Breaking free from fossil fuel : opportunities and constraints for the renewable energy sector in South Africa
- Authors: Jim, Ntombikayise
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Climatic changes , Energy consumption - South Africa , Fossil fuels , Energy conservation , Renewable energy sources - Government policy - South Africa , Energy development - Economic aspects - South Africa , Electrification - Economic aspects - South Africa , Greenhouse gases
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/497412 , uj:45377
- Description: Abstract: Due to South Africa’s reliance on energy generated from fossil fuels, its increasing energy demand and its position as a potential victim and contributor to climate change, investments in renewable energy technologies are considered as a possible solution in addressing these challenges. Furthermore, renewable energy presents potential for South Africa to diversify its energy mix. This study critically examines the opportunities and constraints that currently exist in South Africa’s renewable energy generation sector. Although findings suggest that opportunities exist in South Africa, such as selling electricity outside Eskom, energy storage and electric vehicles, factors such as policy uncertainty, procurement inconsistency, regulatory issues, and a lack of coordination between key industry players, all negatively affect the country’s renewable energy deployment. The case study reveals an urgent need for government to create an enabling environment such as the establishment of sound regulatory frameworks, opening of the markets, removal of barriers to entry, and the promotion of infant green industries. This study recommends that South Africa’s renewable energy regulations are constantly reviewed in order to promote the deployment of green energy technologies. As the global challenges of climate change require many countries to transition into a low carbon economy, it is of utmost significance that energy strategies are constantly evaluated in order to ensure their relevance and effectiveness. Other study recommendations include access to funding, procurement consistency, access to the grid and the reduction of foreign participation on REIPPPP (Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme) to promote the participation of local companies. Key words: climate change, emissions, renewable energy, industrial policy, REIPPPP, minerals energy complex. , M.Phil. (Industrial Policy)
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- Authors: Jim, Ntombikayise
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Climatic changes , Energy consumption - South Africa , Fossil fuels , Energy conservation , Renewable energy sources - Government policy - South Africa , Energy development - Economic aspects - South Africa , Electrification - Economic aspects - South Africa , Greenhouse gases
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/497412 , uj:45377
- Description: Abstract: Due to South Africa’s reliance on energy generated from fossil fuels, its increasing energy demand and its position as a potential victim and contributor to climate change, investments in renewable energy technologies are considered as a possible solution in addressing these challenges. Furthermore, renewable energy presents potential for South Africa to diversify its energy mix. This study critically examines the opportunities and constraints that currently exist in South Africa’s renewable energy generation sector. Although findings suggest that opportunities exist in South Africa, such as selling electricity outside Eskom, energy storage and electric vehicles, factors such as policy uncertainty, procurement inconsistency, regulatory issues, and a lack of coordination between key industry players, all negatively affect the country’s renewable energy deployment. The case study reveals an urgent need for government to create an enabling environment such as the establishment of sound regulatory frameworks, opening of the markets, removal of barriers to entry, and the promotion of infant green industries. This study recommends that South Africa’s renewable energy regulations are constantly reviewed in order to promote the deployment of green energy technologies. As the global challenges of climate change require many countries to transition into a low carbon economy, it is of utmost significance that energy strategies are constantly evaluated in order to ensure their relevance and effectiveness. Other study recommendations include access to funding, procurement consistency, access to the grid and the reduction of foreign participation on REIPPPP (Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme) to promote the participation of local companies. Key words: climate change, emissions, renewable energy, industrial policy, REIPPPP, minerals energy complex. , M.Phil. (Industrial Policy)
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Energy Efficiency as a drive towards sustainable development
- Agbenyeku, Emem-Obong Emmanuel, Muzenda, Edison, Msibi, Mandla Innocent
- Authors: Agbenyeku, Emem-Obong Emmanuel , Muzenda, Edison , Msibi, Mandla Innocent
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Efficiency , Energy , Energy conservation
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/250332 , uj:26083 , Citation: Agbenyeku, E.E., Muzenda, E. & Msibi, M.I. 2017. Energy Efficiency as a drive towards sustainable development. 2nd International Engineering Conference (IEC 2017) Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
- Description: Abstract: It has long been established that the economic development of any nation is deeply associated to its energy consumption levels. Over the years however, the insistent increase in the demand for energy triggered a significant utilization of fossil fuels which adversely impacted the environment. This paper therefore, in line with the numerous efforts made around the world, including in South Africa, offers further insight to the significance of the efficient use of energy and its conservation. Hence, it is pertinent to note that one unit of energy saved at the consumer end evades 2.5-3 times fresh capacity addition. Moreover, such savings via the efficient use of energy can be achieved at less than one-fifth of the cost of new capacity generation. Considering that the per capita consumption in South Africa is likely to grow with growth in economy, thereby increasing the energy demand, the efficient use and conservation of energy has become even more crucial. In simple terms, per capita energy consumption is greatly indicative of the wellbeing of human life. The dismal levels of energy inefficiency the world over, has impacted the atmosphere and caused climate changes. The resultant rise in global temperature affects the complex web of systems that permit life to flourish on earth such as rainfall, wind patterns, ocean currents and distribution of plant and animal species. For these reasons, energy conservation programmes get carbon credit from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which emphasizes how energy efficiency is key to all enterprises, especially for energy intensive industries. As such, any successful energy conservation programme needs the commitment of top management in giving equal importance in their corporate objective as manpower, raw material, production and sales. Furthermore, the paper posits that in actualizing the critical energy saving potential envisaged in South Africa, there should be efforts from entrepreneurs, State Agencies and the Government as “energy conservation is always a win-win situation for all stakeholders”.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Agbenyeku, Emem-Obong Emmanuel , Muzenda, Edison , Msibi, Mandla Innocent
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Efficiency , Energy , Energy conservation
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/250332 , uj:26083 , Citation: Agbenyeku, E.E., Muzenda, E. & Msibi, M.I. 2017. Energy Efficiency as a drive towards sustainable development. 2nd International Engineering Conference (IEC 2017) Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
- Description: Abstract: It has long been established that the economic development of any nation is deeply associated to its energy consumption levels. Over the years however, the insistent increase in the demand for energy triggered a significant utilization of fossil fuels which adversely impacted the environment. This paper therefore, in line with the numerous efforts made around the world, including in South Africa, offers further insight to the significance of the efficient use of energy and its conservation. Hence, it is pertinent to note that one unit of energy saved at the consumer end evades 2.5-3 times fresh capacity addition. Moreover, such savings via the efficient use of energy can be achieved at less than one-fifth of the cost of new capacity generation. Considering that the per capita consumption in South Africa is likely to grow with growth in economy, thereby increasing the energy demand, the efficient use and conservation of energy has become even more crucial. In simple terms, per capita energy consumption is greatly indicative of the wellbeing of human life. The dismal levels of energy inefficiency the world over, has impacted the atmosphere and caused climate changes. The resultant rise in global temperature affects the complex web of systems that permit life to flourish on earth such as rainfall, wind patterns, ocean currents and distribution of plant and animal species. For these reasons, energy conservation programmes get carbon credit from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which emphasizes how energy efficiency is key to all enterprises, especially for energy intensive industries. As such, any successful energy conservation programme needs the commitment of top management in giving equal importance in their corporate objective as manpower, raw material, production and sales. Furthermore, the paper posits that in actualizing the critical energy saving potential envisaged in South Africa, there should be efforts from entrepreneurs, State Agencies and the Government as “energy conservation is always a win-win situation for all stakeholders”.
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Retrofitting to lower energy consumption: comparing two commercial buildings in Sandton, Johannesburg
- Thovhakale, Takalani Bridget
- Authors: Thovhakale, Takalani Bridget
- Date: 2012-08-20
- Subjects: Electric power consumption reduction , Energy consumption , Energy conservation , Electric power conservation , Commercial buildings - Energy consumption , Commercial buildings - Energy conservation , Sandton (South Africa) , Brownouts
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/381100 , uj:2772 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6212
- Description: M.Sc. , This study compares the electricity consumption of two buildings, of similar architectural design, in Simba Office Park, Sandton, in Johannesburg. One of the buildings (Block AB) has not been retrofitted for energy efficiency, whilst the other building (Block C) is a retrofitted building. The hypothesis postulates that the retrofitted building would use less energy than the non-retrofitted one. The research methodology employed has been used internationally, as in the case reported by Levine et al. (1996), who did a study in the United States of America on retrofitting for achieving energy efficiency. Dong et al. (2005) investigated the energy savings due to the retrofitting of old Singaporean commercial office buildings. In this case, six buildings were compared before and after retrofitting, using utility bill and weather data. There have also been similar studies in China (Xu et al, 2006) and Budapest (Urge-Vorsatz & Novikova, 2008). The Budapest study also unpacked the cost of retrofitting. Using methods advocated by Probst (2004), Yalcintas (2008) and Yalcintas & Kaya (2009) for collecting data on floor space, building parameters and design, this study also collected electricity consumption data based on meter readings for the same blocks over the period March 2009 to April 2010. The retrofitting measures were documented and the associated costs noted. Interviews were conducted with key personnel such as the Central Energy Fund (CEF) House executives, the site electrical engineer, the developer, and Simba Office Park managers. Block AB had the least number of energy-efficient installations. Block C was found to be fully retrofitted, at a cost of more than R4 million. However, the energy management system, required to manage and monitor energy use, was only fully installed by November 2009. The results of this study are significant. It was found that energy consumption for Block C far exceeded that for Block AB. Thus, in this case, retrofitting did not reduce electricity consumption. The results demonstrate that in order to fully understand energy use, data collection and analysis must be ongoing. This verifies the findings of Ali (2008), Armstrong (2009) and Yalcintas & Kaya (2009) who found that we need to shift from managing buildings to managing energy use and assess and verify any recorded savings to ensure energy conservation. Computer-based building management systems play a major role in such management. Such a system was only partially in use in Block C for the duration of the study period. Thus, another finding was that the energy management system needs to be fully operational in real time, or else energy efficiencies cannot be achieved and data sets will be incomplete. This conclusion reflects the findings of Hirst (1980).
- Full Text:
- Authors: Thovhakale, Takalani Bridget
- Date: 2012-08-20
- Subjects: Electric power consumption reduction , Energy consumption , Energy conservation , Electric power conservation , Commercial buildings - Energy consumption , Commercial buildings - Energy conservation , Sandton (South Africa) , Brownouts
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/381100 , uj:2772 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6212
- Description: M.Sc. , This study compares the electricity consumption of two buildings, of similar architectural design, in Simba Office Park, Sandton, in Johannesburg. One of the buildings (Block AB) has not been retrofitted for energy efficiency, whilst the other building (Block C) is a retrofitted building. The hypothesis postulates that the retrofitted building would use less energy than the non-retrofitted one. The research methodology employed has been used internationally, as in the case reported by Levine et al. (1996), who did a study in the United States of America on retrofitting for achieving energy efficiency. Dong et al. (2005) investigated the energy savings due to the retrofitting of old Singaporean commercial office buildings. In this case, six buildings were compared before and after retrofitting, using utility bill and weather data. There have also been similar studies in China (Xu et al, 2006) and Budapest (Urge-Vorsatz & Novikova, 2008). The Budapest study also unpacked the cost of retrofitting. Using methods advocated by Probst (2004), Yalcintas (2008) and Yalcintas & Kaya (2009) for collecting data on floor space, building parameters and design, this study also collected electricity consumption data based on meter readings for the same blocks over the period March 2009 to April 2010. The retrofitting measures were documented and the associated costs noted. Interviews were conducted with key personnel such as the Central Energy Fund (CEF) House executives, the site electrical engineer, the developer, and Simba Office Park managers. Block AB had the least number of energy-efficient installations. Block C was found to be fully retrofitted, at a cost of more than R4 million. However, the energy management system, required to manage and monitor energy use, was only fully installed by November 2009. The results of this study are significant. It was found that energy consumption for Block C far exceeded that for Block AB. Thus, in this case, retrofitting did not reduce electricity consumption. The results demonstrate that in order to fully understand energy use, data collection and analysis must be ongoing. This verifies the findings of Ali (2008), Armstrong (2009) and Yalcintas & Kaya (2009) who found that we need to shift from managing buildings to managing energy use and assess and verify any recorded savings to ensure energy conservation. Computer-based building management systems play a major role in such management. Such a system was only partially in use in Block C for the duration of the study period. Thus, another finding was that the energy management system needs to be fully operational in real time, or else energy efficiencies cannot be achieved and data sets will be incomplete. This conclusion reflects the findings of Hirst (1980).
- Full Text:
Impacts of primary energy constraints in the 21st century
- Authors: Nel, Willem P.
- Date: 2010-03-25T06:25:17Z
- Subjects: Energy conservation , Energy development , Power resources , Fossil fuels , Nuclear energy , Sustainable development , Economic development , Global warming
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:6691 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3094
- Description: D.Phil. , Global society has evolved into a complex multi-dimensional system in which it has become increasingly difficult to construct and maintain a systemic model of cause and effect. Specialisation and abstraction in the various disciplines of scientific and societal complexity has led to divergent theories of sustainability. Failure to integrate real life problems across disciplines poses a threat to modern society because the causal links between disciplines are unattended in many instances and events in one dimension could lead to catastrophic unintended consequences in another. In light of the above, this thesis contributes towards the multi-disciplinary integration of some of the most important sustainability concerns of modern society, namely Energy Security, Economic Growth and Global Warming. Analysing these real-life sustainability issues in a multi-disciplinary context leads to conclusions that are controversial in terms of established philosophical worldviews and policy trends. Firstly, the thesis establishes deterministic expectations of an imminent era of declining Energy Security resulting from the exhaustion of non-renewable fossil fuel resources, despite optimistic expectations of technology improvements in alternative energy sources such as renewable and nuclear. Secondly, the exhaustion of non-renewable fossil fuel resources imposes limits to the potential sources of anthropogenic carbon emissions that render the more pessimistic emissions cases considered in the global warming debate irrelevant. The lower level of attainable carbon emissions challenges the merits of the conventional carbon feedback cycle with the result that the predicted global warming is within acceptance limits of the contemporary global warming debate. Thirdly, the consequences of declining Energy Security on socio-economic welfare is a severe divergence from historical trends and demands the reassertion of the role of energy in human development, including Economic Growth theory. The thesis develops a novel economic growth model that treats energy as an explicit and Autonomous Factor of Production, thereby facilitating plausible predictions of future Economic Growth potential. The results challenge the sustainability of the current free-market capitalist economic system and demand strong policy responses to avoid the collapse of modern society.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Nel, Willem P.
- Date: 2010-03-25T06:25:17Z
- Subjects: Energy conservation , Energy development , Power resources , Fossil fuels , Nuclear energy , Sustainable development , Economic development , Global warming
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:6691 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3094
- Description: D.Phil. , Global society has evolved into a complex multi-dimensional system in which it has become increasingly difficult to construct and maintain a systemic model of cause and effect. Specialisation and abstraction in the various disciplines of scientific and societal complexity has led to divergent theories of sustainability. Failure to integrate real life problems across disciplines poses a threat to modern society because the causal links between disciplines are unattended in many instances and events in one dimension could lead to catastrophic unintended consequences in another. In light of the above, this thesis contributes towards the multi-disciplinary integration of some of the most important sustainability concerns of modern society, namely Energy Security, Economic Growth and Global Warming. Analysing these real-life sustainability issues in a multi-disciplinary context leads to conclusions that are controversial in terms of established philosophical worldviews and policy trends. Firstly, the thesis establishes deterministic expectations of an imminent era of declining Energy Security resulting from the exhaustion of non-renewable fossil fuel resources, despite optimistic expectations of technology improvements in alternative energy sources such as renewable and nuclear. Secondly, the exhaustion of non-renewable fossil fuel resources imposes limits to the potential sources of anthropogenic carbon emissions that render the more pessimistic emissions cases considered in the global warming debate irrelevant. The lower level of attainable carbon emissions challenges the merits of the conventional carbon feedback cycle with the result that the predicted global warming is within acceptance limits of the contemporary global warming debate. Thirdly, the consequences of declining Energy Security on socio-economic welfare is a severe divergence from historical trends and demands the reassertion of the role of energy in human development, including Economic Growth theory. The thesis develops a novel economic growth model that treats energy as an explicit and Autonomous Factor of Production, thereby facilitating plausible predictions of future Economic Growth potential. The results challenge the sustainability of the current free-market capitalist economic system and demand strong policy responses to avoid the collapse of modern society.
- Full Text:
Effectiveness of passive energy interventions in improving physical learning environments in South African schools
- Authors: De Bruin, Lyzanne
- Date: 2010-03-16T07:28:55Z
- Subjects: Energy conservation , School buildings' energy conservation
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:6679 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3083
- Description: M.Sc. , South Africa is in the midst of an energy crisis. The national energy provider is unable to provide the capacity currently demanded in South Africa. Although the construction of new electricity plants is planned, it does not solve the immediate problem. A large amount of energy is used to provide thermally comfortable indoor environments using conventional methods such as air-conditioning units. Energy efficiency is an environmentally friendly solution for South Africans to reduce the demand for electricity. In the context of the current situation in South Africa, significance can be given to investigations that explore viable methods of reducing energy consumption in buildings, while maintaining or improving thermal performance through passive energy interventions. This study was conducted with the goal of quantifying and demonstrating technologies that simultaneously attempt to improve energy efficiency (through avoiding the use of energy intensive heating/cooling units) and improving the physical learning environment in prefabricated classrooms in South Africa, through the use of passive energy retrofits. This study forms one of the initial case studies conducted within the framework of the Enerkey Sustainable Megacities pilot programme. Reflective roof coatings and ceiling insulation were used to retrofit eight prefabricated classrooms at Garsfontein Primary School, Tshwane. Monitoring was performed of temperature conditions in two control and eight experimental classrooms. The resulting data were used to compare the thermal performance of the altered classrooms to the control classrooms. Empirical data sets included hourly average temperature readings in ten prefabricated classrooms and an externally located weather station. Average diurnal temperatures and temperature difference plots were created. A pre-retrofit questionnaire to determine occupants’ perceptions on the thermal indoor environments was distributed. Spot measurements of illumination levels in all ten classrooms were taken with a Lux meter. A cost-effectiveness analysis of the passive energy interventions was performed, using as a reference case an electrically powered air conditioning unit, specified to cool a 50 m2 classroom. Overall, the reflective roof coatings were not effective at reducing peak summer temperatures. A 50 mm thick plastic fibre insulation layer installed in the ceiling spaces consistently reduced peak indoor temperatures by ~2°C, while 50 mm thick expanded polystyrene ceiling boards were the most effective of the retrofits, consistently reducing peak indoor air temperatures by ~3°C. An analysis of the cost-effectiveness of passive interventions showed that, in comparison to the proposed alternative of installing electrically powered air-conditioning units, ceiling insulation is cost effective in varying extents, depending on the assumptions. However, in all cases considered, the cost advantage, expressed as Rand per degree Celsius comfort improvement, is considerable compared to the air conditioning unit. Light measurements indicated non-uniform illumination in the tested classrooms, from severe glare next to south facing windows, to dark areas well below minimum recommended levels. The overall illumination situation is unsatisfactory. Opportunities exist for improving illumination using passive and active energy efficient interventions. The hypothesis for this study was that passive energy interventions in prefabricated classrooms are energy- and cost-efficient means for improving the physical learning environment in South African schools. Ceiling insulation makes a valuable contribution towards improving indoor thermal environments in prefabricated classrooms. Ceiling insulation by itself, however, does not provide a comprehensive solution – the entire building envelope needs to be taken into consideration. A building energy digital simulation model could explore a range of interventions, to derive the overall most costeffective solution to improving indoor thermal environments in South African schools. Investigations of this nature will be conducted as part of the ongoing larger Enerkey project.
- Full Text:
- Authors: De Bruin, Lyzanne
- Date: 2010-03-16T07:28:55Z
- Subjects: Energy conservation , School buildings' energy conservation
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:6679 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3083
- Description: M.Sc. , South Africa is in the midst of an energy crisis. The national energy provider is unable to provide the capacity currently demanded in South Africa. Although the construction of new electricity plants is planned, it does not solve the immediate problem. A large amount of energy is used to provide thermally comfortable indoor environments using conventional methods such as air-conditioning units. Energy efficiency is an environmentally friendly solution for South Africans to reduce the demand for electricity. In the context of the current situation in South Africa, significance can be given to investigations that explore viable methods of reducing energy consumption in buildings, while maintaining or improving thermal performance through passive energy interventions. This study was conducted with the goal of quantifying and demonstrating technologies that simultaneously attempt to improve energy efficiency (through avoiding the use of energy intensive heating/cooling units) and improving the physical learning environment in prefabricated classrooms in South Africa, through the use of passive energy retrofits. This study forms one of the initial case studies conducted within the framework of the Enerkey Sustainable Megacities pilot programme. Reflective roof coatings and ceiling insulation were used to retrofit eight prefabricated classrooms at Garsfontein Primary School, Tshwane. Monitoring was performed of temperature conditions in two control and eight experimental classrooms. The resulting data were used to compare the thermal performance of the altered classrooms to the control classrooms. Empirical data sets included hourly average temperature readings in ten prefabricated classrooms and an externally located weather station. Average diurnal temperatures and temperature difference plots were created. A pre-retrofit questionnaire to determine occupants’ perceptions on the thermal indoor environments was distributed. Spot measurements of illumination levels in all ten classrooms were taken with a Lux meter. A cost-effectiveness analysis of the passive energy interventions was performed, using as a reference case an electrically powered air conditioning unit, specified to cool a 50 m2 classroom. Overall, the reflective roof coatings were not effective at reducing peak summer temperatures. A 50 mm thick plastic fibre insulation layer installed in the ceiling spaces consistently reduced peak indoor temperatures by ~2°C, while 50 mm thick expanded polystyrene ceiling boards were the most effective of the retrofits, consistently reducing peak indoor air temperatures by ~3°C. An analysis of the cost-effectiveness of passive interventions showed that, in comparison to the proposed alternative of installing electrically powered air-conditioning units, ceiling insulation is cost effective in varying extents, depending on the assumptions. However, in all cases considered, the cost advantage, expressed as Rand per degree Celsius comfort improvement, is considerable compared to the air conditioning unit. Light measurements indicated non-uniform illumination in the tested classrooms, from severe glare next to south facing windows, to dark areas well below minimum recommended levels. The overall illumination situation is unsatisfactory. Opportunities exist for improving illumination using passive and active energy efficient interventions. The hypothesis for this study was that passive energy interventions in prefabricated classrooms are energy- and cost-efficient means for improving the physical learning environment in South African schools. Ceiling insulation makes a valuable contribution towards improving indoor thermal environments in prefabricated classrooms. Ceiling insulation by itself, however, does not provide a comprehensive solution – the entire building envelope needs to be taken into consideration. A building energy digital simulation model could explore a range of interventions, to derive the overall most costeffective solution to improving indoor thermal environments in South African schools. Investigations of this nature will be conducted as part of the ongoing larger Enerkey project.
- Full Text:
Energie-prestasiekontraktering: 'n geleentheid tot hoër energie-effektiwiteit
- Authors: Meyer, Josua Petrus
- Date: 2008-11-03T07:14:43Z
- Subjects: Energy development , Energy consumption , Energy services firms , Energy conservation
- Type: Inaugural
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/379664 , uj:14899 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1449
- Description: Inaugural lecture--Dept. of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Rand Afrikaans University, 19 September 1996
- Full Text:
- Authors: Meyer, Josua Petrus
- Date: 2008-11-03T07:14:43Z
- Subjects: Energy development , Energy consumption , Energy services firms , Energy conservation
- Type: Inaugural
- Identifier: http://ujcontent.uj.ac.za8080/10210/379664 , uj:14899 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1449
- Description: Inaugural lecture--Dept. of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Rand Afrikaans University, 19 September 1996
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