization , Pseudo-rutile
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/457394 , uj:40586 , Citation: Ramakokovhu, M.M. et al. 2020. Mineralogical and leaching characteristics of altered ilmenite beach placer sands.
- Description: Abstract: Please refer to full text to view abstract.
- Full Text:
Mineralogical and leaching characteristics of altered ilmenite beach placer sands
- Authors: Ramakokovhu, Munyadziwa Mercy , Olubambi, Peter Apata , Mbaya, Richard Kady Kadiambuji , Mojisola, Tajudeen , Teffo, Moipone Linda
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Ilmenite , Characterization , Leaching
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/464080 , uj:41443 , Citation: Ramakokovhu, M.M. et al. 2020. Mineralogical and leaching characteristics of altered ilmenite beach placer sands.
- Description: Abstract: In order to have a good understanding of the treatment process and improvement on the market value of ilmenite beach placer sands, knowledge of its mineral composition and phase distribution is fundamental. In this study, a combination of characterization techniques including high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron (HR-TEM) microscope, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques was used to understand the mineralogical characteristics of ilmenite beach placer sands obtained from Richards Bay, South Africa. The mineral phase constituents of the ilmenite beach placer sands were studied before pre-oxidation and additive leaching in a chloride environment. During observations using XRD and HR-SEM, the ilmenite beach placer sands exhibited signature rhombohedral crystal form and crescentic pits with evidence of alteration phases. The characterized pre-oxidized ilmenite showed the presence of a ferric oxide film deposit of the particles. The leaching characteristics of both raw and pre-oxidized ilmenite was studied in the presence of additives. The leaching efficiency of the pre-oxidized ilmenite in the presence of additives increased by 20% at atmospheric conditions. The characterized residues show the improved amenability of pre-oxidized leach in chloride media. The formation of new phases containing pseudo-rutile indicated crystallographic disintegration by the movement of atoms during dissolution. Some particles retained the crescentic pit and the subangular grain structure; however, the phase changes were observed at the grain boundaries and grain edges. The leached residue’s EDS results still indicated the presence of pseudo-rutile and some minor unreacted oxides such as SiO2, Al2O3, and other trace metals. The trace metals impurities present in the as-received ilmenite were reduced by 80% in the final residue after the leaching.
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