A dynamic analysis of the demand for health care in post-apartheid South Africa
- Authors: Mhlanga, David
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Demand for health , Nursing , Post-apartheid
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/488665 , uj:44526 , Citation: Mhlanga, D. A Dynamic Analysis of the Demand for Health Care in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Nurs. Rep. 2021, 11, 484–494. https:// doi.org/10.3390/nursrep11020045 , DOI: doi.org/10.3390/nursrep11020045
- Description: Abstract: The study aimed to investigate the drivers of demand for healthcare in South Africa 26 years after democracy. The pattern healthcare demand by households in South Africa is that most households use public healthcare services particularly public clinics compared to private and traditional healthcare facilities. Using conditional probability models, the logit model to be more specific, the results revealed that households head who is unemployed, households who do not have a business, households who were not receiving pension money, had a greater probability of demand for public healthcare institutions. On the other hand, being male, being White, Indian and Coloured, being a property owner and being not a grant beneficiary, reduces the probability of demand for public healthcare facilities in South Africa. As a result, the study recommends more investment in public healthcare but more in public clinics in South Africa due to the high percentage of households using these services. Also, the government must consider investing more in the maintenance and improvement of the welfare of nurses in the country considering the huge role they play in the delivery of healthcare to the citizens.
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Artificial intelligence in the Industry 4.0, and its impact on Poverty, innovation, infrastructure development, and the Sustainable development goals: Lessons from Emerging economies?
- Authors: Mhlanga, David
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Artificial intelligence , Industry 4.0 , Innovation
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/488601 , uj:44517 , Citation: Mhlanga, D. Artificial Intelligence in the Industry 4.0, and Its Impact on Poverty, Innovation, Infrastructure Development, and the Sustainable Development Goals: Lessons from Emerging Economies? Sustainability 2021, 13, 5788. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115788 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115788
- Description: Abstract: Abstract: Artificial intelligence in the fourth industrial revolution is beginning to live up to its promises of delivering real value necessitated by the availability of relevant data, computational ability, and algorithms. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the influence of artificial intelligence on the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals with a direct focus on poverty reduction, goal one, industry, innovation, and infrastructure development goal 9, in emerging economies. Using content analysis, the result pointed to the fact that artificial intelligence has a strong influence on the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals particularly on poverty reduction, improvement of the certainty and reliability of infrastructure like transport making economic growth and development possible in emerging economies. The results revealed that Artificial intelligence is making poverty reduction possible through improving the collection of poverty-related data through poverty maps, revolutionizing agriculture education and the finance sector through financial inclusion. The study also discovered that AI is also assisting a lot in education, and the financial sector allowing the previously excluded individuals to be able to participate in the mainstream economy. Therefore, it is important that governments in emerging economies need to invest more in the use of AI and increase the research related to it so that the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to innovation, infrastructure development, poverty reduction are attained.
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COVID-19, Poverty and sustainable development goals (SDGs): A Zimbabwean experience with a comparison to South Africa.
- Authors: Mhlanga, David , Moloi, Tankiso
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: COVID-19 , Poverty , Neoclassical Economic
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/489624 , uj:44650 , Citation: Mhlanga, D., Moloi, T., 2021. COVID-19, Poverty and sustainable development goals (SDGs): A Zimbabwean experience with a comparison to South Africa
- Description: Abstract: This article focused on the impact of COVID-19 on the achievement of sustainable development goals with a direct focus on poverty (goal one) taking Zimbabwe as a case study and comparing it to South Africa. The neoclassical economics theory of poverty was used in the analysis. The study used a literature review approach where document and conceptual analyses were conducted. The information gathered from the secondary sources of data which include several peer-reviewed journals on the neoclassical economics, reports and even newspaper articles indicated that poverty will rise because of COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe and South Africa. This will be more prevalent among the low-income earners and those who are already in the poverty bracket. The conclusion is that the rise in poverty will impact negatively on the attainment of SDGs. Therefore, governments in various countries especially in developing nations should avail grants for the poor, the low-income earners whose income has been disrupted by the pandemic and to come up with strong mechanisms to bail out businesses especially small businesses who have challenges to cope with the crisis.
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Energy demand and race explained in South Africa: A case of electricity.
- Authors: Mhlanga, David , Garidzirai, Rufaro
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Energy , Electricity , Demand
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/488769 , uj:44539 , Citation: Mhlanga, D. and Garidzirai, R., 2020. Energy Demand and Race Explained in South Africa: A Case of Electricity. Eurasian Journal of Business and Management, 8(3), pp.191-204. , DOI: 10.15604/ejbm.2020.08.03.003
- Description: Abstract: The study investigated the influence of race in the demand for energy in South Africa using electricity as a case study. The driving force behind the study was to establish whether race still plays a role in access to energy in the country, 26 years into democracy. The study’s contribution is premised on influencing the development of policy that addresses energy inequality in South Africa and the world at large. Using the logistic regression analysis, the study found that race still plays a role in the demand for energy in South Africa. The odds of demand for electricity for the White population was 46.748 per cent higher than that of Blacks, Colored, and Indians combined. Other significant variables were gender, age of household head, net household income per month in Rand and household size. Despite constituting much of the populace in South Africa, the demand for electricity of the Black population was third compared to other races. Such findings reflect the reality that many of the Black households are suffering from energy poverty. Given these results, it is recommended that the South African government invests more in energy and alternative sources of clean energy such as solar and wind which can cater for much of the population.
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Explaining the demand for private health care in South Africa
- Authors: Mhlanga, David , Ndhlovu, Emmanuel
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Demand , Determinants , General Household
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/488609 , uj:44518 , Citation: Mhlanga, D., Ndhlovu, E., 2021. Explaining the demand for private health care in South Africa.
- Description: Abstract: This article investigates the determinants of demand for private health care in South Africa using the 2018 general household data to influence related policy interventions. The data reveal that approximately 75 per cent of households in South Africa prefer public healthcare facilities when they fall ill or when involved in an accident while only 24 per cent prefer private healthcare. Also, the results from the logistic regression analysis indicate that the factors significant in influencing the probability of demand for private health care were - race, gender, and age of the household head as well as the size of the household. The results generally revealed that public health is used by many households compared to private health care. In this view, the South African government needs to invest more in public health facilities as they are used more by the larger section of the population. Further, there is a need to ensure sustainable ways of reforming private healthcare, such as reviewing its cost to ensure that the disparities in access to these health facilities are addressed. This could also help in fighting inequality and poverty in the country
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Factors that matter for financial inclusion: Evidence from Sub-Sharan Africa - The Zimbabwe case
- Authors: Mhlanga, David
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Agricultural sector , Factors , Financial inclusion
- Language: Language
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/488753 , uj:44537 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0152 , Citation: Mhlanga, D., 2021. Factors that matter for financial inclusion: Evidence from Sub-Sharan Africa - The Zimbabwe case. , E-ISSN 2281-4612
- Description: Abstract: The study intended to investigate the factors that are important in influencing the financial inclusion of smallholder farming households in Sub-Saharan Africa with a specific focus on Zimbabwe. Motivated by the fact that there is an increase in the evidence of the importance of financial inclusion in fighting poverty and the fact that by merely having a bank account, financial inclusion cannot be guaranteed, the study went further to interrogate factors that influence smallholder farmers to have a transaction account, to borrow and to have insurance. Since the dependent variable of financial inclusion had more than two categories, with three unordered categories, transaction account, savings/credit account, and insurance, the multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the determinants of financial inclusion from these three categories of the dependent variable. The multinomial logit model results, with insurance as the reference category, indicated that the size of the household, transaction costs, gender and agricultural extension service were the factors influencing the demand for a household to open a transaction account. On the other hand, off-farm income and age of the household were the only two factors significantly influencing households to borrow. Therefore, it is imperative for, the government of Zimbabwe to come up with more policies that encourage farmers to participate in the formal financial market as financial inclusion can help to fight poverty and the general developments of societies.
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Financial access and poverty reduction in agriculture: A case of Zimbabwe
- Authors: Mhlanga, David
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Agricultural Sector , Financial Access , Poverty Reduction
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/488657 , uj:44525 , Citation: Mhlanga, D., 2021. Financial access and poverty reduction in agriculture: A case of Zimbabwe.
- Description: Abstract: The study sought to thoroughly investigate the impact of access to various financial products and services offered by financial institutions such as the ability to have a transaction account, borrowing, saving and insurance services on sustainable poverty reduction. The study was necessitated by the fact that many poor people in Zimbabwe are in rural areas with farming as their main activity. So the study aimed to understand if access to finance had an impact on poverty among smallholder farmers. Using multiple regression techniques, the study revealed that access to a transaction account, saving and borrowing had an impact on poverty reduction among the smallholder farmers. It was noted that access to finance through financial inclusion can help to fight poverty sustainably among the smallholder farmers. As a result, the government of Zimbabwe should ensure that smallholder farmers do actively participate in the financial sector through encouraging them to open accounts, to save and to borrow by prioritizing policies that will help to increase the levels of financial inclusion. Also, the government should partner with financial institutions so that financial institutions can provide a variety of products and services at an affordable cost to smallholder farmers.
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Financial inclusion explained in South Africa from the 2018 general household survey data
- Authors: Mhlanga, David , Denhere, Varaidzo
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Financial Inclusion , Household Survey Data , Drivers
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/488777 , uj:44540 , Citation: Mhlanga, D., Denhere, V., 2021. Financial inclusion explained in South Africa from the 2018 general household survey data.
- Description: Abstract: The study sought to establish the drivers of financial inclusion in South Africa. Financial inclusion has been a topic of global interest especially due to the negative impact of financial exclusion in addressing the socio-economic issues like poverty. Using the logit model, the study discovered that financial inclusion is driven by age, education level, the total salary proxy of income, race, gender, and marital status. The variable gender was the only factor with a negative influence on financial inclusion all other significant variables had a positive influence on financial inclusion. As a result, the government of South Africa should encourage the use of financial services and products among women, Black Africans Coloureds, products, and services tailor-made to satisfy the needs should be designed to improve financial inclusion among them. This initiative will go a long way in addressing poverty, inequality, and unemployment in the country
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Financial inclusion in agriculture: lessons from Zimbabwe
- Authors: Mhlanga, David , Dunga, Steven Henry
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Agriculture , Financial Inclusion , Smallholder Farmers
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/488697 , uj:44530 , Citation: Mhlanga, D., Dunga, S.H., 2021. Financial inclusion in agriculture: lessons from Zimbabwe.
- Description: Abstract: Low levels of financial inclusion and high levels of poverty particularly in the agricultural sector motivated this study. The paper sought to investigate the drivers of financial inclusion among the smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe using household-level data. The logistic regression was used to assess the factors that influence the probability of households to demand financial products i.e., a bank account. The results from the log it regression analysis indicated that financial inclusion was influenced by off-farm income, age of the household, distance, transaction costs, agricultural extension service and size of the household. Household size, transaction costs, agricultural extension service (households not participating) had a negative influence on the probability of a household having a bank account. As a result, the government and financial service providers must come together to ensure that farmers do have access to financial products and services through shortening the distances travelled by farmers to financial institutions, intensifying the various financial products provided by various financial institutions through the formation of public-private partnerships as well as increasing extension services where farmers receive financial education.
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Financial inclusion in emerging economies: The application of Machine learning and artificial Intelligence in Credit Risk assessment
- Authors: Mhlanga, David
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Application , Artificial intelligence , Emerging economies
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/488673 , uj:44527 , Citation: Mhlanga, David. 2021. Financial Inclusion in Emerging Economies: The Application of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Credit Risk Assessment. International Journal of Financial Studies 9: 39. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ijfs9030039 , DOI: . https:// doi.org/10.3390/ijfs9030039
- Description: Abstract: In banking and finance, credit risk is among the important topics because the process of issuing a loan requires a lot of attention to assessing the possibilities of getting the loaned money back. At the same time in emerging markets, the underbanked individuals cannot access traditional forms of collateral or identification that is required by financial institutions for them to be granted loans. Using the literature review approach through documentary and conceptual analysis to investigate the impact of machine learning and artificial intelligence in credit risk assessment, this study discovered that artificial intelligence and machine learning have a strong impact on credit risk assessments using alternative data sources such as public data to deal with the problems of information asymmetry, adverse selection, and moral hazard. This allows lenders to do serious credit risk analysis, to assess the behaviour of the customer, and subsequently to verify the ability of the clients to repay the loans, permitting less privileged people to access credit. Therefore, this study recommends that financial institutions such as banks and credit lending institutions invest more in artificial intelligence and machine learning to ensure that financially excluded households can obtain credit.
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Financialised agrarian primitive accumulation in Zimbabwe
- Authors: Mhlanga, David , Ndhlovu, Emmanuel
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Agricultural sector , New dispensation regime , Peasants
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/488733 , uj:44534 , Citation: Mhlanga, D. and Ndhlovu, E., 2021. Financialised Agrarian Primitive Accumulation in Zimbabwe. African Renaissance, 18(3), pp.185-207.
- Description: Abstract: The departure of Robert Mugabe whose 37-year authoritarian rule was ended by a military coup in November 2017 was accompanied by celebrations and much optimism. The emergent ‘new dispensation’ led by President Emmerson Mnangagwa promised an end to authoritarian rule, despotism, a cartelised and patronage-based economy, and economic malpractices to revive the battered economy. Agriculture would remain one of the key economic sectors with Zimbabweans themselves as the cornerstone and the strongest pillar to build a strong and sustainable economy. However, a qualitative review of land discourses and policy practices reveal the contrary. Predicated on secondary sources, and based on a discourse analysis, this article shows how the new regime has abandoned its promises and relaxed policies, thereby easing investment conditions for monopoly finance capital which now engages in financialised agrarian primitive accumulation. The result has been forcing production models for peasants, livelihoods and tenure insecurity, impending peasant displacements, and a sustained cartelised and patronage-based economy and politics reminiscent of the Mugabe era.
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Key features of the fourth industrial revolution in South Africa’s basic education system
- Authors: Moloi, Tankiso , Mhlanga, David
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Basic education , Fourth industrial revolution , Technology
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/488681 , uj:44528 , Citation: Moloi, T., & Mhlanga, D. (2021). Key features of the fourth industrial revolution in South Africa’s basic education system. Journal of Management Information and Decision Sciences, 24(5), 1-20.
- Description: Abstract: 4IR brings a variety of changes in all the spheres of life, including industry and education. The unprecedented speed of technological innovation characterizes 4IR. Education has attempted to keep up with these changes; however, technology's effectiveness and its challenges are not well documented in this sector. This study seeks to assess the availability of the basic features needed to drive the 4IR in South Africa’s basic education system. Essentially, the research question that the study sought to answer was ‘what are the key features in place to drive 4IR in South Africa’s basic education system’? Data was collected using the interviews. Interviews were conducted through telephone, Zoom, and Microsoft Teams with various school principals. Our key findings are that the basic education sector in South Africa is not geared for 4IR; however, there are pockets of excellence driven by the private sector. The study found that various online platforms such as WhatsApp/Google Apps, YouTube licensing, Office 365 licensing/ MS Teams and/or Zoom were used to facilitate teaching and learning, mainly in urban schools. The results indicated that many rural teachers were not competent as urban teachers in using technology to teach. Accordingly, teachers relied heavily on traditional teaching methods such as green board and chalk. This study implies that the South African government must prioritize technologies that can facilitate teaching and learning in the 4IR as many schools did not have these technologies, especially in the rural areas. Very few interviewees understood 4IR and its implications. There is a need for higher learning institutions to design short learning programs aimed at introducing educators to 4IR. After the procurement of technologies in schools, there is usually a tendency to provide overlook the importance of training. As a result, there is a need for training to be intensified on how to operate these technologies for teaching and learning in South Africa.
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Measuring financial inclusion and its determinants among the smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe: An empirical study
- Authors: Mhlanga, David , Dunga, Steven Henry
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Determinants , Financial Inclusion , Measuring
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/488786 , uj:44541 , Citation: Mhlanga, D. and Dunga, S.H., 2020. Measuring financial inclusion and its determinants among the smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe: An empirical study. Eurasian Journal of Business and Management, 8(3), pp.266-281. , DOI: 10.15604/ejbm.2020.08.03.008
- Description: Abstract: The study sought to assess the levels of financial inclusion among the smallholder farmers and to investigate its determinants among the same. The study employed a household measure to measure the level of financial inclusion and multiple regression to assess the determinants of financial inclusion. The results indicated that the level of financial inclusion among the smallholder farmers was low because the percentage of households who were actively participating in the formal financial system was below 27 per cent below 50 per cent. The investigation on the driving factors of financial inclusion indicated that off-farm income, education level, distance, financial literacy and age of the household were the significant variables in explaining the determinants of financial inclusion among the smallholder farmers in Manicaland Province of Zimbabwe. Therefore, the study discovered that it is important for the government of Zimbabwe and financial institutions to form partnerships to come up with policies that ensure that smallholder farmers are included in the formal financial market and these policies should motivate households to use the formal financial services. Also, the crafted should strive to remove all the barriers to financial inclusion among the smallholder farmers. For instance, looking at farmers, many farmers are finding it difficult to access loans due to lack of collateral security, so banks need to come up with services and products that are tailor-made for the smallholder farmers especially on credit, services that allow smallholder farmers to borrow.
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Socio-economic and political challenges in Zimbabwe and the development implications for Southern Africa
- Authors: Mhlanga, David , Ndhlovu, Emmanuel
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Development , Poverty , Southern Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/488689 , uj:44529 , Citation:Mhlanga, D. and Ndhlovu, E., 2021. Socio-economic and Political Challenges in Zimbabwe and the Development Implications for Southern Africa. Journal of African Foreign Affairs, 8(2), pp.75-98.
- Description: Abstract: Zimbabwe currently faces a huge spectrum of socio-economic and political challenges. These challenges have had significant development implications for the Southern Africa region. The article argues that to understand Zimbabwe’s challenges, it is crucial to first understand the country’s history: adoption of the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme in 1990; involvement in the Democratic Republic of Congo war in the late 1998; the hurried Fast Track Land Reform Programme in the 2000s, as well as the Operation Murambatsvina in 2005. These events served as the beginning of the country’s tumble into socio-economic and political challenges in which the country still reels. Drawing upon secondary sources, the article examines both the positive and negative development implications of these challenges for Southern Africa countries, namely, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, and Zambia.
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The Fourth Industrial Revolution and COVID-19 in South Africa : the opportunities and challenges of introducing blended learning in education
- Authors: Mhlanga, David
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Blended Learning , COVID-19 , Challenges
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/487904 , uj:44431 , Citation: Mhlanga, D., 2021. The Fourth Industrial Revolution and COVID-19 Pandemic in South Africa: The Opportunities and Challenges of Introducing Blended Learning in Education. Journal of African Education, 2(2), pp.15-42.
- Description: Abstract: The study aimed to critically investigate the opportunities and challenges of introducing blended learning in the education sector in South Africa after the COVID-19 disturbances. Using unobtrusive research techniques like the conceptual and documentary analysis the study discovered that the COVID-19 helped the education sector to embrace the various 4IR technological tools that are beneficial in facilitating teaching and learning. Also, the study found out that post-COVID-19 pandemic the opportunities for introducing blended learning are expanding access and being cost-effective and efficient. On the other hand, the study discovered that blended learning can suffer from various obstacles in South Africa which include the following, high levels of inequality, massive digital divide, resource constraints and skills shortages. Therefore, the study recommends that blended learning present some opportunity to embrace the 4IR in the education sector in South Africa which can help the sector not to lag the developments of the 4IR. However, it is important to ensure that there is a level playing field by dealing with challenges related to inequality, skills deficit and massive digital divide that is to bridge the gap between the haves and have-nots. This means that policies that are geared towards addressing the digital divide, skills shortages among educators need to be prioritised if blended learning is to be effective.
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The use of surrogate currency to address liquidity crisis: The Zimbabwean experience.
- Authors: Denhere, Varaidzo , Mhlanga, David
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Zimbabwe Currency Crisis , Black Market , Liquidity Crisis
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/488745 , uj:44536 , Citation: Denhere, V. and Mhlanga, D., 2021. The Use of Surrogate Currency to Address Liquidity Crisis: The Zimbabwean Experience. Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance, 9(3), pp.159-169. , DOI: 10.15604/ejef.2021.09.03.002
- Description: Abstract: Zimbabwe has experienced an economic meltdown dating back to 2000, which created perennial economic woes such as a liquidity crisis that continued haunting the country to date. Various possible solutions were explored but did not yield the desired results. Amongst the explored solutions was an introduction of surrogate currency specifically to curb the liquidity crisis. This paper sought to explore the effects of using "surrogate currency" to address the liquidity crisis in Zimbabwe by employing a desk review. Currently, there is a dearth of literature on using surrogate currency in African countries. Hence this study contributes to the existing literature on the use of such currency. The review established that the surrogate currency led to the emergence of bad money as propounded by Gresham’s law of currency systems. Moreover, the surrogate currency rapidly lost its value, whereas the introduction of the surrogate currency failed to address the liquidity crisis, leading to other socio-economic challenges. Finally, financial reporting under the surrogate currency became a challenge as well. This study recommends the withdrawal of the surrogate currency and the use of multicurrency along with the promotion of products for export to attract more foreign currency into the economy.
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Understanding the drivers of financial inclusion in South Africa
- Authors: Mhlanga, David , Dunga, Steven H. , Moloi, Tankiso
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Financial inclusion , Logit model , Drivers
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/488621 , uj:44519 , Citation: Mhlanga, D., Dunga, S.H. & Moloi, T., 2021, ‘Understanding the drivers of financial inclusion in South Africa’, Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 14(1), a594. https://doi. org/10.4102/jef.v14i1.594 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/jef.v14i1.594 , ISSN: (Online) 2312-2803, (Print) 1995-7076
- Description: Abstract: Orientation: Financial inclusion is becoming one of the attractive topics at the global level with policymakers, development partners, governments and financial institutions developing interest in understanding it more deeply. Research purpose: The study sought to establish the drivers of financial inclusion in South Africa with a focus on factors that influences ownership of an investment account. Motivation for the study: Motivated by the increase in the evidence of the importance of financial inclusion in fighting poverty and the fact that by merely having a bank account, financial inclusion cannot be guaranteed, the study interrogated the factors that influence households to have an investment account. Research approach/design and method: As the dependent variable of financial inclusion was binary, the logistic regression was used to estimate the drivers of financial inclusion. The variable assumed two values 0 and 1, where 1 represents access to an investment account and 0 otherwise. Main findings: Using the logit model, the study discovered that financial inclusion is driven by age, education level, the total salary proxy of income, race, and marital status. Practical/managerial implications: The differences in the probability of demand for financial products and services amongst the different races mean that products and services tailormade to satisfy the needs of the different races, for coloured and black people these products and services should be designed to improve financial inclusion amongst them. Contribution/value-add: The study managed to discover the factors that influences households to have an investment account in South Africa.
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