The peripheral urban catalyst : questioning historic land divisions and static zoning boundaries in industrial areas
- Authors: Deal, Randy
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: City planning , Sustainable development
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/423906 , uj:36232
- Description: Abstract: his dissertation investigates the value of land pockets, referred to as “forgotten spaces” in the Bo-Kaap. The study is aimed to propose a number of interventions along Lion Street on the nominated sites by means of a thorough understanding and study of the Archetypes that shaped the Bo-Kaap as we know it today. The Bo-Kaap’s location abutting the city, has a high locational value, which has in the recent years attracted the interest of private developers. Prior the approval of Bo-Kaap as an Heritage Protection Overlay Zone (HPOZ) by City of Cape Town, Bo-Kaap was hit by gentrification that caused a rapid increase in rates and land value, putting pressure on low to medium income families that have resided here for generations... , M.Tech. (Architecture)
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- Authors: Deal, Randy
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: City planning , Sustainable development
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/423906 , uj:36232
- Description: Abstract: his dissertation investigates the value of land pockets, referred to as “forgotten spaces” in the Bo-Kaap. The study is aimed to propose a number of interventions along Lion Street on the nominated sites by means of a thorough understanding and study of the Archetypes that shaped the Bo-Kaap as we know it today. The Bo-Kaap’s location abutting the city, has a high locational value, which has in the recent years attracted the interest of private developers. Prior the approval of Bo-Kaap as an Heritage Protection Overlay Zone (HPOZ) by City of Cape Town, Bo-Kaap was hit by gentrification that caused a rapid increase in rates and land value, putting pressure on low to medium income families that have resided here for generations... , M.Tech. (Architecture)
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The impact of urban spatial policies on commuting in the Gauteng Province of South Africa : a preliminary analysis
- Moselakgomo, Madumetja Jeremea
- Authors: Moselakgomo, Madumetja Jeremea
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Urban transportation policy , Urban transportation - Planning , City planning , Land use, Urban
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/280208 , uj:30106
- Description: M.Ing. (Civil Engineering) , Abstract: In many parts of the world, the widening gap between urban land use policy and transport system performance has manifested partly in increased commuting times, traffic congestion, longer commuting distances and air pollution in urban areas, suggesting the need for a better understanding of the relationship between urban form and travel behaviour. In South Africa, the problem is exacerbated by the historical apartheid spatial planning that led to the relocation of the indigenous African labour force to urban peripheries and in the development of racially divided cities and towns. This historical planning paradigm has, over time, contributed to the creation of spatial imbalances, for example relatively long travel distances between areas of residence and areas of employment for the working class. In 1995, the South African post-apartheid government endorsed urban spatial policy reforms through the Development Facilitation Act (No. 67 of 1995), or DFA, of which one of the founding principles was to reduce travel distances between residential and employment areas through promoting mixed-use developments. This was motivated by the assumption that there exists a relationship between urban form and travel behaviour. Despite a lack of empirical knowledge on the effect of the now repealed Development Facilitation Act on urban commuting distances, new public policies continue to advance its founding principles to address the same problems. Lacking knowledge on the rate and direction of change that can be expected from these interventions and the extent to which travel behaviour can be influenced by urban form, the South African government’s urban development policy instruments may be misguided and could lead to inefficient land use strategies that could, in turn, further contribute to an inefficient urban transport system. This research was conducted in order to measure the rate of change in commuting distances in the Gauteng City-Region, in South Africa and the efficacy of existing policy instruments in term of reducing commuting distances. In particular, the study addressed the following research questions: How have commuting distances in the Gauteng City-Region changed since the promulgation of the Development Facilitation Act? How did commuting distances change for different residential types in the Gauteng City-Region?..
- Full Text:
- Authors: Moselakgomo, Madumetja Jeremea
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Urban transportation policy , Urban transportation - Planning , City planning , Land use, Urban
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/280208 , uj:30106
- Description: M.Ing. (Civil Engineering) , Abstract: In many parts of the world, the widening gap between urban land use policy and transport system performance has manifested partly in increased commuting times, traffic congestion, longer commuting distances and air pollution in urban areas, suggesting the need for a better understanding of the relationship between urban form and travel behaviour. In South Africa, the problem is exacerbated by the historical apartheid spatial planning that led to the relocation of the indigenous African labour force to urban peripheries and in the development of racially divided cities and towns. This historical planning paradigm has, over time, contributed to the creation of spatial imbalances, for example relatively long travel distances between areas of residence and areas of employment for the working class. In 1995, the South African post-apartheid government endorsed urban spatial policy reforms through the Development Facilitation Act (No. 67 of 1995), or DFA, of which one of the founding principles was to reduce travel distances between residential and employment areas through promoting mixed-use developments. This was motivated by the assumption that there exists a relationship between urban form and travel behaviour. Despite a lack of empirical knowledge on the effect of the now repealed Development Facilitation Act on urban commuting distances, new public policies continue to advance its founding principles to address the same problems. Lacking knowledge on the rate and direction of change that can be expected from these interventions and the extent to which travel behaviour can be influenced by urban form, the South African government’s urban development policy instruments may be misguided and could lead to inefficient land use strategies that could, in turn, further contribute to an inefficient urban transport system. This research was conducted in order to measure the rate of change in commuting distances in the Gauteng City-Region, in South Africa and the efficacy of existing policy instruments in term of reducing commuting distances. In particular, the study addressed the following research questions: How have commuting distances in the Gauteng City-Region changed since the promulgation of the Development Facilitation Act? How did commuting distances change for different residential types in the Gauteng City-Region?..
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The application of principal component analysis in examining the impact of public transport systems on socio-economic transformation in the City of Tshwane
- Authors: Ndwandwe, Bongumusa
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Urban transportation - South Africa - City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality - Planning , City traffic - South Africa - City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality , City planning , Urban transportation - Passenger traffic
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/269586 , uj:28639
- Description: M.Tech. (Operations Management) , Abstract: There is generally interconnectedness amongst the complex urban challenges that are being experienced in most developing countries. Of particular note are the spatially fragmented, inefficient and ineffective transport systems that characterize South African cities. In response, innovative urban public transport systems that seek to improve urban mobility and encourage mixed-use development and activity corridors have emerged. These innovations also seek to resolve the three apartheid vices of unemployment, poverty and inequality thus enhancing socio-economic transformation within South African cities. The impact of recent innovative urban transport systems in South African cities have not been documented adequately, particularly their influence on the formation of economic opportunities. This study therefore aimed to examine the impact of public transport infrastructure investments on urban mobility and socio-economic transformation using the City of Tshwane as the case of study. A mixed research approach, which consisted of case study, qualitative and quantitative methodology, was adopted and questionnaires, interviews and observations were applied to gather and analyse data. Study findings revealed that the innovations have resulted in some commendable developments within the city of Tshwane. However, the effectiveness of policy and legislative interventions and subsequent investments on spatial and socio-economic transformation are still lagging behind and need to be strengthened. Lack of stakeholder cooperation throughout the planning process, implementation and operation of the innovative urban public transport system chain has hindered prospects of achieving multi-modal and integrated public transport networks that inspire socio-economic opportunities as desired. The socio-economic transformation agenda still needs to adopt and use new developments such as urban public transport systems, to facilitate the inclusion of the poor through business growth and creation of an enabling environment for small-scale entrepreneurs and informal traders. Accordingly, the study recommends an integrated approach to innovative urban transport systems and socio-economic transformation in South African Cities. Collective strategy formulation for an integrated public transport network, alignment of government investments and adoption of innovative approaches to design stations as hotbeds for socio-economic prosperity should characterize investments in public transport infrastructure. The study concludes by developing a model or framework for an integrated approach to Innovative Urban Transport Planning and Socio-economic Transformation.
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- Authors: Ndwandwe, Bongumusa
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Urban transportation - South Africa - City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality - Planning , City traffic - South Africa - City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality , City planning , Urban transportation - Passenger traffic
- Language: English
- Type: Masters (Thesis)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/269586 , uj:28639
- Description: M.Tech. (Operations Management) , Abstract: There is generally interconnectedness amongst the complex urban challenges that are being experienced in most developing countries. Of particular note are the spatially fragmented, inefficient and ineffective transport systems that characterize South African cities. In response, innovative urban public transport systems that seek to improve urban mobility and encourage mixed-use development and activity corridors have emerged. These innovations also seek to resolve the three apartheid vices of unemployment, poverty and inequality thus enhancing socio-economic transformation within South African cities. The impact of recent innovative urban transport systems in South African cities have not been documented adequately, particularly their influence on the formation of economic opportunities. This study therefore aimed to examine the impact of public transport infrastructure investments on urban mobility and socio-economic transformation using the City of Tshwane as the case of study. A mixed research approach, which consisted of case study, qualitative and quantitative methodology, was adopted and questionnaires, interviews and observations were applied to gather and analyse data. Study findings revealed that the innovations have resulted in some commendable developments within the city of Tshwane. However, the effectiveness of policy and legislative interventions and subsequent investments on spatial and socio-economic transformation are still lagging behind and need to be strengthened. Lack of stakeholder cooperation throughout the planning process, implementation and operation of the innovative urban public transport system chain has hindered prospects of achieving multi-modal and integrated public transport networks that inspire socio-economic opportunities as desired. The socio-economic transformation agenda still needs to adopt and use new developments such as urban public transport systems, to facilitate the inclusion of the poor through business growth and creation of an enabling environment for small-scale entrepreneurs and informal traders. Accordingly, the study recommends an integrated approach to innovative urban transport systems and socio-economic transformation in South African Cities. Collective strategy formulation for an integrated public transport network, alignment of government investments and adoption of innovative approaches to design stations as hotbeds for socio-economic prosperity should characterize investments in public transport infrastructure. The study concludes by developing a model or framework for an integrated approach to Innovative Urban Transport Planning and Socio-economic Transformation.
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Strategic environmental assessment for sustainable urban design: case study Ekurhuleni
- Authors: Malan, Johan Christoph
- Date: 2010-10-04T09:02:39Z
- Subjects: Environmental impact analysis , City planning
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:6927 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3437
- Description: M.Phil. , The urban environment, as a concentration of human industrial activity, has an ecological footprint extending well beyond its geographic borders. The reactive nature of Environmental Impact Assessment methodologies focuses on impacts in the natural environment, and mitigation thereof, rather than the causes, and since cities incorporate only limited natural resources, their impact on the larger environment is easily overlooked within the urban setting. Urban design and planning aims to guide urban development, and in order for such development to occur sustainably in the natural, built, social and economic environments, a strategic approach to environmental assessment must be followed. This study explores the merits of a strategic environmental assessment as a pro-active methodology to guide urban master-plan development at precinct level towards more sustainable urban layout and form. The Civic Precinct of the newly formed Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, to be established within the heart of Germiston, South Africa, serves as a case study. Having contextualized strategic assessments in an urban environment on the basis of a literature review, the study defines the development vision on the basis of higher-tier strategic documents and planning frameworks formulated for Ekurhuleni. Screening explores the legal parameters, and serves to define a vision specifically for sustainability of the Civic Precinct. Scoping has been conducted with reference to existing research data available from highertier studies and GIS databases, and at precinct-specific level fieldwork has provided both qualitative and quantitative status quo data, which have been transferred onto maps to highlight resources and constraints. At an applied level this study has yielded direct outcomes: i) A matrix of criteria for sustainability in the urban environment has been generated from the United Nations Agenda 21, and the Plan of Implementation from the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg, 2002), supplemented by assessment criteria of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Neighbourhood Development Rating System. The matrix forms a generic checklist for planners and designers, applicable also in other urban renewal projects. ii) The review of higher-tier planning documentation for Ekurhuleni, supplemented by fieldwork, has provided a comprehensive set of qualitative and quantitative data relating to the environment of the Ekurhuleni Civic Precinct. iii) By relating the results of the fieldwork, through a SWOT analysis, to the predetermined criteria for sustainability, a project-specific set of sustainability guidelines has been formulated. These guidelines are direct design informants for the master-plan, and become specifications for sustainability of individual projects to be implemented in the context of the master-plan. Through these outcomes the case study demonstrates that an adapted strategic environmental assessment methodology offers an effective tool for pro-active focus on sustainability in lower-tier, pre-implementation urban planning and design processes. The study, however, also indicates that the geographic confines of an urban precinct may be too restrictive to do justice to all dimensions of sustainability which make up an urban system, and suggests that application of the SEA methodology should be explored at the broader level of the local spatial development plan, where the SEA methodology may be more economically applied. The local spatial development plan offers a more appropriate level at which to conduct strategic environmental assessment, since it offers a broader scope for strategic consideration of the interconnectedness of all spheres of sustainability, while still permitting sufficient detail in the outcomes to make a concrete difference to the sustainability of an urban design when implemented.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Malan, Johan Christoph
- Date: 2010-10-04T09:02:39Z
- Subjects: Environmental impact analysis , City planning
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:6927 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3437
- Description: M.Phil. , The urban environment, as a concentration of human industrial activity, has an ecological footprint extending well beyond its geographic borders. The reactive nature of Environmental Impact Assessment methodologies focuses on impacts in the natural environment, and mitigation thereof, rather than the causes, and since cities incorporate only limited natural resources, their impact on the larger environment is easily overlooked within the urban setting. Urban design and planning aims to guide urban development, and in order for such development to occur sustainably in the natural, built, social and economic environments, a strategic approach to environmental assessment must be followed. This study explores the merits of a strategic environmental assessment as a pro-active methodology to guide urban master-plan development at precinct level towards more sustainable urban layout and form. The Civic Precinct of the newly formed Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, to be established within the heart of Germiston, South Africa, serves as a case study. Having contextualized strategic assessments in an urban environment on the basis of a literature review, the study defines the development vision on the basis of higher-tier strategic documents and planning frameworks formulated for Ekurhuleni. Screening explores the legal parameters, and serves to define a vision specifically for sustainability of the Civic Precinct. Scoping has been conducted with reference to existing research data available from highertier studies and GIS databases, and at precinct-specific level fieldwork has provided both qualitative and quantitative status quo data, which have been transferred onto maps to highlight resources and constraints. At an applied level this study has yielded direct outcomes: i) A matrix of criteria for sustainability in the urban environment has been generated from the United Nations Agenda 21, and the Plan of Implementation from the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg, 2002), supplemented by assessment criteria of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Neighbourhood Development Rating System. The matrix forms a generic checklist for planners and designers, applicable also in other urban renewal projects. ii) The review of higher-tier planning documentation for Ekurhuleni, supplemented by fieldwork, has provided a comprehensive set of qualitative and quantitative data relating to the environment of the Ekurhuleni Civic Precinct. iii) By relating the results of the fieldwork, through a SWOT analysis, to the predetermined criteria for sustainability, a project-specific set of sustainability guidelines has been formulated. These guidelines are direct design informants for the master-plan, and become specifications for sustainability of individual projects to be implemented in the context of the master-plan. Through these outcomes the case study demonstrates that an adapted strategic environmental assessment methodology offers an effective tool for pro-active focus on sustainability in lower-tier, pre-implementation urban planning and design processes. The study, however, also indicates that the geographic confines of an urban precinct may be too restrictive to do justice to all dimensions of sustainability which make up an urban system, and suggests that application of the SEA methodology should be explored at the broader level of the local spatial development plan, where the SEA methodology may be more economically applied. The local spatial development plan offers a more appropriate level at which to conduct strategic environmental assessment, since it offers a broader scope for strategic consideration of the interconnectedness of all spheres of sustainability, while still permitting sufficient detail in the outcomes to make a concrete difference to the sustainability of an urban design when implemented.
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The status quo of GIS in municipal town planning departments in Gauteng and in the education of town planners
- Authors: Marais, Hester J. W.
- Date: 2008-08-15T07:42:22Z
- Subjects: Geographic information systems , City planning , City planners , Gauteng (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:7719 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/858
- Description: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are no longer new to the Town & Regional Planning (TRP) profession and have been implemented by different municipalities worldwide. The effective use of a GIS by municipal Town & Regional Planning departments in Gauteng would accelerate planning processes and enable more complex decision-making. This would expedite more effective land development administration associated with urban growth (Masser et al, 1996, p.195). This study investigates, by means of a mail survey and telephonic follow up conversations, the extent of use of GIS by the twenty-three municipal Town & Regional Planning department offices in Gauteng. Factors that, according to literature (Longley et al, 2001, p.346), could possibly result in limited GIS use, are identified and investigated with regard to each factors significance and further investigated. This includes a specific investigation into whether a GIS is available to Town & Regional Planning department offices, either on municipal level and/or departmentally as well as an investigation into the extent and quality of the GIS training of employees in a department office. The study establishes that the extent of use of GIS by the municipal Town & Regional Planning department offices in Gauteng is limited. Further, that GIS availability as well as GIS training are significant problem factors contributing to limited GIS use (Chapter 2). The absence of a GIS at municipal level in the six municipal regions in Gauteng, as possible cause to GIS availability problems as posed by literature (Easa et al, 2000, p.26), does not significantly contribute as a cause to less GIS availability, should a department office rely on using a municipally implemented GIS. The study identifies that a municipally implemented GIS, in most cases managed centrally in a specific department, is set up conducive for use by municipal Town & Regional Planning department offices. The study specifically establishes that although a GIS and Town & Regional Planning data may be 100% available via a network, some department offices may experience GIS availability problems because of the inadequate development of an intranet to serve a wider local area, and/or the absence of an Internet GIS (Chapter 3). Further investigation into whether GIS availability problems have their origin at departmental level, as posed by literature (Easa et al, 2000, p.11), establishes that a smaller GIS has been implemented departmentally by 43% department offices themselves. Only three of the thirteen department offices, without a departmental GIS, can access a municipal implemented GIS. These findings indicate the origin and nature of GIS availability problems experienced, since 8% of department offices do not have either a municipal or departmental GIS and 35% of department offices are experiencing problems to access a municipally implemented GIS, indicating why 82% of the department offices experience GIS and data availability problems which limits GIS use (Chapter 4). An investigation into the origin and cause of specific GIS training problems, experienced by 91% of the responding department offices’ employees, establishes that GIS departmental training problems are caused by a lack of GIS knowledge and/or employees with a Town & Regional Planning qualification that does not seem to have GIS as a subject, since 82% of the department offices indicate a need for GIS short courses (Chapter 4). Research into the formal Town & Regional Planning qualification as offered by the ten accredited tertiary institutions, with regard to the incorporation of GIS as a subject, establishes that the inclusion of the subject in the curriculum is not a significant cause of GIS training problems (Longley et al, 2005, p.431). The more recent introduction of the subject GIS into the curriculum explains why some employees have a formal qualification without GIS as subject. Specific problems are identified that negatively affect the teaching of GIS as a subject and cause a need for GIS study material that is specifically tailored for Town & Regional Planners (Chapter 5). The availability of a GIS and GIS training of department office employees is interrelated in facilitating effective use of GIS by municipal Town & Regional Planning department offices in Gauteng. This study specifically establishes that where a GIS exists at municipal level, such a system has to be made accessible to department offices within. This could be achieved either through appropriate development of the current inadequate intranet and/or the Internet, or further the implementation of a smaller GIS in department offices without a GIS. In addition, short courses should be offered in GIS for employees who did not have GIS as a subject when they qualified as well as to lecturers at tertiary institutions, who are not qualified to teach GIS. The offering of these GIS short courses can be supported through the developing of GIS study material tailored for Town & Regional Planners. These interventions, if implemented, will contribute to better GIS availability in municipal Town & Regional Planning department offices in Gauteng as well as GIS training of the Town & Regional Planning profession as a whole, resulting in more effective use of GIS. , Dr. L.G.C. Scheepers
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- Authors: Marais, Hester J. W.
- Date: 2008-08-15T07:42:22Z
- Subjects: Geographic information systems , City planning , City planners , Gauteng (South Africa)
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:7719 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/858
- Description: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are no longer new to the Town & Regional Planning (TRP) profession and have been implemented by different municipalities worldwide. The effective use of a GIS by municipal Town & Regional Planning departments in Gauteng would accelerate planning processes and enable more complex decision-making. This would expedite more effective land development administration associated with urban growth (Masser et al, 1996, p.195). This study investigates, by means of a mail survey and telephonic follow up conversations, the extent of use of GIS by the twenty-three municipal Town & Regional Planning department offices in Gauteng. Factors that, according to literature (Longley et al, 2001, p.346), could possibly result in limited GIS use, are identified and investigated with regard to each factors significance and further investigated. This includes a specific investigation into whether a GIS is available to Town & Regional Planning department offices, either on municipal level and/or departmentally as well as an investigation into the extent and quality of the GIS training of employees in a department office. The study establishes that the extent of use of GIS by the municipal Town & Regional Planning department offices in Gauteng is limited. Further, that GIS availability as well as GIS training are significant problem factors contributing to limited GIS use (Chapter 2). The absence of a GIS at municipal level in the six municipal regions in Gauteng, as possible cause to GIS availability problems as posed by literature (Easa et al, 2000, p.26), does not significantly contribute as a cause to less GIS availability, should a department office rely on using a municipally implemented GIS. The study identifies that a municipally implemented GIS, in most cases managed centrally in a specific department, is set up conducive for use by municipal Town & Regional Planning department offices. The study specifically establishes that although a GIS and Town & Regional Planning data may be 100% available via a network, some department offices may experience GIS availability problems because of the inadequate development of an intranet to serve a wider local area, and/or the absence of an Internet GIS (Chapter 3). Further investigation into whether GIS availability problems have their origin at departmental level, as posed by literature (Easa et al, 2000, p.11), establishes that a smaller GIS has been implemented departmentally by 43% department offices themselves. Only three of the thirteen department offices, without a departmental GIS, can access a municipal implemented GIS. These findings indicate the origin and nature of GIS availability problems experienced, since 8% of department offices do not have either a municipal or departmental GIS and 35% of department offices are experiencing problems to access a municipally implemented GIS, indicating why 82% of the department offices experience GIS and data availability problems which limits GIS use (Chapter 4). An investigation into the origin and cause of specific GIS training problems, experienced by 91% of the responding department offices’ employees, establishes that GIS departmental training problems are caused by a lack of GIS knowledge and/or employees with a Town & Regional Planning qualification that does not seem to have GIS as a subject, since 82% of the department offices indicate a need for GIS short courses (Chapter 4). Research into the formal Town & Regional Planning qualification as offered by the ten accredited tertiary institutions, with regard to the incorporation of GIS as a subject, establishes that the inclusion of the subject in the curriculum is not a significant cause of GIS training problems (Longley et al, 2005, p.431). The more recent introduction of the subject GIS into the curriculum explains why some employees have a formal qualification without GIS as subject. Specific problems are identified that negatively affect the teaching of GIS as a subject and cause a need for GIS study material that is specifically tailored for Town & Regional Planners (Chapter 5). The availability of a GIS and GIS training of department office employees is interrelated in facilitating effective use of GIS by municipal Town & Regional Planning department offices in Gauteng. This study specifically establishes that where a GIS exists at municipal level, such a system has to be made accessible to department offices within. This could be achieved either through appropriate development of the current inadequate intranet and/or the Internet, or further the implementation of a smaller GIS in department offices without a GIS. In addition, short courses should be offered in GIS for employees who did not have GIS as a subject when they qualified as well as to lecturers at tertiary institutions, who are not qualified to teach GIS. The offering of these GIS short courses can be supported through the developing of GIS study material tailored for Town & Regional Planners. These interventions, if implemented, will contribute to better GIS availability in municipal Town & Regional Planning department offices in Gauteng as well as GIS training of the Town & Regional Planning profession as a whole, resulting in more effective use of GIS. , Dr. L.G.C. Scheepers
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