Development of surface fluorinated polypropylene fibres for use in concrete
- Tu, Lin
- Authors: Tu, Lin
- Date: 2014-02-17
- Subjects: Reinforced concrete , Polypropylene fibers
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:4088 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9436
- Description: D.Ing. (Civil Engineering) , Polypropylene (PP) fibre is one of the most widely used fibres for reinforcing concrete. Due to its unique material properties such as economic production cost, relatively high melting point and alkaline resistance, PP fibres in concrete are found to increase the toughness, provide restrained plastic and drying shrinkage cracking resistance, increase impact resistance and flexural loading capacity (especially during the post-crack stage) of concrete structures and components. The wettability of PP fibre surfaces is poor due to the hydrophobic surface nature of polypropylene. The bonding between the PP fibre and the concrete matrix is recognized as poor and currently the PP fibre / concrete interfacial bonding depends upon interlocking and keying (mechanical bonding). As the interfacial bond strength between the PP fibre and the concrete is much smaller than the tensile strength of PP fibre and concrete, in order to fully explore the reinforcing effect of PP fibres in concrete, further improvement of interfacial bonding is necessary. In this investigation, the research work was conducted on the surface oxyfluorinated PP fibre newly developed by the Atomic Energy Corporation of South Africa Limited. Examining the feasibility of using this fibre in concrete, as well as evaluating its superiority over unmodified PP fibres, is the key task of this investigation. This new type of oxyfluorinated PP fibre shows a large increase in interfacial bond strength compared to the unmodified PP fibres. The surface free energy concept and Lewis acid-base interfacial interaction theory were innovatively used to examine the interfacial bonding between the PP fibre and the concrete matrix. The purpose of this study was to develop the background of such oxyfluorinated PP fibres, to establish the mechanism of the increase in interfacial bonding and to investigate the basic properties of the concrete incorporating oxyfluorinated PP fibres. The experimental results on the properties of oxyfluorinated PP fibre reinforced concrete compared with those of unmodified PP fibre reinforced concrete and plain concrete are presented, with some field test results focused on the improvement in shrinkage cracking control capacity. It is concluded in this investigation that the surface oxyfluorinated PP fibres possess significantly increased PP fibre / concrete interfacial bonding due to the chemical bond arising from the acid base interfacial interaction and the intimate interfacial contact arising from the improved fibre surface wettability. When combining oxyfluorinated pp fibre with concrete, a general improvement in the physical and mechanical properties of fibrous concrete compared to that created with unmodified PP fibres, is obtained.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Tu, Lin
- Date: 2014-02-17
- Subjects: Reinforced concrete , Polypropylene fibers
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:4088 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9436
- Description: D.Ing. (Civil Engineering) , Polypropylene (PP) fibre is one of the most widely used fibres for reinforcing concrete. Due to its unique material properties such as economic production cost, relatively high melting point and alkaline resistance, PP fibres in concrete are found to increase the toughness, provide restrained plastic and drying shrinkage cracking resistance, increase impact resistance and flexural loading capacity (especially during the post-crack stage) of concrete structures and components. The wettability of PP fibre surfaces is poor due to the hydrophobic surface nature of polypropylene. The bonding between the PP fibre and the concrete matrix is recognized as poor and currently the PP fibre / concrete interfacial bonding depends upon interlocking and keying (mechanical bonding). As the interfacial bond strength between the PP fibre and the concrete is much smaller than the tensile strength of PP fibre and concrete, in order to fully explore the reinforcing effect of PP fibres in concrete, further improvement of interfacial bonding is necessary. In this investigation, the research work was conducted on the surface oxyfluorinated PP fibre newly developed by the Atomic Energy Corporation of South Africa Limited. Examining the feasibility of using this fibre in concrete, as well as evaluating its superiority over unmodified PP fibres, is the key task of this investigation. This new type of oxyfluorinated PP fibre shows a large increase in interfacial bond strength compared to the unmodified PP fibres. The surface free energy concept and Lewis acid-base interfacial interaction theory were innovatively used to examine the interfacial bonding between the PP fibre and the concrete matrix. The purpose of this study was to develop the background of such oxyfluorinated PP fibres, to establish the mechanism of the increase in interfacial bonding and to investigate the basic properties of the concrete incorporating oxyfluorinated PP fibres. The experimental results on the properties of oxyfluorinated PP fibre reinforced concrete compared with those of unmodified PP fibre reinforced concrete and plain concrete are presented, with some field test results focused on the improvement in shrinkage cracking control capacity. It is concluded in this investigation that the surface oxyfluorinated PP fibres possess significantly increased PP fibre / concrete interfacial bonding due to the chemical bond arising from the acid base interfacial interaction and the intimate interfacial contact arising from the improved fibre surface wettability. When combining oxyfluorinated pp fibre with concrete, a general improvement in the physical and mechanical properties of fibrous concrete compared to that created with unmodified PP fibres, is obtained.
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Effect of surface treatments on abrasion and permeation properties of clay concretes
- Solomon, Fitsum, Ekolu, Stephen
- Authors: Solomon, Fitsum , Ekolu, Stephen
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Reinforced concrete , Concrete construction , Floors, Concrete - Design and construction
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5066 , ISBN 9781614994657 , ISSN 9781614994664 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13637
- Description: The resistance of concrete surfaces to various types of wear can be a defining performance characteristic in certain applications. Some concrete structures are required to be abrasion-resistant; among them are dams, canals, roads, floors, footpaths, parking lots, and paths in parks. The work reported in this paper is based on a laboratory study of the concrete-surface treatments (CSTs) consisting of dry shake and screeding. Four control concrete mixtures were prepared with ordinary Portland cement (OPC), having a cement content (CC) of 350 kg/m3 at water-cementitious ratio (w/cc) = 0.70, 0.75; and 280 kg/m3 CC of w/cc = 0.80, 0.85. Other concrete mixtures were then prepared by substituting OPC in the control mixtures with 10, 20, 30, and 40% local raw clay. Compressive strength, abrasion resistance, and air permeability of the surface-treated concretes were measured at the ages of six months, while drying shrinkage was monitored for up to year. Drying shrinkage of concrete reduced with decrease in w/cc ratio and increased with increase in raw clay content. Among all the mixtures, the control concrete of w/cm ratio = 0.70 and the claycement concrete containing w/cm=0.80 at 70% OPC/30% raw clay showed the least and highest shrinkage increments respectively. Abrasion resistance of concrete, measured by the rotating-cutter method, increased with increasing clay content and decreasing compressive strength. However, abrasion performance results of clay-cement concrete mixtures with CSTs were generally higher. Air permeability of the concretes was measured and its relationship with the depth of abrasion of the concrete was examined
- Full Text:
- Authors: Solomon, Fitsum , Ekolu, Stephen
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Reinforced concrete , Concrete construction , Floors, Concrete - Design and construction
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5066 , ISBN 9781614994657 , ISSN 9781614994664 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13637
- Description: The resistance of concrete surfaces to various types of wear can be a defining performance characteristic in certain applications. Some concrete structures are required to be abrasion-resistant; among them are dams, canals, roads, floors, footpaths, parking lots, and paths in parks. The work reported in this paper is based on a laboratory study of the concrete-surface treatments (CSTs) consisting of dry shake and screeding. Four control concrete mixtures were prepared with ordinary Portland cement (OPC), having a cement content (CC) of 350 kg/m3 at water-cementitious ratio (w/cc) = 0.70, 0.75; and 280 kg/m3 CC of w/cc = 0.80, 0.85. Other concrete mixtures were then prepared by substituting OPC in the control mixtures with 10, 20, 30, and 40% local raw clay. Compressive strength, abrasion resistance, and air permeability of the surface-treated concretes were measured at the ages of six months, while drying shrinkage was monitored for up to year. Drying shrinkage of concrete reduced with decrease in w/cc ratio and increased with increase in raw clay content. Among all the mixtures, the control concrete of w/cm ratio = 0.70 and the claycement concrete containing w/cm=0.80 at 70% OPC/30% raw clay showed the least and highest shrinkage increments respectively. Abrasion resistance of concrete, measured by the rotating-cutter method, increased with increasing clay content and decreasing compressive strength. However, abrasion performance results of clay-cement concrete mixtures with CSTs were generally higher. Air permeability of the concretes was measured and its relationship with the depth of abrasion of the concrete was examined
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Effectiveness of surface preparation on the capacity of plated reinforced concrete beams
- Authors: Rakgata, S. M. , Dundu, M.
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Reinforced concrete , Surface preparation , Strengthening
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/270606 , uj:28765 , Citation: Rakgata, S.M. & Dundu, M. 2018. Effectiveness of surface preparation on the capacity of plated reinforced concrete beams.
- Description: Abstract: One of the most important methods for strengthening and repairing reinforced concrete beams is to use external bonded steel plates, however, the success of this technique depends on the effectiveness of the surface preparation of the steel and concrete beams. The International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI) recognises ten standard concrete surface profiles (CSP), according to the level of roughness, which ranges from CSP 1 (nearly smooth) to CSP 10 (very rough). Each level of roughness is associated with particular bond strength. The purpose of this investigation is to study the effectiveness of four different levels surface preparation, namely; no surface preparation (NSP), wire brushing (WB), scabbling (SC) and hand chipping (HC), on the capacity of plated reinforced concrete beams The quality of the surface preparation established was measured based on the flexural performance of the externally strengthened steel-concrete beams. A total of 9, 250x450x3600 mm reinforced concrete beams were prepared, strengthened with glued steel plates on their soffits, and tested under two-point static loading until failure. The results showed that beams with rougher surface preparation have a high bond strength as compared to smoother surface preparations. The increase in flexural capacity of the roughened beams in Group A ranges from 18% to 32% as compared to the control beam, whilst the increase in flexural capacity of the roughened beams in Group B ranges from 20% to 42%.
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- Authors: Rakgata, S. M. , Dundu, M.
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Reinforced concrete , Surface preparation , Strengthening
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/270606 , uj:28765 , Citation: Rakgata, S.M. & Dundu, M. 2018. Effectiveness of surface preparation on the capacity of plated reinforced concrete beams.
- Description: Abstract: One of the most important methods for strengthening and repairing reinforced concrete beams is to use external bonded steel plates, however, the success of this technique depends on the effectiveness of the surface preparation of the steel and concrete beams. The International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI) recognises ten standard concrete surface profiles (CSP), according to the level of roughness, which ranges from CSP 1 (nearly smooth) to CSP 10 (very rough). Each level of roughness is associated with particular bond strength. The purpose of this investigation is to study the effectiveness of four different levels surface preparation, namely; no surface preparation (NSP), wire brushing (WB), scabbling (SC) and hand chipping (HC), on the capacity of plated reinforced concrete beams The quality of the surface preparation established was measured based on the flexural performance of the externally strengthened steel-concrete beams. A total of 9, 250x450x3600 mm reinforced concrete beams were prepared, strengthened with glued steel plates on their soffits, and tested under two-point static loading until failure. The results showed that beams with rougher surface preparation have a high bond strength as compared to smoother surface preparations. The increase in flexural capacity of the roughened beams in Group A ranges from 18% to 32% as compared to the control beam, whilst the increase in flexural capacity of the roughened beams in Group B ranges from 20% to 42%.
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Effects of sulphuric acid on the compressive strength of blended cement-cassava peel ash concrete
- Olonade, Kolawole Adisa, Olajumoke, Akinropo Musiliu, Omotosho, Ayoade Oluwaseun, Oyekunle, Funso Ayobami
- Authors: Olonade, Kolawole Adisa , Olajumoke, Akinropo Musiliu , Omotosho, Ayoade Oluwaseun , Oyekunle, Funso Ayobami
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Sulphuric acid , Reinforced concrete , Concrete - Mixing
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5065 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13636
- Description: Influence of sulphuric acid on compressive strength of concrete made with blended cement-cassava peel ash was investigated in this study. This is with a view to determining the level of resistance of such concrete to acidic exposure. Cassava peel ash (CPA) prepared from uncontrolled burning was used to substitute cement at 5, 10, 15 and 20% by weight of cement as binder. Concrete mix proportions of 1:2:4 (batching by weight) were prepared with the slump value within 6010 mm while water-binder ratios (w/b) were being noted. A total of 90 cubes of the concrete mixture of sizes 150 mm were cast and cured in fresh water (as control), 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 M concentrations of sulphuric acid solution (H2SO4) for 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. The compressive strength was determined at the expiration of each curing age. The results showed that the w/b increased with increase in the quantity of CPA in the mixture. Compressive strength of concrete made with cement-CPA as binder and cured in fresh water was comparable to that of normal concrete when up to 15% CPA was used, but relatively low strength was obtained when cured in H2SO4 solutions, depending on the quantity of CPA. Leaching of Porlandite in the concrete cubes was observed with worse condition in the case of concrete containing 20% CPA in sulphuric acid solution of 1.5 M. The compressive strength reduced with increase in concentrations of the acid as well as with increase in the content of the CPA. It is concluded that CPA did not mitigate the adverse effects of sulphuric acid on the compressive strength of blended cement-CPA concrete.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Olonade, Kolawole Adisa , Olajumoke, Akinropo Musiliu , Omotosho, Ayoade Oluwaseun , Oyekunle, Funso Ayobami
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Sulphuric acid , Reinforced concrete , Concrete - Mixing
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5065 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13636
- Description: Influence of sulphuric acid on compressive strength of concrete made with blended cement-cassava peel ash was investigated in this study. This is with a view to determining the level of resistance of such concrete to acidic exposure. Cassava peel ash (CPA) prepared from uncontrolled burning was used to substitute cement at 5, 10, 15 and 20% by weight of cement as binder. Concrete mix proportions of 1:2:4 (batching by weight) were prepared with the slump value within 6010 mm while water-binder ratios (w/b) were being noted. A total of 90 cubes of the concrete mixture of sizes 150 mm were cast and cured in fresh water (as control), 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 M concentrations of sulphuric acid solution (H2SO4) for 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. The compressive strength was determined at the expiration of each curing age. The results showed that the w/b increased with increase in the quantity of CPA in the mixture. Compressive strength of concrete made with cement-CPA as binder and cured in fresh water was comparable to that of normal concrete when up to 15% CPA was used, but relatively low strength was obtained when cured in H2SO4 solutions, depending on the quantity of CPA. Leaching of Porlandite in the concrete cubes was observed with worse condition in the case of concrete containing 20% CPA in sulphuric acid solution of 1.5 M. The compressive strength reduced with increase in concentrations of the acid as well as with increase in the content of the CPA. It is concluded that CPA did not mitigate the adverse effects of sulphuric acid on the compressive strength of blended cement-CPA concrete.
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Methods for flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete elements using steel plates
- Olajumoke, Akinropo Musiliu, Dundu, Morgan
- Authors: Olajumoke, Akinropo Musiliu , Dundu, Morgan
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Concrete beams , Plates, Iron and steel , Reinforced concrete , Flexure
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/380017 , uj:5078 , ISBN 9781614994657 , ISBN 9781614994664 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13649
- Description: When reinforced concrete elements are incapable of safely sustaining the anticipated load, flexural strengthening may be necessary. Two major construction methods have been reported in literature for strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) elements in bending. These methods include Externally Bonded Reinforcement (EBR) and Near Surface Mounting (NSM). The aim of this paper is review these methods, including the extensive surface preparation that must be performed on bonded elements. Previous investigations have shown that these techniques are effective in salvaging old and distressed reinforced concrete structures. This paper identifies the problems associated with the utilisation of steel plates as strengthening material for RC elements in EBR and NSM techniques.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Olajumoke, Akinropo Musiliu , Dundu, Morgan
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Concrete beams , Plates, Iron and steel , Reinforced concrete , Flexure
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/380017 , uj:5078 , ISBN 9781614994657 , ISBN 9781614994664 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13649
- Description: When reinforced concrete elements are incapable of safely sustaining the anticipated load, flexural strengthening may be necessary. Two major construction methods have been reported in literature for strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) elements in bending. These methods include Externally Bonded Reinforcement (EBR) and Near Surface Mounting (NSM). The aim of this paper is review these methods, including the extensive surface preparation that must be performed on bonded elements. Previous investigations have shown that these techniques are effective in salvaging old and distressed reinforced concrete structures. This paper identifies the problems associated with the utilisation of steel plates as strengthening material for RC elements in EBR and NSM techniques.
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Flexural failure modes of steel plate-strengthened reinforced concrete elements
- Olajumoke, Akinropo Musiliu, Dundu, Morgan
- Authors: Olajumoke, Akinropo Musiliu , Dundu, Morgan
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Reinforced concrete , Composite materials - Bonding - Congresses , Concrete beams - Maintenance and repair , Plates, Iron and steel
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5071 , ISBN 9781614994657 , ISBN 9781614994664 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13642
- Description: Failure of plate strengthened flexural reinforced concrete (RC) member can be crushing of the concrete at the compression face or premature debonding of the plate from the concrete element at the tension face. Debonding can be classified into three groups; namely, intermediate crack debonding (ICD), delamination and plate-end debonding (PED). Intermediate crack debonding is caused by flexural or flexural-shear stress, and plate-end debonding and delamination are caused by interfacial stress. This paper reviews the failure modes of flexural strengthened RC elements in bending, using epoxy-bonded steel plates. It also attempts to establish the width-to-thickness ratios of plates that can achieve the full flexural strengths of the strengthened element and promote a ductile failure.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Olajumoke, Akinropo Musiliu , Dundu, Morgan
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Reinforced concrete , Composite materials - Bonding - Congresses , Concrete beams - Maintenance and repair , Plates, Iron and steel
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5071 , ISBN 9781614994657 , ISBN 9781614994664 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13642
- Description: Failure of plate strengthened flexural reinforced concrete (RC) member can be crushing of the concrete at the compression face or premature debonding of the plate from the concrete element at the tension face. Debonding can be classified into three groups; namely, intermediate crack debonding (ICD), delamination and plate-end debonding (PED). Intermediate crack debonding is caused by flexural or flexural-shear stress, and plate-end debonding and delamination are caused by interfacial stress. This paper reviews the failure modes of flexural strengthened RC elements in bending, using epoxy-bonded steel plates. It also attempts to establish the width-to-thickness ratios of plates that can achieve the full flexural strengths of the strengthened element and promote a ductile failure.
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Durability design of reinforced concrete structures: a comparison of the use of durability indexes in the deemed-to-satisfy approach and the full-probabilistic approach
- Muigai, R., Moyo, P. and Alexander, M.
- Authors: Muigai, R., Moyo, P. and Alexander, M.
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Durability design , Durability indexes , Reinforced concrete
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/17683 , uj:15911 , Citation: Muigai, R., Moyo, P. and Alexander, M. 2012. Durability design of reinforced concrete structures: a comparison of the use of durability indexes in the deemed-to-satisfy approach and the full-probabilistic approach. Materials and Structures, 25 January 2012, 45:1233–1244. , DOI: 10.1617/s11527-012-9829-y
- Description: Abstract: To show the application of the chloride conductivity index test in service life prediction (SLP) using both the deemed-to-satisfy and probabilistic approaches to performance-based durability design. It is desirable to adopt a performance-based approach with respect to durability design of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. This is based on the perception that the durability of RC is achieved when the limiting value from an established test method is met. In South Africa, the durability index (DI) approach has been developed, which permits performance-based specifications for durability of RC. This approach involves the application of a test method together with a SLP model. This integrated approach links material properties directly with the expected service life of RC structures and environmental conditions. Two DIs are relevant to degradation processes in RC: the chloride conductivity index which is related to chloride ingress, and the oxygen permeability index related to carbonation. The study presented here focuses on the application of the chloride conductivity index as the main input parameter of a SLP model concerned with chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion. The methodology and output of the SLP model as applied in the deemed-to-satisfy approach are compared with those of the probabilistic approach. Both approaches are exemplified using a concrete pier cast in situ in a marine environment. The performance-based durability specifications from the deemed-to-satisfy approach are found to be more conservative compared to those of the probabilistic approach.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Muigai, R., Moyo, P. and Alexander, M.
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Durability design , Durability indexes , Reinforced concrete
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/17683 , uj:15911 , Citation: Muigai, R., Moyo, P. and Alexander, M. 2012. Durability design of reinforced concrete structures: a comparison of the use of durability indexes in the deemed-to-satisfy approach and the full-probabilistic approach. Materials and Structures, 25 January 2012, 45:1233–1244. , DOI: 10.1617/s11527-012-9829-y
- Description: Abstract: To show the application of the chloride conductivity index test in service life prediction (SLP) using both the deemed-to-satisfy and probabilistic approaches to performance-based durability design. It is desirable to adopt a performance-based approach with respect to durability design of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. This is based on the perception that the durability of RC is achieved when the limiting value from an established test method is met. In South Africa, the durability index (DI) approach has been developed, which permits performance-based specifications for durability of RC. This approach involves the application of a test method together with a SLP model. This integrated approach links material properties directly with the expected service life of RC structures and environmental conditions. Two DIs are relevant to degradation processes in RC: the chloride conductivity index which is related to chloride ingress, and the oxygen permeability index related to carbonation. The study presented here focuses on the application of the chloride conductivity index as the main input parameter of a SLP model concerned with chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion. The methodology and output of the SLP model as applied in the deemed-to-satisfy approach are compared with those of the probabilistic approach. Both approaches are exemplified using a concrete pier cast in situ in a marine environment. The performance-based durability specifications from the deemed-to-satisfy approach are found to be more conservative compared to those of the probabilistic approach.
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Local buckling of axially loaded type 3CR12 corrosion resisting steel built-up columns
- Authors: Human, Johannes Jurie
- Date: 2014-02-12
- Subjects: Steel, Structural , Reinforced concrete , Reinforcing bars
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:3914 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9278
- Description: M.Ing. , Design parameters for ferritic type stainless steel structural members do not exist and is needed. This study attempts to find design parameters for ferritic type stainless steel compression elements. The ferritic type stainless steel under consideration in this study is Type 3CR12 corrosion resisting steel, which is a modified Type 409 stainless steel. The purpose of this study was to determine the limiting web width-to-thickness and flange width-to-thickness ratios for the prevention of local buckling in axially loaded hotrolled Type 3CR12 corrosion resisting steel columns. Experimental data was obtained in an ongoing study on the limiting width-to-thickness ratios for elements in compression. No conclusion on this aspect can be reached at this stage of the investigation
- Full Text:
- Authors: Human, Johannes Jurie
- Date: 2014-02-12
- Subjects: Steel, Structural , Reinforced concrete , Reinforcing bars
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:3914 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9278
- Description: M.Ing. , Design parameters for ferritic type stainless steel structural members do not exist and is needed. This study attempts to find design parameters for ferritic type stainless steel compression elements. The ferritic type stainless steel under consideration in this study is Type 3CR12 corrosion resisting steel, which is a modified Type 409 stainless steel. The purpose of this study was to determine the limiting web width-to-thickness and flange width-to-thickness ratios for the prevention of local buckling in axially loaded hotrolled Type 3CR12 corrosion resisting steel columns. Experimental data was obtained in an ongoing study on the limiting width-to-thickness ratios for elements in compression. No conclusion on this aspect can be reached at this stage of the investigation
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