Laser metal deposition of Ti6Al4V : a study on the effect of laser power on microstructure and microhardness
- Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo, Shukla, Mukul, Pityana, Sisa
- Authors: Mahamood, Rasheedat M. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Shukla, Mukul , Pityana, Sisa
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Laser metal deposition process , Laser power , Ti6Al4V , Macroscopic banding , Microhardness , Microstructure
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4896 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12610
- Description: The effect of laser power on the resulting microstructure and microhardness of laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V powder on Ti6Al4V substrate has been investigated. The tracks were deposited using 99.6 % pure Ti6Al4V powder of particle size ranging between 150 - 200 μm on 99.6% Ti6Al4V substrate. The laser power was varied between 0.8 - 3.0 kW while the scanning speed, powder flow rate and the gas flow rate were kept at the values of 0.005 m/sec, 1.44 g/min and 4 l /min respectively. The microstructure and the microhardness were studied using the optical microscope and the Vickers hardness tester respectively. Layer band or macroscopic banding was observed in all the samples which is phenomenon as it was only reported in the literature for multi-layer deposits. The literature attributed re-melting of the previous layers by the succeeding layers as being responsible for their formation. This study has revealed that this band could be as a result of shrinkage happening in the fusion zone as a result of the interaction of the deposited powder and the melt pool created by the substrate material. This study also reveals the relationship between the microstructure, the average microhardness and the laser power which are comprehensively discussed. The higher the laser power, the lower the density of columnar prior beta grain structure. Also the average microhardness increases as the laser power increases.
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- Authors: Mahamood, Rasheedat M. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Shukla, Mukul , Pityana, Sisa
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Laser metal deposition process , Laser power , Ti6Al4V , Macroscopic banding , Microhardness , Microstructure
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4896 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12610
- Description: The effect of laser power on the resulting microstructure and microhardness of laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V powder on Ti6Al4V substrate has been investigated. The tracks were deposited using 99.6 % pure Ti6Al4V powder of particle size ranging between 150 - 200 μm on 99.6% Ti6Al4V substrate. The laser power was varied between 0.8 - 3.0 kW while the scanning speed, powder flow rate and the gas flow rate were kept at the values of 0.005 m/sec, 1.44 g/min and 4 l /min respectively. The microstructure and the microhardness were studied using the optical microscope and the Vickers hardness tester respectively. Layer band or macroscopic banding was observed in all the samples which is phenomenon as it was only reported in the literature for multi-layer deposits. The literature attributed re-melting of the previous layers by the succeeding layers as being responsible for their formation. This study has revealed that this band could be as a result of shrinkage happening in the fusion zone as a result of the interaction of the deposited powder and the melt pool created by the substrate material. This study also reveals the relationship between the microstructure, the average microhardness and the laser power which are comprehensively discussed. The higher the laser power, the lower the density of columnar prior beta grain structure. Also the average microhardness increases as the laser power increases.
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Microstructural and mechanical evaluation of laser-assisted cold sprayed bio-ceramic coatings : potential use for biomedical applications
- Tlotleng, Monnamme, Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo, Shukla, Mukul, Pityana, Sisa
- Authors: Tlotleng, Monnamme , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Shukla, Mukul , Pityana, Sisa
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Titanium , Laser power , Cold spray , Laser-assisted cold spray , Hydroxyapatite
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5135 , ISSN 1544-1016 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14101
- Description: Bio-composite coatings of 20 wt.%, HAP and 80 wt.%, HAP were synthesized on Ti-6Al-4V substrates using LACS technique. The coatings were produced with a laser power of 2.5 kW, powder-laser spot trailing by 5 s. The coatings were analyzed for the microstructures, microhardness, composition, and bio-corrosion using SEM-EDS, XRD, hardness tester, and Metrohm PGSTAT101 machine. SEM images indicated least pores and crack-free coating with dark-spots of Ti-HAP for the 20 wt.%, HAP as opposed to the 80 wt.%, HAP coating which was solid, porous and finely cracked and had semi-melted Ti-HAP particles. The EDS mappings showed high content of HAP for the 80 wt.%, HAP coating. The diffraction patterns were similar, even though the Ti-HAP peak was broader in the 80 wt.%, HAP coating and the HAP intensities were lower for this coating except for the (004) peak. The hardness values taken at the interface inferred that the 80 wt.%, HAP coating was least bonded. It was possible to conclude that when this phase material increased the hardness dropped considerably. The bio-corrosion tests indicated that the presence of HAP in coating leads to a kinetically active coating as opposed to pure titanium coating.
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- Authors: Tlotleng, Monnamme , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Shukla, Mukul , Pityana, Sisa
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Titanium , Laser power , Cold spray , Laser-assisted cold spray , Hydroxyapatite
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:5135 , ISSN 1544-1016 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14101
- Description: Bio-composite coatings of 20 wt.%, HAP and 80 wt.%, HAP were synthesized on Ti-6Al-4V substrates using LACS technique. The coatings were produced with a laser power of 2.5 kW, powder-laser spot trailing by 5 s. The coatings were analyzed for the microstructures, microhardness, composition, and bio-corrosion using SEM-EDS, XRD, hardness tester, and Metrohm PGSTAT101 machine. SEM images indicated least pores and crack-free coating with dark-spots of Ti-HAP for the 20 wt.%, HAP as opposed to the 80 wt.%, HAP coating which was solid, porous and finely cracked and had semi-melted Ti-HAP particles. The EDS mappings showed high content of HAP for the 80 wt.%, HAP coating. The diffraction patterns were similar, even though the Ti-HAP peak was broader in the 80 wt.%, HAP coating and the HAP intensities were lower for this coating except for the (004) peak. The hardness values taken at the interface inferred that the 80 wt.%, HAP coating was least bonded. It was possible to conclude that when this phase material increased the hardness dropped considerably. The bio-corrosion tests indicated that the presence of HAP in coating leads to a kinetically active coating as opposed to pure titanium coating.
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Microstructures, hardness and bioactivity of hydroxyapatite coatings deposited by direct laser melting process
- Tlotleng, Monnamme, Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo, Shukla, Mukul, Pityana, Sisa
- Authors: Tlotleng, Monnamme , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Shukla, Mukul , Pityana, Sisa
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Direct laser melting , Laser power , Hydroxyapatite coatings
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/376152 , uj:4994 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13129
- Description: Hydroxyapatite (HAP) coatings on bioinert metals such as Ti–6Al–4V are necessary for biomedical applications. Together, HAP and Ti–6Al–4V are biocompatible and bioactive. The challenges of depositing HAP on Ti–6Al–4V with traditional thermal spraying techniques are well founded. In this paper, HAP was coated on Ti–6Al–4V using direct laser melting (DLM) process. This process, unlike the traditional coating processes, is able to achieve coatings with good metallurgical bonding and little dilution. The microstructural and mechanical properties, chemical composition and bio-activities of the produced coatings were studied with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Vickers hardness machine, and by immersion test in Hanks' solution. The results showed that the choice of the laser power has much influence on the evolving microstructure, the mechanical properties and the retainment of HAP on the surface of the coating. Also, the choice of laser power of 750Wled to no dilution. The microhardness results inferred a strong intermetallic– ceramic interfacial bonding; which meant that the 750 W coating could survive long in service. Also, the coating was softer at the surface and stronger in the heat affected zones. Hence, this process parameter setting can be considered as an optimal setting. The soak tests revealed that the surface of the coating had unmelted crystals of HAP. The CaP ratio conducted on the soaked coating was 2.00 which corresponded to tetra calcium phosphate. This coating seems attractive for metallic implant applications.
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- Authors: Tlotleng, Monnamme , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Shukla, Mukul , Pityana, Sisa
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Direct laser melting , Laser power , Hydroxyapatite coatings
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/376152 , uj:4994 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13129
- Description: Hydroxyapatite (HAP) coatings on bioinert metals such as Ti–6Al–4V are necessary for biomedical applications. Together, HAP and Ti–6Al–4V are biocompatible and bioactive. The challenges of depositing HAP on Ti–6Al–4V with traditional thermal spraying techniques are well founded. In this paper, HAP was coated on Ti–6Al–4V using direct laser melting (DLM) process. This process, unlike the traditional coating processes, is able to achieve coatings with good metallurgical bonding and little dilution. The microstructural and mechanical properties, chemical composition and bio-activities of the produced coatings were studied with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Vickers hardness machine, and by immersion test in Hanks' solution. The results showed that the choice of the laser power has much influence on the evolving microstructure, the mechanical properties and the retainment of HAP on the surface of the coating. Also, the choice of laser power of 750Wled to no dilution. The microhardness results inferred a strong intermetallic– ceramic interfacial bonding; which meant that the 750 W coating could survive long in service. Also, the coating was softer at the surface and stronger in the heat affected zones. Hence, this process parameter setting can be considered as an optimal setting. The soak tests revealed that the surface of the coating had unmelted crystals of HAP. The CaP ratio conducted on the soaked coating was 2.00 which corresponded to tetra calcium phosphate. This coating seems attractive for metallic implant applications.
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Influence of process parameters on porosity behaviour of laser metal deposited titanium composites
- Ogunlana, Musibau O., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo
- Authors: Ogunlana, Musibau O. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Boron carbide , Laser power , Porosity
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/214397 , uj:21276 , Citation: Ogunlana, M.O & Akinlabi, E.T. 2016. Influence of process parameters on porosity behaviour of laser metal deposited titanium composites.
- Description: Abstract: This research paper reports the effect of laser power on the degree of porosity of the deposited tracks and characterized the specific porous structure. The results revealed that as the laser power was increased, the degree of porosity was however reduced. Prior the characterization process, titanium alloy and boron carbide (Ti6Al4V-B4C) composites powder were deposited on Ti6Al4V substrate using laser metal deposition (LMD) process through the application of Ytterbium fibre laser system. The laser power was varied between 800 W and 2400 W at interval of 200 W while all other process parameters were kept constant. The maximum capacity of this laser system is 3.0 KW which provides beam size of 4 mm for the control characterization of the deposited samples. After the deposition process, the samples were sectioned for porosity analysis and microstructural studies. The sectioned samples were however mounted, ground and polished according to standard metallurgical preparation of titanium alloys. The polished samples were then etched using Kroll’s reagent. Porosity analysis was observed using the optical microscope equipped with Analysis Docu Image Processing Software (ADIPS) to establish the percentage porosity and the maximum pore sizes of the composites...
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- Authors: Ogunlana, Musibau O. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Boron carbide , Laser power , Porosity
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/214397 , uj:21276 , Citation: Ogunlana, M.O & Akinlabi, E.T. 2016. Influence of process parameters on porosity behaviour of laser metal deposited titanium composites.
- Description: Abstract: This research paper reports the effect of laser power on the degree of porosity of the deposited tracks and characterized the specific porous structure. The results revealed that as the laser power was increased, the degree of porosity was however reduced. Prior the characterization process, titanium alloy and boron carbide (Ti6Al4V-B4C) composites powder were deposited on Ti6Al4V substrate using laser metal deposition (LMD) process through the application of Ytterbium fibre laser system. The laser power was varied between 800 W and 2400 W at interval of 200 W while all other process parameters were kept constant. The maximum capacity of this laser system is 3.0 KW which provides beam size of 4 mm for the control characterization of the deposited samples. After the deposition process, the samples were sectioned for porosity analysis and microstructural studies. The sectioned samples were however mounted, ground and polished according to standard metallurgical preparation of titanium alloys. The polished samples were then etched using Kroll’s reagent. Porosity analysis was observed using the optical microscope equipped with Analysis Docu Image Processing Software (ADIPS) to establish the percentage porosity and the maximum pore sizes of the composites...
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The influence of scanning speed and number of scans on the properties of laser formed steel
- Sanusi, Kazeem Oladele, Akinlabi, Stephen, Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo
- Authors: Sanusi, Kazeem Oladele , Akinlabi, Stephen , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Laser beam forming , Scanning speed , Laser power , Mechanical , Microstructure , Micro hardness , Number of scan
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/93743 , uj:20385 , Citation: Sanusi, K.O., Akinlabi, S. & Akinlabi, E.T. 2016. The influence of scanning speed and number of scans on the properties of laser formed steel.
- Description: Abstract: Laser Beam Forming (LBF) process is an emerging and new forming method that generally requires brute force to forge the steel into the desired shape instead of using conventional methods. This study investigates the changes that occur in low carbon steel through the laser beam forming process. The parameters under investigation include variable scanning speed and number of scans at fixed laser intensity. The effect of these laser parameters on the chemical composition and properties of low carbon steel is assessed through characterisation of both the as received and LBF formed specimens. Characterizations of the laser formed steels were studied using microstructural analysis and micro hardness profiling. The results show that there is a significant increase in the mechanical properties of the LBF formed materials. Scanning power and the number of scans have a noticeable effect on the curvature achieved in the formed samples.The results obtained will contribute towards the further optimization of laser forming methods for steel for the optimization of the properties of steel using Laser Beam Forming process.
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- Authors: Sanusi, Kazeem Oladele , Akinlabi, Stephen , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Laser beam forming , Scanning speed , Laser power , Mechanical , Microstructure , Micro hardness , Number of scan
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/93743 , uj:20385 , Citation: Sanusi, K.O., Akinlabi, S. & Akinlabi, E.T. 2016. The influence of scanning speed and number of scans on the properties of laser formed steel.
- Description: Abstract: Laser Beam Forming (LBF) process is an emerging and new forming method that generally requires brute force to forge the steel into the desired shape instead of using conventional methods. This study investigates the changes that occur in low carbon steel through the laser beam forming process. The parameters under investigation include variable scanning speed and number of scans at fixed laser intensity. The effect of these laser parameters on the chemical composition and properties of low carbon steel is assessed through characterisation of both the as received and LBF formed specimens. Characterizations of the laser formed steels were studied using microstructural analysis and micro hardness profiling. The results show that there is a significant increase in the mechanical properties of the LBF formed materials. Scanning power and the number of scans have a noticeable effect on the curvature achieved in the formed samples.The results obtained will contribute towards the further optimization of laser forming methods for steel for the optimization of the properties of steel using Laser Beam Forming process.
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