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Assessment of entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial orientation constructs : an analysis of past research

- Schachtebeck, Chris, Groenewald, Darelle, Nieuwenhuizen, Cecile

  • Authors: Schachtebeck, Chris , Groenewald, Darelle , Nieuwenhuizen, Cecile
  • Date: 2018
  • Subjects: Intrapreneurial orientation , Entrepreneurial orientation , Corporate entrepreneurship
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/289467 , uj:31407 , Citation: Schachtebeck, C., Groenewald, D. & Nieuwenhuizen, C. 2018. Assessment of entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial orientation constructs : an analysis of past research.
  • Description: Abstract: Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) can act as a predictor and indicator of firm-level entrepreneurship in organisations of different sizes. Intrapreneurial Orientation (IO), as an offspring of EO, describes an individual employee’s inclination to act entrepreneurially. Yet while the importance of an organisation’s EO cannot be overstated, a lack of clarity exists as to which common constructs underpin these concepts, as no study has attempted to analyse the shared conceptual basis underpinning EO, IO and other connected concepts. The purpose of this study is to analyse the underlying constructs of past EO and IO studies. The study is qualitative in nature by utilising a narrative review methodology. The review was conducted in prominent international databases. Discovered articles were analysed by means of content and thematic analysis. Results reveal that EO studies mostly utilise three constructs, namely risk-taking, innovativeness and proactiveness, while competitive aggressiveness and autonomy are less frequently utilised. Instruments developed by Miller (1983), as well as Covin and Slevin (1989) were the most frequently utilised instruments to assess EO. Studies investigating IO lack commonality in constructs, with only innovativeness representing a common construct. Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation was found to act as an extension to IO, utilising similar constructs and one underlying instrument only. Findings of this study provide researchers and academics with an up-to-date identification and analysis of the main constructs underlying popular EO and IO instruments, thereby assisting in the development of instruments in future EO and IO studies.
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Barriers to career progression of Black African middle managers : the South African perspective

- Mayiya, Sive-Thina, Schachtebeck, Chris, Diniso, Chuma

  • Authors: Mayiya, Sive-Thina , Schachtebeck, Chris , Diniso, Chuma
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: South Africa , Banking sector , Career progression
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/291751 , uj:31693 , Citation: Mayiya, S.T., Schachtebeck, C. & Diniso, C. 2019. Barriers to career progression of Black African middle managers : the South African perspective.
  • Description: Abstract: The primary objective of this research is to assess the perceptions of black African middle managers on barriers to career progression. While a number of studies have investigated barriers to career progression among previously disadvantaged individuals, no study has focused on the perceptions of middle managers on the barriers to career progression amongst black Africans in the workplace. The study was qualitative in nature, employing a purposive sampling approach. Data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews amongst 18 black African middle managers in two major South African banks. Results indicate that a lack of exposure to senior managerial duties, lack of career guidance and support, demographic composition of senior management, as well as perceived unequal career opportunities present barriers to career progression. The value of the research lies in the practical changes banks can make to Human Resource practices and policies to overcome current challenges. The paper is of value to managers and HR professionals in the banking sector by addressing a major South African labour market issue.
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Business model innovation success in the fourth industrial revolution

- Van Tonder, Chanté, Schachtebeck, Chris, Nieuwenhuizen, Cecile, Bossink, Bart

Corporate entrepreneurial climate : an investigation of South African accounting small and medium-sized enterprises

- Khoza, Rachel, Groenewald, Darelle, Schachtebeck, Chris

  • Authors: Khoza, Rachel , Groenewald, Darelle , Schachtebeck, Chris
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Corporate entrepreneurship , Accounting SMEs , Small and medium-sized enterprises
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/259371 , uj:27288 , Citation: Khoza, R., Groenewald, D. & Schachtebeck, C. 2017. Corporate entrepreneurial climate : an investigation of South African accounting small and medium-sized enterprises.
  • Description: Abstract: Government around the world, particularly in emerging economies such as South Africa, have recognised the socio-economic benefits Small and Medium -sized Enterprises (SMEs) hold. Despite this recognition and support, SME failure rates are still unsustainably high. For SMEs to survive, innovation and internal (corporate) entrepreneurship needs to take centre-stage. The purpose of this study is to assess the corporate entrepreneurial climate in South African accounting SMEs. Little empirical research exists in South Africa that addresses the importance of Corporate Entrepreneurship with reference to accounting SMEs. A quantitative research approach was followed by means of a selfadministered questionnaire. A purposive sampling approach yielded 102 responses drawn from the South African Institute of Professional Accountants database. Results indicate that positive support for corporate entrepreneurship exists, with four main dimensions of Corporate Entrepreneurship being evident. Time availability, however, was lacking in the sampled enterprises. This study positively contributes to the body of knowledge in accounting SMEs, particularly around the existence and promotion of Corporate Entrepreneurship. The results of the study can serve as an indicator for South African accounting SMEs, and related industries, in terms of assessing the existence of a corporate entrepreneurship climate.
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Corporate entrepreneurship : it’s a matter of engagement

- Dhanpat, Nelesh, Schachtebeck, Chris

  • Authors: Dhanpat, Nelesh , Schachtebeck, Chris
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Corporate entrepreneurship , Work engagement , Entrepreneurship
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/404294 , uj:33899 , Citation: Dhanpat, N. & Schachtebeck, C. 2019. Corporate entrepreneurship : it’s a matter of engagement.
  • Description: Abstract: Organisations of varying sizes often implement changes at the strategic, operational and employee level to foster a culture of entrepreneurship. These entrepreneurial actions within existing organisations are referred to as corporate entrepreneurship (CE). CE is regarded as multi- dimensional in nature, influenced by environmental, managerial and organisational factors and often results in a multitude of outcomes such as enhanced internal and market performance. Whilst CE is seen as a firm-level initiative, it is employees who implement and practice such initiatives. An employee’s proactive nature towards their work is essential and hence, work engagement is vital in achieving business outcomes. However, to date, there is limited research on the linkages between corporate entrepreneurship and work engagement. This study is qualitative in nature and presents a conceptual paper. A deductive approach is employed by combining prominent literature on CE and work engagement as described in seminal works, thereby proposing a novel conceptual framework linking work engagement, CE and business outcomes. The study provides insights into a framework which, when tested empirically, has the potential to enhance and achieve business outcomes. The framework therefore holds significant potential to improve employee engagement in business, particularly within the ambit of the fourth industrial revolution.
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Entrepreneurial education and individual entrepreneurial orientation : an experts’ perspective an empirical Delphi study

- Teles, Daniella Da Silva, Nieuwenhuizen, Cecile, Schachtebeck, Chris

Entrepreneurial intention : does entrepreneurship education play a role?

- Pheaha, Montsho, Schachtebeck, Chris

  • Authors: Pheaha, Montsho , Schachtebeck, Chris
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Entrepreneurship , Entrepreneurship education , Entrepreneurial intent
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/445446 , uj:38976 , Citation: Pheaha, M. & Schachtebeck, C. 2020. Entrepreneurial intention : does entrepreneurship education play a role?
  • Description: Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial intention in South Africa. The study made use of a quantitative, exploratory research design. The study utilized an adapted, self-administered survey of 200 women in a South African province. A non-probability convenience sampling approach was followed. Data was analysed by means of comparative analysis and independent sample t-tests, analysed in SPSS version 25. Findings indicate that respondents who had been exposed to entrepreneurial education courses exhibited higher mean scores for entrepreneurial intention and its underlying components. Several underlying constructs, namely attitude towards entrepreneurship, risk-taking, cultural perspectives and self-efficacy were statistically significant in terms of their effects on entrepreneurial intent. The study therefore provides input for policy-makers and higher education institutions in the value of providing entrepreneurship education courses. The study therefore contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing insights from an emerging market perspective of the value of entrepreneurship education in forming entrepreneurial intent.
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Entrepreneurial orientation in South African social enterprises

- Teles, Daniella, Schachtebeck, Chris

Establishing a job-crafting and intrapreneurial link : towards new approaches to innovative work

- Dhanpat, Nelesh, Schachtebeck, Chris

  • Authors: Dhanpat, Nelesh , Schachtebeck, Chris
  • Date: 2021
  • Subjects: Job crafting , Entrepreneurship , Intrapreneurship
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/481639 , uj:43648 , Citation: Dhanpat, N. & Schachtebeck C., 2021, ‘Establishing a job-crafting and intrapreneurial link: Towards new approaches to innovative work’, Acta Commercii 21(1), a934. https://doi.org/10.4102/ ac.v21i1.934
  • Description: Abstract: Orientation: This research study focuses on establishing a link between job crafting and landmark studies on intrapreneurship. Research purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide a theoretical overview of intrapreneurship, intrapreneurial orientation and job crafting, and to explore theoretical linkages between these areas of enquiry. Motivation for the study: There is currently a dearth of research studies that explore the link between job crafting and intrapreneurial behaviours in existing organisations in the form of intrapreneurial orientation. Research design, approach and method: The study is presented as a conceptual paper in the form of a qualitative, theoretical study, employing a model-building approach. A deductive research approach is followed, and a narrative review methodology is employed. Main findings: The findings of this study from a literature search acknowledge the contributions of job crafting and intrapreneurial research within the management sciences, and we remain cognisant of the organisational implications of each, which have, to date, focused on the organisation, rather than the individual. With this in mind, we suggest that job crafting and intrapreneurial behaviours are empirically researched to validate the recommendations made. Practical/managerial implications: This study will help to establish the type of job-crafting interventions and job-crafting strategies needed to promote intrapreneurial behaviours in practice. Contribution/value-add: This study provides noteworthy insights, which include the suggestion that employees with a forward-looking disposition will engage in job crafting, with a focus on intrapreneurial behaviour. Furthermore, the study fills a void left in the current body of knowledge.
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Factors contributing to high growth in SMMEs in Gauteng

- Ndweni, Ennie, Mocwaledi, Morongwa, Mahlangu, Sibusiso, Schachtebeck, Chris

  • Authors: Ndweni, Ennie , Mocwaledi, Morongwa , Mahlangu, Sibusiso , Schachtebeck, Chris
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Small , Micro and medium-sized enterprises , South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/407585 , uj:34314 , Citation: Ndweni, E. et al. 2019: Factors contributing to high growth in SMMEs in Gauteng.
  • Description: Abstract: South Africa is in desperate need to grow the population of high growth SMMEs, as these businesses are key to job creation, innovation efforts, poverty alleviation, promoting economic growth and contributing meaningfully to the South African tax base. This study aims to identify the factors contributing to the high growth of SMMEs in the Gauteng province in South Africa. The study further aimed to determine how the high-growth SMME sector could be nurtured, from the perspective of existing high-growth SMME owners who have experienced more than 20% growth in the past three years. The study was qualitative in nature and made use of semi-structured interviews with sixteen SMME owners based at Incubation Hubs in Gauteng. Data were analysed by means of thematic content analysis. This study concludes that this particular sector plays a significant role within South Africa’s economy. However, for this sector to continue growing, SMMEs need to equip themselves with managerial and industry skills, have a good financing model in place and be provided with government support through policies and development finance. The study is of value to existing SMMEs struggling who can use the identified factors to promote growth internally, as well as to policymakers to structure interventions to promote high growth in existing SMMEs.
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Frequency of applications of systematic reviews in evidence synthesis in management research : a scoping review of South African practices

- Schachtebeck, Chris, Thabane, Lehana

  • Authors: Schachtebeck, Chris , Thabane, Lehana
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Systematic review , Scoping review , South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/238117 , uj:24409 , Citation: Schachtebeck, C. & Thabane, L. 2017. Frequency of applications of systematic reviews in evidence synthesis in management research : a scoping review of South African practices.
  • Description: Abstract: A wide range of frequently used methodological tools exist in other disciplines, yet are often not utilized in the management sciences. Tools such as systematic reviews are useful to objectively review, summarize, and appraise the results of published studies to guide practice or identify gaps in knowledge that require further research. The aim of this scoping review is to ascertain to what extent systematic reviews are utilized in South African management research. We employed a scoping review methodology and searched a number of prominent management databases. No limits on publication dates were set. Data was analyzed by means of charting. 9880 studies were identified during an initial search. From these 204 were assessed for eligibility, which 32 articles met. It was found that systematic reviews comprise 0.09% of South African managerial studies. An increase in the utilization was observed from 2014 onwards, yet systematic reviews are severely under-utilized in South African management research.. A roadmap identifying crucial steps in systematic reviews and best practices is provided.
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Individual-level intrapreneurial orientation and organisational growth in small and medium enterprises

- Schachtebeck, Chris

  • Authors: Schachtebeck, Chris
  • Date: 2018
  • Subjects: Small business - South Africa , Unemployment - South Africa , Poverty - South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral (Thesis)
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/282435 , uj:30423
  • Description: Abstract: Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are viewed as instrumental in alleviating many of the socio-economic woes South Africa faces, particularly with regard to joblessness and poverty. Yet, rates of entrepreneurship, innovation and new venture creation have been of concern in the South African context, with the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, in particular, highlighting the low rates of entrepreneurial activity. These phenomena manifest themselves in high discontinuation rates of SMEs, a small number of high-growth SMEs, low levels of Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) as well as exceedingly low rates of Entrepreneurial Employee Activity (EEA). While the entrepreneurial orientation of organisations, of various sizes, has been extensively explored from an organisational and growth perspective, no study has investigated intrapreneurial orientation and its effect on growth, particularly in South African SMEs. The overarching aim of this study was therefore to explore the effects of an employee’s Intrapreneurial Orientation on internal growth levels of South African SMEs. The study followed a six-stage approach. Firstly, a literature review was conducted, examining the concepts of Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) and Intrapreneurial Orientation (IO) as well as on the status quo of SMEs in South Africa. Stage 2 took the form of a narrative review of underlying EO and IO constructs, followed by Stage 3 which consisted of a qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews with employees of SMEs and a Delphi study of subject-matter experts. Stage 4 comprised a conceptual study linking the results of Stages 2 and 3. Stage 5 entailed a systematic review of the use of piloting methodology in South African small business research. The final stage, Stage 6, consisted of a quantitative study piloting an adapted instrument to explore the effects of IO on SME growth metrics. A narrative review was conducted in Stage 2 to determine underlying EO and IO constructs as applied in past studies. Based on the review, a construct map was created, indicating commonalities between the EO, Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation (EAO) and Intrapreneurial Orientation (IO) concepts. Following the narrative review, interviews with employees of high-growth SMEs were conducted, supplemented by a Delphi study with South African subject-matter experts. A total of... , Ph.D. (Business Management)
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Intrapreneurial orientation as a field of inquiry : a scoping review

- Schachtebeck, Chris

  • Authors: Schachtebeck, Chris
  • Date: 2021
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/480918 , uj:43552 , Citation: Schachtebeck, C. 2021. Intrapreneurial orientation as a field of inquiry : a scoping review.
  • Description: Abstract: Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO), at an organisational level, and Intrapreneurial Orientation (IO), at the employee level, has been shown to have a multitude of benefits for organisations. EO and IO are important indicators of intra-organisational entrepreneurship in organisations of varying sizes. While EO has built a large body of knowledge since the 1980s and has been widely researched, IO emerged as a concept in the early 2000s, acknowledging the importance of employee-level entrepreneurial potential. While some studies have mapped the evolution of the EO concept, as well as analysed underlying dimensions, no study to date has attempted to map the growth and focus areas of the IO concept. The purpose of this study was therefore to analyse the growth of IO as a field of inquiry, as well as uncover focal areas of studies focusing on IO. The study adopted a qualitative research approach, employing a scoping review methodology and analysing the growth of the field of IO by means of frequency tables, and uncover focal areas in literature by means of a Word cloud analysis. Findings revealed that the majority of studies in the field of IO were conducted in the past ten years, with a substantial growth in studies from 2015 onwards. Findings also showed that IO studies most commonly investigate organisational and job performance, effects of IO, personality traits, cultural factors and leadership styles. The findings of this study contribute to the existing body of knowledge by highlighting existing focus areas in literature, thereby indicating unexplored and under investigated IO linkages.
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Intrapreneurial orientation in small and medium-sized enterprises : an exploration at the employee level

- Schachtebeck, Chris, Groenewald, Darelle, Nieuwenhuizen, Cecile

Obstacles to Venture Capital Funding : the South African entrepreneurs’ perspective

- Celliers, Marius, Schachtebeck, Chris, Diniso, Chuma

  • Authors: Celliers, Marius , Schachtebeck, Chris , Diniso, Chuma
  • Date: 2021
  • Subjects: Venture Capitalis , Venture Capital Funding , Entrepreneurship
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/482898 , uj:43806 , Citation: Celliers, M., Schachtebeck, C. & Diniso, C. 2021. Obstacles to Venture Capital Funding : the South African entrepreneurs’ perspective.
  • Description: Abstract: The primary objective of this qualitative study was to explore the challenges faced by entrepreneurs in acquiring funding from venture capitalist companies in South Africa. A purposive snowball sampling technique was adopted to collect data from ten entrepreneurs and ten venture capitalist companies using semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Thematic analysis of the data revealed a number of prominent themes. Findings indicated that venture capitalist investors consider personal qualities of the entrepreneur as a key indicator of a viable business opportunity when making investment decisions. It was further revealed that the investment evaluation process is both lengthy and costly. In South Africa, the economic and political environments are unstable and risky. This plays an influential role to venture capitalist investors when making investment decisions. The study contributes to the existing body of knowledge and points to issues that can be further investigated. The study also has managerial implications in that it provides guidelines to entrepreneurs on how to approach venture capitalist investors for investment. The study has some limitations in that the use of a non-probability sampling techniques implies that findings cannot be generalised widely. Furthermore, the study was conducted only in South Africa and findings therefore cannot be generalised across other markets.
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Pilot studies : use and misuse in South African SME research

- Schachtebeck, Chris, Groenewald, Darelle, Nieuwenhuizen, Cecile

  • Authors: Schachtebeck, Chris , Groenewald, Darelle , Nieuwenhuizen, Cecile
  • Date: 2018
  • Subjects: Pilot study , Systematic review , Small and medium-sized enterprises
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/260331 , uj:27409 , Citation: Schachtebeck, C., Groenewald, D. & Nieuwenhuizen, C. 2017. Pilot studies : use and misuse in South African SME research.
  • Description: Abstract: The utilization of pilot study methodology is often not in accordance with methodological principles and intentions. Further, reporting of pilot studies is reported as inadequate. The rise in the use of pilot studies in the social sciences, in particular in business research, prompts an examination of the correctness of the use of pilot study methodology in South African SME research. This article has made use of a qualitative research approach by systematically reviewing the use of pilot studies in South African SME research. Articles have been identified in prominent databases according to set inclusion and exclusion criteria. Accepted articles have then been screened according to a set of identified best practices. Findings reveal that only a small proportion of identified studies follow methodological best practices of piloting methodology. Few studies adequately report on piloting results and even fewer studies adequately describe or select a representative piloting sample. Only half of all identified studies describe the purpose for piloting. The article provides recommendations for researchers and businesses engaging in SME research and intending to utilize pilot studies.
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SME support institutions : the South African case

- Schachtebeck, Chris, Groenewald, Darelle, Nieuwenhuizen, Cecile

Street trading in South Africa: a case of the Tshwane central business district

- Nkrumah-Abebrese, Betty, Schachtebeck, Chris

  • Authors: Nkrumah-Abebrese, Betty , Schachtebeck, Chris
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Street trading , Central business district , South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/238036 , uj:24399 , Citation: Nkrumah-Abebrese, B. & Schachtebeck, C. 2017. Street trading in South Africa: a case of the Tshwane central business district.
  • Description: Abstract: Formal and informal street trading is both prevalent and growing in inner city settings. This phenomenon is particularly prevalent in Central Business Districts (CBDs). In the South African inner city context, street trading is thriving and provides an opportunity for street traders to earn a living. This study aims to discover the characteristics and factors influencing street trading in the Tshwane CBD, South Africa. The study follows a case study approach and is qualitative in nature, making use of semistructured interviews with 30 street traders. A non-probability sampling approach was followed by means of snowball sampling. Data was analyzed by means of content and thematic analysis. Results indicate that main factors driving street trading in Tshwane CBD include unemployment and poverty, migration and urbanisation, survivalist entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intentions. Two-thirds of respondents indicated that they had been street traders for 10-20 years, with little to no trading experience. Respondents also indicates a number of survival challenges, such as low incomes and poor working conditions. Difficulty in understanding municipal by-laws governing street trading were also identified. The findings of this study will assist municipalities, particularly in developing economies, in understanding and better managing street trading activities in CBDs.
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The level of corporate entrepreneurship within small and medium-sized enterprises in the seafreight transport industry

- Schachtebeck, Chris

  • Authors: Schachtebeck, Chris
  • Date: 2012-06-06
  • Subjects: Corporate entrepreneurship , SMEs , Small and medium-sized enterprises , Seafreight industry South Africa
  • Type: Mini-Dissertation
  • Identifier: uj:2530 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4985
  • Description: M. Comm. , Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are widely regarded as the innovation and growth engine of the economy. As such, a large volume of research has been conducted on the subject area of SMEs. Furthermore, the topic of corporate entrepreneurship has gained popularity in the past few years. Despite the variety of literature and studies conducted on the topic of corporate entrepreneurship, very few studies combine the topics of corporate entrepreneurship within SMEs. This study aims to investigate the level of corporate entrepreneurship within SMEs operating in the seafreight transport industry in South Africa. The study furthermore aims to produce tangible recommendations for improving the level of corporate entrepreneurship within SMEs. The study is largely quantitative in nature and was conducted by means of the corporate entrepreneurship climate instrument (CECI), which is a paper-based questionnaire testing the six main indicators of corporate entrepreneurship. These indicators provide an accurate reflection on the currently prevailing level of corporate entrepreneurship within an organisation. The sample consisted of three SMEs with 47 respondents, who are registered members of the South African Association of Freight Forwarders (SAAFF), operating within the sea-freight transport industry. The three sample businesses were selected based on differing attributes such as size and maturity. The results of the research instrument were complemented by means of a comprehensive literature review addressing the topic of corporate entrepreneurship and SMEs. The results of the CECI were thus evaluated against popular findings in current academic literature on the topic of corporate entrepreneurship. This was done in order to establish consistency of results in line with current academic literature on the subject of corporate entrepreneurship. This approach thus further adds credibility to the results of the study. The study found that the prevailing level of corporate entrepreneurship can be classed as moderate within SMEs operating in the sea-freight transport industry, with areas such as rewards and reinforcement and organisational boundaries showing positive results. Other areas such as management support, as well as climatespecific variables showed disappointing levels of corporate entrepreneurship, thus highlighting areas for improvement. Furthermore, the larger businesses showed much more promising results than their smaller counterparts did in terms of the 11 | P a g e prevailing level of corporate entrepreneurship. The study further showed that females and respondents below the age of thirty tended to perceive corporate entrepreneurship much more positively than other respondents did. This study thus increases the understanding of corporate entrepreneurship within SMEs, as well as highlights areas in which SMEs can improve. This study adds value to the subject of corporate entrepreneurship and has a uniquely South African focus, which is lacking in current literature.
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The rise of the social enterprise – an entrepreneurial gender perspective

- Teles, Daniella, Schachtebeck, Chris

  • Authors: Teles, Daniella , Schachtebeck, Chris
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Entrepreneurial orientation , South Africa , Social enterprises
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/402611 , uj:33699 , Citation: Teles, D. & Schachtebeck, C. 2019. The rise of the social enterprise – an entrepreneurial gender perspective.
  • Description: Abstract: South Africa’s socio-economic landscape is plagued by persistently high rates of unemployment, poverty, joblessness and sluggish economic growth. These economic conditions have resulted in a reduction in government expenditure, as well as a struggle for survival. The social enterprise sector is absorbing much of this burden by attempting to alleviate social ills. Yet, the failure rates and lack of entrepreneurial spirit in social enterprises is concerning. Additionally, little insight exists whether social enterprises are entrepreneurial, as well as whether gender plays a role in this regard. The purpose of this study is to therefore determine whether gender differences exist in entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of South African social enterprises. This study was quantitative in nature, making use of an adapted measuring instrument based on prominent EO instruments. The study was conducted in social enterprises across South Africa, with 342 responses being received. Data was analysed by means of an exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis (through the Cronbach Alpha coefficient), as well as t-tests. Results indicated that only two dimensions of EO showed statistically significant differences between genders, namely proactiveness and competitive aggressiveness, with the risk-taking, innovativeness and autonomy dimensions showing no differences. The study is of value to social enterprises in South Africa as little research in EO has been conducted in this sector, thereby providing preliminary insights into gender specific differences in EO.
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