Cu (II) removal from synthetic waste water by ion exchange process
- Muzenda, Edison, Kabuba, John, Ntuli, Freeman, Mollagee, Mansoor, Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F.
- Authors: Muzenda, Edison , Kabuba, John , Ntuli, Freeman , Mollagee, Mansoor , Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F.
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Clinoptilolite , Ion exchange , Synthetic waste water , Waste water treatment , Heavy metals - Removal
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4708 , ISSN 2078-0966 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10953
- Description: The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of acid activated South Africa clinoptilolite as an adsorbent in the ion-exchange process for the removal of cations from aqueous solutions. The kinetic parameters affecting the adsorption of Cu (II) ions were studied. The adsorption of Cu (II) from synthetic waste water was found to be dependent on pH, temperature, contact time and initial adsorbate concentration. The pH was varied from 2.5 to 6 and the optimum pH for Cu (II) removal was found to be 4.0. The removal of Cu (II) ions increased with time and attained saturation in about 60-70 min. The equilibrium data showed that the adsorption was endothermic nature. Kinetics data showed that at higher temperatures, the rate of adsorption is higher for the clinoptilolite natural zeolite and that Langmuir equation successfully described the adsorption process.
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- Authors: Muzenda, Edison , Kabuba, John , Ntuli, Freeman , Mollagee, Mansoor , Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F.
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Clinoptilolite , Ion exchange , Synthetic waste water , Waste water treatment , Heavy metals - Removal
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4708 , ISSN 2078-0966 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10953
- Description: The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of acid activated South Africa clinoptilolite as an adsorbent in the ion-exchange process for the removal of cations from aqueous solutions. The kinetic parameters affecting the adsorption of Cu (II) ions were studied. The adsorption of Cu (II) from synthetic waste water was found to be dependent on pH, temperature, contact time and initial adsorbate concentration. The pH was varied from 2.5 to 6 and the optimum pH for Cu (II) removal was found to be 4.0. The removal of Cu (II) ions increased with time and attained saturation in about 60-70 min. The equilibrium data showed that the adsorption was endothermic nature. Kinetics data showed that at higher temperatures, the rate of adsorption is higher for the clinoptilolite natural zeolite and that Langmuir equation successfully described the adsorption process.
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Evaluation of ceramic media wear characteristics on the M100 Isa Mill
- Makgamatha, Kgadi A., Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F., Randigwane, A., Bolha, W., Anyimadu, A.
- Authors: Makgamatha, Kgadi A. , Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F. , Randigwane, A. , Bolha, W. , Anyimadu, A.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Ceramic media , M100 Isa-Mill
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4910 , ISSN 2349-1442 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13010
- Description: Since the installation of Isa-Mills, major improvements/studies have been made to make it more efficient. In 2006, ceramic media were introduced in the market to identify the cost effective type. This was achieved by the quality studies on different type of media both at the laboratory and pilot plant scale. In this present study, a 100 hours test was carried out in order to evaluate the wear characteristics of ceramic media branded candidate media and was compared to the standard media using the M100 Isa mill at the pilot plant. The evaluation was in the basis of comparing the relative performance of the candidate media and standard media in terms of wear rate, energy consumption and the finest of grind, whereby the following results were generated. A seasoned charge graph of both media at d80 μm vs. running time (hr) was generated and clearly highlighted the points of reaching seasoned charge for both media however, this didn’t help much in terms of finding the difference between the media because one cannot confirm the points of reaching seasoned charge by just looking at the graph but this can be confirmed by the actual size analysis of the media beads. A further comparison was made by comparing the finest of grinds from the Isa-Mill discharge and it does not necessarily gives a clear view of which media is better compared to the other. The media wear rate and energy consumption of both media were compared and the standard media showed a big variance from the candidate media in terms of wear and energy. The standard media stood out to be the cost-effective type compared to the candidate media. Its utilization in the plant will then be suggested.
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- Authors: Makgamatha, Kgadi A. , Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F. , Randigwane, A. , Bolha, W. , Anyimadu, A.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Ceramic media , M100 Isa-Mill
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4910 , ISSN 2349-1442 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13010
- Description: Since the installation of Isa-Mills, major improvements/studies have been made to make it more efficient. In 2006, ceramic media were introduced in the market to identify the cost effective type. This was achieved by the quality studies on different type of media both at the laboratory and pilot plant scale. In this present study, a 100 hours test was carried out in order to evaluate the wear characteristics of ceramic media branded candidate media and was compared to the standard media using the M100 Isa mill at the pilot plant. The evaluation was in the basis of comparing the relative performance of the candidate media and standard media in terms of wear rate, energy consumption and the finest of grind, whereby the following results were generated. A seasoned charge graph of both media at d80 μm vs. running time (hr) was generated and clearly highlighted the points of reaching seasoned charge for both media however, this didn’t help much in terms of finding the difference between the media because one cannot confirm the points of reaching seasoned charge by just looking at the graph but this can be confirmed by the actual size analysis of the media beads. A further comparison was made by comparing the finest of grinds from the Isa-Mill discharge and it does not necessarily gives a clear view of which media is better compared to the other. The media wear rate and energy consumption of both media were compared and the standard media showed a big variance from the candidate media in terms of wear and energy. The standard media stood out to be the cost-effective type compared to the candidate media. Its utilization in the plant will then be suggested.
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Minerals processing and technology research at the University of Johannesburg : strategy for sustainability
- Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F.
- Authors: Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F.
- Date: 2012-08-21
- Subjects: Universities and colleges - Research - South Africa. , Universities and colleges - Research - Evaluation.
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:2928 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6356
- Description: M.B.A. , This study was conducted to investigate the strategy for sustainability of the Minerals Processing and Technology Research Group (MPTRG) of the University of Johannesburg. The background of the study established that a new institution, University of Johannesburg (UJ), was formed mainly from the merger of the previous Technikon Witwatersrand (TWR) and the Randse Afrikanse Universiteit (RAU). These two institutions had different vocations: career oriented and academic directed respectively. The merger has created a new institution with new needs, a new environment and new challenges. For a research group, each as the MPTRG, which existed in one of the merging institutions before the merger, to survive and to be sustainable, relevant strategies have to be designed and correctly implemented. The aim of the study was to develop a strategy for MPTRG's sustainability in terms of assisting the faculty of engineering and the built environment of the UJ to achieve its strategic objectives of higher levels of postgraduate students, community, industry and government service quality and productivity in research. The literature review investigated the research activities at university with focus on their sustainability, quality of services rendered (i.e. students trained, research projects conducted , reports drafted, stakeholders' satisfactions deriving from the above etc...) and the number and quality of research output generated. Particular emphasis was placed on the impact of people management in the quality of university research. This was with the assumption that the technology requirement was fulfilled. A mainly qualitative research design was used as the primary methodology in this study and a deductive approach was adopted. As a result, Ulrich's (1997) conceptual model depicting the role of human capacity in assisting the organization to achieve its strategic objectives was used to formulate the study's theoretical propositions. The findings from the literature review revealed that the role of the MPTRG as a strategic partner, is central to the achievement of higher levels of postgraduate students service, research training quality and research productivity. It is therefore recommended that the MPTRG must fully align with the corporate strategy of the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment. The following sequential steps must be undertaken: The MPTRG manager, together with his team, should conduct an organizational diagnosis of the group's organizational architecture, which specifies systems that constitute the Faculty. These include the organization's shared mindset and culture, research staff competency levels, systems and standard for progressive assessment and evaluation of postgraduate students performance, assessment of the standards to use to benchmark progressive and final group research output etc... A formal integrated strategy including human capital, technology, relations (i.e. local and international collaborations with industry, as well as other institutions) must be developed which shall provide alternative and or supplementary actions and practices for each of the factors that were identified in the organizational diagnosis. The qualitative and quantitative findings lead to conclude that the MPTRG is currently active in mainly administrative tasks including hiring postgraduate students, arranging their registration, securing scholarships, drafting reports and applications, following up on order to procurement etc... In order to enable the MPTRG to assist the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment to achieve its strategic objectives, the MPTRG must engage itself with direct research oriented tasks, writing more publications, engaging with community outreach projects, engaging with professional body activities etc.... It is therefore recommended that the MPTRG must shift its focus away from administration in order to create scope and capacity to perform activities over and above administrative and transactional tasks. Complementary strategic research staff be recruited, appropriate research equipment be procured, number of postgraduate students be increased, number of postdoctoral fellows be increased, visiting scientists be attracted, collaborative projects with industry be expanded etc... This would require a high level of assistance from support and service departments (postgraduate student registration, research office, administration, finances, procurement, transport, secretary, etc...).
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- Authors: Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F.
- Date: 2012-08-21
- Subjects: Universities and colleges - Research - South Africa. , Universities and colleges - Research - Evaluation.
- Type: Thesis
- Identifier: uj:2928 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6356
- Description: M.B.A. , This study was conducted to investigate the strategy for sustainability of the Minerals Processing and Technology Research Group (MPTRG) of the University of Johannesburg. The background of the study established that a new institution, University of Johannesburg (UJ), was formed mainly from the merger of the previous Technikon Witwatersrand (TWR) and the Randse Afrikanse Universiteit (RAU). These two institutions had different vocations: career oriented and academic directed respectively. The merger has created a new institution with new needs, a new environment and new challenges. For a research group, each as the MPTRG, which existed in one of the merging institutions before the merger, to survive and to be sustainable, relevant strategies have to be designed and correctly implemented. The aim of the study was to develop a strategy for MPTRG's sustainability in terms of assisting the faculty of engineering and the built environment of the UJ to achieve its strategic objectives of higher levels of postgraduate students, community, industry and government service quality and productivity in research. The literature review investigated the research activities at university with focus on their sustainability, quality of services rendered (i.e. students trained, research projects conducted , reports drafted, stakeholders' satisfactions deriving from the above etc...) and the number and quality of research output generated. Particular emphasis was placed on the impact of people management in the quality of university research. This was with the assumption that the technology requirement was fulfilled. A mainly qualitative research design was used as the primary methodology in this study and a deductive approach was adopted. As a result, Ulrich's (1997) conceptual model depicting the role of human capacity in assisting the organization to achieve its strategic objectives was used to formulate the study's theoretical propositions. The findings from the literature review revealed that the role of the MPTRG as a strategic partner, is central to the achievement of higher levels of postgraduate students service, research training quality and research productivity. It is therefore recommended that the MPTRG must fully align with the corporate strategy of the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment. The following sequential steps must be undertaken: The MPTRG manager, together with his team, should conduct an organizational diagnosis of the group's organizational architecture, which specifies systems that constitute the Faculty. These include the organization's shared mindset and culture, research staff competency levels, systems and standard for progressive assessment and evaluation of postgraduate students performance, assessment of the standards to use to benchmark progressive and final group research output etc... A formal integrated strategy including human capital, technology, relations (i.e. local and international collaborations with industry, as well as other institutions) must be developed which shall provide alternative and or supplementary actions and practices for each of the factors that were identified in the organizational diagnosis. The qualitative and quantitative findings lead to conclude that the MPTRG is currently active in mainly administrative tasks including hiring postgraduate students, arranging their registration, securing scholarships, drafting reports and applications, following up on order to procurement etc... In order to enable the MPTRG to assist the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment to achieve its strategic objectives, the MPTRG must engage itself with direct research oriented tasks, writing more publications, engaging with community outreach projects, engaging with professional body activities etc.... It is therefore recommended that the MPTRG must shift its focus away from administration in order to create scope and capacity to perform activities over and above administrative and transactional tasks. Complementary strategic research staff be recruited, appropriate research equipment be procured, number of postgraduate students be increased, number of postdoctoral fellows be increased, visiting scientists be attracted, collaborative projects with industry be expanded etc... This would require a high level of assistance from support and service departments (postgraduate student registration, research office, administration, finances, procurement, transport, secretary, etc...).
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Polarization and potentiometric studies of cobalt and copper oxidised ores in ammonium chloride medium
- Mbuyi, Noella M., Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F., Adams, Feyisayo V.
- Authors: Mbuyi, Noella M. , Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F. , Adams, Feyisayo V.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Ammonium chloride , Copper oxide ores , Cobalt oxide ores
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4909 , ISSN 2349-1442 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13009
- Description: This research study was conducted to evaluate the dissolution and electrochemical behaviour of low grade Cu-Co oxide ore (0.4% Cu; 3% Co) in ammonium chloride media (NH4Cl) by means of polarization and potentiometric measurements. Polarization measurements were carried out to evaluate the electrochemical behaviour as well as the leaching and re-passivation behaviour of the ores at pH of 9.5, 9.6, 9.7 and 9.8 in NH4Cl solution. In all the pH tested, the potential changed from negative to electropositive values suggesting formation of passive film on the surface of the ore which lowered the dissolution rates. Stable behaviours as were as high dissolution rate were observed at pH of 9.5. Potentiometric measurements were carried out at constant current and varying potential to study the reactivity of Cu-Co oxide ores in 0.25M, 0.5M and 1M of NH4Cl solution. In this test the dissolution rates increased with increasing concentration and the pH decreased with increasing concentration and time suggesting production of acid as oxidation reaction takes place, the ranges of pH are depicted in the Pourbaix diagrams. Stable behaviours were observed in 1M of solution. All observations made in these measurements are confirmed by AAS, XRF, SEM and XRD analysis.
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- Authors: Mbuyi, Noella M. , Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F. , Adams, Feyisayo V.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Ammonium chloride , Copper oxide ores , Cobalt oxide ores
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4909 , ISSN 2349-1442 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13009
- Description: This research study was conducted to evaluate the dissolution and electrochemical behaviour of low grade Cu-Co oxide ore (0.4% Cu; 3% Co) in ammonium chloride media (NH4Cl) by means of polarization and potentiometric measurements. Polarization measurements were carried out to evaluate the electrochemical behaviour as well as the leaching and re-passivation behaviour of the ores at pH of 9.5, 9.6, 9.7 and 9.8 in NH4Cl solution. In all the pH tested, the potential changed from negative to electropositive values suggesting formation of passive film on the surface of the ore which lowered the dissolution rates. Stable behaviours as were as high dissolution rate were observed at pH of 9.5. Potentiometric measurements were carried out at constant current and varying potential to study the reactivity of Cu-Co oxide ores in 0.25M, 0.5M and 1M of NH4Cl solution. In this test the dissolution rates increased with increasing concentration and the pH decreased with increasing concentration and time suggesting production of acid as oxidation reaction takes place, the ranges of pH are depicted in the Pourbaix diagrams. Stable behaviours were observed in 1M of solution. All observations made in these measurements are confirmed by AAS, XRF, SEM and XRD analysis.
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Potentiodynamic polarisation and chronopotentiometric studies of cobalt-copper oxidised ore in sulphuric acid
- Makgamatha, Kgadi A., Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F., Adams, Feyisayo V.
- Authors: Makgamatha, Kgadi A. , Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F. , Adams, Feyisayo V.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Copper oxide ores , Cobalt oxide ores , Sulphuric acid
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4913 , ISSN 2349-1442 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13013
- Description: The electrochemistry of leaching low grade Co-Cu oxidized ore containing 3.32% Co and 0.403% Cu in sulphuric acid was studied. Potentiodynamic polarization and potentiometric method were used....
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- Authors: Makgamatha, Kgadi A. , Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F. , Adams, Feyisayo V.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Copper oxide ores , Cobalt oxide ores , Sulphuric acid
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4913 , ISSN 2349-1442 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13013
- Description: The electrochemistry of leaching low grade Co-Cu oxidized ore containing 3.32% Co and 0.403% Cu in sulphuric acid was studied. Potentiodynamic polarization and potentiometric method were used....
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Purification of platinum metal refinery crystalliser effluent using ion-exchange
- Nheta, Willie, Ntuli, Freeman, Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F., Makhatha, Elizabeth
- Authors: Nheta, Willie , Ntuli, Freeman , Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F. , Makhatha, Elizabeth
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Ion exchange , Impala Platinum Metal Refinery , Crystallised salts
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4796 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12048
- Description: Impala Platinum Metal Refinery (PMR) produces about 30 tonnes of salt every month after crystallisation of effluent from the refining processes. These crystallised salts contain impurities (heavy metals) and are discarded. This poses a danger to the environment and it costs the company large amount money to correctly dump them. There is need to find ways of purifying these salts and find its alternative industrial uses. Major sectors identified using industrial salt were paper mills, pharmaceutical, textile, tanning and paint industrial sectors (Department of Minerals and Energy, 2001). Comparison of the salt composition with salt specifications required for these uses revealed that the salt needed further purification in order to find application in these industrial sectors. Two approaches were proposed; treatment of the crystallized salt to remove impurities and treatment of the crystallizer influent stream before crystallization to ensure a more pure salt is produced...
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- Authors: Nheta, Willie , Ntuli, Freeman , Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F. , Makhatha, Elizabeth
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Ion exchange , Impala Platinum Metal Refinery , Crystallised salts
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4796 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12048
- Description: Impala Platinum Metal Refinery (PMR) produces about 30 tonnes of salt every month after crystallisation of effluent from the refining processes. These crystallised salts contain impurities (heavy metals) and are discarded. This poses a danger to the environment and it costs the company large amount money to correctly dump them. There is need to find ways of purifying these salts and find its alternative industrial uses. Major sectors identified using industrial salt were paper mills, pharmaceutical, textile, tanning and paint industrial sectors (Department of Minerals and Energy, 2001). Comparison of the salt composition with salt specifications required for these uses revealed that the salt needed further purification in order to find application in these industrial sectors. Two approaches were proposed; treatment of the crystallized salt to remove impurities and treatment of the crystallizer influent stream before crystallization to ensure a more pure salt is produced...
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Strategy and technology models in small scale mining of sandstone to facilitate community based economic development and growth
- Monareng, Mokwalo, Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F., Agwa-Ejon, John F.
- Authors: Monareng, Mokwalo , Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F. , Agwa-Ejon, John F.
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Artisanal small scale mining , Sandstone , Technology
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/281006 , uj:30224 , Citation: Monareng, M., Mulaba-Bafubiandi, A.F. & Agwa-Ejon, J.F. 2018. Strategy and technology models in small scale mining of sandstone to facilitate community based economic development and growth.
- Description: Abstract: Artisanal small scale mining (ASM) activities are a global phenomenon, carried out mainly by individuals or groups within communities. Artisanal and small scale operators mine a range of minerals, dimension stones and metals available at their disposal. While artisanal operations are often looked at as illegal activities, small scale operators directly depend on these mining activities for survival, with some forming cooperatives within their respective markets. Most ASM activities are labor intensive and lack modernized technologies to optimize mining productivity. Sandstone operators in QwaQwa South Africa often have to work long hours to collect as much raw material as possible. This paper discusses strategical technologies which can be applied in small scale mining to aid community development and growth. Literature shows that small scale mining of sandstone in the Free-State province (South Africa) can provide a sustainable livelihood for communities where ASM activities are undertaken. Although some government assistance has been provided, it is has not reached the majority of the operators, and most of these mine operators still lack technological interventions, basic business and numerical competence. This paper will further present basic business models which can be adopted by small scale miners and thus advance the urgent need for rural economic development and growth.
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- Authors: Monareng, Mokwalo , Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F. , Agwa-Ejon, John F.
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Artisanal small scale mining , Sandstone , Technology
- Language: English
- Type: Conference proceedings
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/281006 , uj:30224 , Citation: Monareng, M., Mulaba-Bafubiandi, A.F. & Agwa-Ejon, J.F. 2018. Strategy and technology models in small scale mining of sandstone to facilitate community based economic development and growth.
- Description: Abstract: Artisanal small scale mining (ASM) activities are a global phenomenon, carried out mainly by individuals or groups within communities. Artisanal and small scale operators mine a range of minerals, dimension stones and metals available at their disposal. While artisanal operations are often looked at as illegal activities, small scale operators directly depend on these mining activities for survival, with some forming cooperatives within their respective markets. Most ASM activities are labor intensive and lack modernized technologies to optimize mining productivity. Sandstone operators in QwaQwa South Africa often have to work long hours to collect as much raw material as possible. This paper discusses strategical technologies which can be applied in small scale mining to aid community development and growth. Literature shows that small scale mining of sandstone in the Free-State province (South Africa) can provide a sustainable livelihood for communities where ASM activities are undertaken. Although some government assistance has been provided, it is has not reached the majority of the operators, and most of these mine operators still lack technological interventions, basic business and numerical competence. This paper will further present basic business models which can be adopted by small scale miners and thus advance the urgent need for rural economic development and growth.
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Technological assessment of product screens (137sc16/17) performance
- Mbuyi, Noella M., Randigwane, A., Bolha, W., Anyimadu, A., Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F.
- Authors: Mbuyi, Noella M. , Randigwane, A. , Bolha, W. , Anyimadu, A. , Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Screens performance , Particle size distribution
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4907 , ISSN 2349-1442 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13007
- Description: Performance of two product screens (137Sc-16/17) constantly flooding at UG2 plant were assessed. Root causes for the flooding were investigated as well as a benchmarking with the performance of non-flooding screens performance. Samples for the screens 137Sc-16/17 feed and oversize were collected for three days, and prepared according to plant standards for sample preparations in order to obtain the particle size distribution (PSD). The first PSD results of the feed were given to Barcandyle which is mechanical engineering experts for screen sizing and their findings were used in this project for optimization purposes. The PSDs of the screens undersize, oversize and feed were used to draw cumulative percent passing and these graphs were used with the effective formula in order to determine screen performances. It was observed that 137SC-17 was more efficient than 137SC-16 and also that the major cause of flooding was due to the woodchips blinding the screen panels. From these findings the aperture size of 137SC-16 was changed from 0.63mm to 0.8mm. The screens still flood during spikes time due insufficient picking points for wood at UG2 plant.
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- Authors: Mbuyi, Noella M. , Randigwane, A. , Bolha, W. , Anyimadu, A. , Mulaba-Bafubiandi, Antoine F.
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Screens performance , Particle size distribution
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:4907 , ISSN 2349-1442 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13007
- Description: Performance of two product screens (137Sc-16/17) constantly flooding at UG2 plant were assessed. Root causes for the flooding were investigated as well as a benchmarking with the performance of non-flooding screens performance. Samples for the screens 137Sc-16/17 feed and oversize were collected for three days, and prepared according to plant standards for sample preparations in order to obtain the particle size distribution (PSD). The first PSD results of the feed were given to Barcandyle which is mechanical engineering experts for screen sizing and their findings were used in this project for optimization purposes. The PSDs of the screens undersize, oversize and feed were used to draw cumulative percent passing and these graphs were used with the effective formula in order to determine screen performances. It was observed that 137SC-17 was more efficient than 137SC-16 and also that the major cause of flooding was due to the woodchips blinding the screen panels. From these findings the aperture size of 137SC-16 was changed from 0.63mm to 0.8mm. The screens still flood during spikes time due insufficient picking points for wood at UG2 plant.
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