The waste tyre problem in South Africa : an analysis of the REDISA plan
- Authors: Nkosi, Nhlanhla , Muzenda, Edison , Zvimba, John , Pilusa, Jefrey
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Recycling and Economic Initiative of South Africa , Waste tyre management - South Africa , Waste management - South Africa , Waste tyre utilization - South Africa
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4837 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12485
- Description: This paper reviews the proposed REDISA Plan which is meant to address the waste tyre problem. The study objectives were achieved through reviewing the REDISA gazetted Plan and interviewing REDISA personnel. The Plan does not address waste tyre problem only but has the potential to contribute to job creation, capacity building, establishment of small businesses as well as research and development of new and innovative waste tyre utilization techniques. The Plan is seen as the only viable approach to remedy the waste tyre problem through the introduction of a proposed levy fee of R2.30, and all tyre producers and dealers are expected to subscribe to the plan. Despite it being gazetted, the plan is still awaiting implementation.
- Full Text:
The effect of degrading agents and diluents on oil recovery from lithium based waste lubricating grease
- Authors: Diphare, Motshumi J. , Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Oil recovery , Waste lubricating grease , Waste lithium based lubricating grease
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4931 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13031
- Description: In this study, the recovery of base oils from waste lithium based lubricating grease was investigated using a novel combination of thermal degradation in an aqueous caustic solution and solvent extraction. Lubricating grease is an important resource that cannot be disposed of randomly due to the presence of pollutants. In response to economic challenges and environmental protection, there is a growing trend to regenerate and reuse waste lubricant. Waste grease was initially dissolved in a 20 w/w% KOH solution at 80oC while being agitated for a period of 15 min. Two distinct layers were observed after 10 min of settling time. The top layer being of dark brown oil and the bottom layer was a heterogeneous mixture. The two layers were separated by decantation. The bottom layer was cooled to 45oC followed by slow addition of n-hexane while agitating to prevent the settling of solids. Two distinct layers were also formed, the top homogeneous mixture of light brown oil–toluene mixture and the bottom sludge layer. This research has further optimized the process by studying the effect of KOH concentration to enhance flocculation and recovery of oil. Oil recovery increased from 5% to 30%. The recovery also increased with an increase of solvent-togrease ratio up to 1:6. A solvent recovery of 82.6% to 88% by mass was obtained through fractional distillation. The overall oil recovery from waste grease using the combined extraction processes was 75 w/w% .
- Full Text:
The current waste generation and management trends in South Africa : a review
- Authors: Nkosi, Nhlanhla , Muzenda, Edison , Zvimba, John , Pilusa, Jefrey
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Waste management - South Africa , Solid waste management - South Africa , Recycling and Economic Initiative of South Africa
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4759 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11745
- Description: This paper, a continuation and expansion of the work of Muzenda et al, 2012 [1] looks at the current waste generation and management trends in South Africa. The waste tyre problem in South Africa is also briefly discussed. Solid waste management is a growing environmental problem in developing countries such as South Africa. The increasing standard of living and economic growth results in challenges in the management of both general and hazardous waste. Landfill sites life spans have been reduced and hence the need for waste minimization, utilization and alternative disposal methods. Waste tyre management is challenge as they are non compactable and non-biodegradable. The Integrated Waste Management Plan (IWMP) proposed by the Recycling and Economic Initiative of South Africa (REDISA) is a waste tyre recycling and utilization initiative. This paper is a review on the current waste generation and management in South Africa. The objectives of this paper were achieved through a literature review.
- Full Text:
Solid waste management in West Rand District, Gauteng, South Africa
- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Solid waste management - South Africa - West Rand (Gauteng) , Waste management - South Africa - West Rand (Gauteng)
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4892 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12606
- Description: This article reflects on West Rand District Municipality’s integrated waste minimisation plan. Effective implementation of this plan will give effect to the objectives of the National Environmental Management Waste Act and other relevant legislations, while ensuring that sustainable and cost effective, solutions are developed, implemented and monitored. General solid waste management and minimisation strategies in the district were investigated. The district is currently experiencing a major development challenges on sustainable solid waste management in its four local municipalities which are Randfontein, Mogale City, Westonaria and Merafong City. This has subsequently resulted in the pollution of air, soil and groundwater resources
- Full Text:
Qualitative analysis of waste rubber-derived oil as an alternative diesel additive
- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Alternative fuel , Waste rubber - Pyrolysis , Distilled tyre oil , Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4839 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12487
- Description: Characteristics of distilled oil derived from slow pyrolysis of waste rubber were investigated in order to explore its application as diesel additive for application in compression ignition (CI) engines. Light oil fractions were obtained from batch distillation of crude rubber pyrolysis oil at 250oC. Physical properties such as calorific value, density, viscosity, flash point, water content, total contamination and sulphur were measured followed by functional group identification using a Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Distilled tyre oil exhibited near comparable properties to diesel fuel with low viscosity, flash point and high sulphur content. A number of functional groups were identified in distilled oil which were also found in commercial diesel. It was observed that distilled rubber oil that is filtered through 13X molecular sieves may be potentially used as an alternative diesel additive.
- Full Text:
Pyrolytic tyre derived fuel : potential diesel additive
- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Alternative fuel , Pyrolysis oil , Waste-to-energy , Waste tyre pyrolysis
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4940 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13040
- Description: Characteristics of distilled oil derived from slow pyrolysis of waste rubber were investigated in order to explore its application as diesel additive for application in compression ignition (CI) engines. Light oil fractions were obtained from batch distillation of crude rubber pyrolysis oil at 250oC. Physical properties such as calorific value, density, viscosity, flash point, water content, total contamination and sulphur were measured followed by functional group identification using a Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Distilled tyre oil exhibited near comparable properties to diesel fuel with low viscosity, flash point and high sulphur content. A number of functional groups were identified in distilled oil which were also found in commercial diesel. It was observed that distilled rubber oil that is filtered through 13X molecular sieves may be potentially used as an alternative diesel additive.
- Full Text:
Molecular filtration of rubber derived fuel
- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison , Shukla, Mukul
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Pyrolysis fuel , Waste-to-energy , Rubber derived fuel
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4965 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13066
- Description: The work presented in this article reviews the possible methods for removal of mercaptans from distilled rubber derived fuel. Distilled rubber derived fuel is a potential additive for diesel fuel; therefore reduction of sulphur compounds in this fuel is essential for application in compression ignition engines. Membrane filtration of distilled rubber fuel using 13-X molecular sieves has shown a significant reduction in sulphur content. It was observed that distilled rubber fuel can be effectively filtered via single pass to remove up to 53.67% of the fuel’s initial sulphur.
- Full Text:
Merafong City and Randfontein municipalities community perspectives on waste management
- Authors: Ginindza, Bongekile , Mollagee, Mansoor , Muzenda, Edison , Pilusa, Jefrey
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Solid waste management - South Africa - Merafong City , Solid waste management - South Africa - Randfontein
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4956 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13056
- Description: Solid waste management (SWM) in Merafong City and Randfontein local municipalities in South Africa is a challenge that manifests itself in illegal dumpsites and unhealthy environment. In this study we set to address the Merafong City and Randfontein municipalities’ community participation and perspectives on waste management, minimization and utilization. The study objectives were achieved by using a triangulation method. This procedure included personal interviews, questionnaires and document analysis. The study also looks at households and community partnerships such as waste buy-back centers. These community partnerships promote and support the emergence of small, medium and micro recycling enterprises [1]. These partnerships also focus on sustainable waste management such as reduction of scavenging at landfill sites as well as promoting collaboration between the public and private sector. This study encourages communication among all stakeholders and integration for effective solid waste management in low- income communities.
- Full Text:
Emissions analysis from combustion of eco-fuel briquettes for domestic application
- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison , Huberts, Robert
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Biomass fuel , Eco-fuel briquettes , Flue gas emissions
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4842 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12490
- Description: In this study, flue gas emissions from the combustion of eco-fuel briquettes in a ceramic lined stove were investigated. The eco-fuel briquettes were made of biomass and other waste material such as spent coffee beans, mealie husks, saw dust and coal fines using a hand operated screw press. A combustion set-up consisting of digital weightometer, ceramic lined stove and a complete chimney system was used. The emissions from the combustion process were measured using a Testo 350 gas analyzer linked to the chimney system. The eco-briquettes made from a mixture of waste biomass burnt cleanly within the acceptable exposure limits as set out by Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA). The measured gross calorific value was 18.9MJ/kg with a burning rate of 2g/min. These properties make eco-fuel briquettes suitable for domestic applications.
- Full Text:
Effect of in-line post diesel filtration on engine exhaust emissions and fuel consumption
- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison , Shukla, Mukul
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Compression ignition , Diesel injectors , Engine performance , Fuel filtration , Internal combustion
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4841 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12489
- Description: The work presented in this article investigated the effect of a Whale diesel filter on engine’s exhaust emissions, fuel consumption and performance. A stationary ADE 407T heavy duty diesel engine coupled to a hydraulic dynamometer was used to investigate the performance, fuel efficiency and emissions tests under controlled conditions in a laboratory.
- Full Text:
Effect of fuel filtration on CI performance, emissions and fuel consumption
- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Compression ignition , Diesel injectors , Engine performance , Fuel filtration , Internal combustion , Whale diesel filters
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4894 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12608
- Description: The work presented in this article investigated the effect of a Whale diesel filter on engine’s exhaust emissions, fuel consumption and performance. A stationary ADE 407T heavy duty diesel engine coupled to a hydraulic dynamometer was used to investigate the performance, fuel efficiency and emissions tests under controlled conditions in a laboratory. Exhaust emissions were analysed using Applus-Autologic and Testo 350 emissions analysers. Further emissions validation tests were conducted on three different engine categories including a bus, CAT 320C Excavator and Toyota Hilux...
- Full Text:
Economic assessment of waste tyres pyrolysis technology: a case study for Gauteng Province, South Africa
- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey , Shukla, Mukul , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Waste tyres - South Africa - Gauteng , Waste tyre pyrolysis - South Africa - Gauteng
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4905 , ISSN 2349-1442 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13004
- Description: This study evaluates the viability of pyrolysis technology as a treatment process for waste tyres with the aim of producing alternative fuel and other high value products. A financial model was formulated to evaluate the economic feasibility of this technology as an alternative disposal method. It was discovered that pyrolysis technology becomes more viable when there is guaranteed product off-takes at a given price. Further processing of the crude tyre oil and carbon black is important for production of consistent quality products. Gauteng province alone will require a capital injection of US $59.8 million to setup 14 waste tyres pyrolysis treatment facilities to treat 134,922 tons per annum of waste tyres with a potential investment return and gross margin of 29.79% and 34.59%, respectively. These facilities can produce up to 46.8 million litres per annum of refined tyre derived fuel at cost of $ 0.516/litre and other secondary value add products for local and export markets.
- Full Text:
Characteristics of tyre derived fuel-diesel blends
- Authors: Sebola, Rebecca , Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Pyrolysis fuel , Waste tyre pyrolysis , Tyre derived fuel
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4891 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12605
- Description: This paper reviews the behavior of diesel-tyre derived fuel blends as a modified fuel for diesel engines. Gas phase de-sulphurisation distillation over membrane sieves was used to prepare tyre derived fuel samples. The samples were blended with 50ppm commercial diesel at various volume ratios. The contamination characteristics of such blends were investigated whereby continuous single pass filtration technique was employed to remove solids contaminants in the fuel blends. It was observed that gas phase de-sulphurisation distillation of crude tyre derived fuel reduces total sulphur content by up to 40%. Blending the distilled tyre derived fuel with low sulphur diesel has shown that up to 25vol. % of distilled tyre fuel can be added to low sulphur diesel without compromising the recommended physical properties of the blend. However the total sulphur content remains higher than the recommended specification as per SANS 342 despite the 85% reduction from the crude tyre derived fuel state.
- Full Text:
Beneficiation of pyrolitic carbon black
- Authors: Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Activated carbon , Briquettes , Waste tyre pyrolysis , Crude carbon black
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/385444 , uj:4843 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12510
- Description: This research investigated treatment of crude carbon black produced from pyrolysis of waste tyres in order to evaluate its quality and possible industrial applications. A representative sample of crude carbon black was dry screened to determine the initial particle size distribution. This was followed by pulverizing the crude carbon black and leaching in hot concentrated sulphuric acid for the removal of heavy metals and other contaminants. Analysis of the refined carbon black showed a significant improvement of the product quality compared to crude carbon black. It was discovered that refined carbon black can be further classified into multiple high value products for various industrial applications such as filler, paint pigment, activated carbon and fuel briquettes.
- Full Text:
A review of waste lubricating grease management
- Authors: Diphare, Motshumi J. , Pilusa, Jefrey , Muzenda, Edison , Mollagee, Mansoor
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Waste lubricating grease , Waste management
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4930 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13030
- Description: This paper reviews the handling, disposal, treatment of waste lubricating grease as well as its environmental impact. Lubricants require careful disposal as they contain pollutants. In response to economic considerations and environmental protection, there is a growing trend of regeneration and reuse of waste lubricants. Accordingly, this work provides an overview on various ways of handling, disposal, treatment of waste grease and its associated environmental impacts. In addition to the fact that petroleum and crude oil are not inexhaustible resources, waste products from these resources present a hazard to human health and the environment. As such, proper management of waste lubricants is necessary to prevent the adverse environmental impacts. Efficient recycling of waste lubricants could help reduce environmental pollution.
- Full Text: