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Manufacturing of aluminium composite materials : a review

- Abdulrahman, Kamardeen O., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo, Mahamood, Rasheedat M.

Laser metal deposition of titanium aluminide composites : a review

- Abdulrahman, Kamardeen O., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo, Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Pityana, Sisa, Tlotleng, Monnamme

Additive manufacturing : the future of manufacturing

- Adekanye, Adefemi, Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo, Owolabi, Moses G.

  • Authors: Adekanye, Adefemi , Mahamood, Rasheedat M. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Owolabi, Moses G.
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Additive manufacturing , Fused deposition modelling , Laser metal deposition
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/248998 , uj:25901 , Citation: Adekanye, A. et al. 2017. Additive manufacturing : the future of manufacturing.
  • Description: Abstract: Additive manufacturing process is an advanced manufacturing method that is used to fabricate prototypes, tooling, as well as functional product. Additive manufacturing process can produce complex part as a single unit object that was not possible with the traditional manufacturing methods. There are different types of additive manufacturing technologies which include selective laser melting, laser metal deposition process, fused deposition modelling and electron beam melting. All these additive manufacturing technologies produce three dimensional (3D) objects by adding materials layer after layer. The 3D object is built directly from the 3D computer aided design (CAD) model of the object. Additive manufacturing is a very promising manufacturing method for the aerospace industry in particular because of its ability to reduce buyto- fly ratio. This technology is the technology of the future because it is going to change the way products are designed and manufactured. In this research, various additive manufacturing technologies are described in detail and some of the research works in this field are also presented. The future research directions are also highlighted.
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Effect of scanning speed on material efficiency of laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V

- Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo, Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Shukla, Mukul, Pityana, Sisa

  • Authors: Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Mahamood, Rasheedat M. , Shukla, Mukul , Pityana, Sisa
  • Date: 2012
  • Subjects: Laser Metal Deposition Process , Material efficiency , Titanium alloy , Laser scanning speed
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: uj:5337 , ISSN 2010-3778 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8880
  • Description: The study of effect of laser scanning speed on material efficiency in Ti6Al4V application is very important because unspent powder is not reusable because of high temperature oxygen pick-up and contamination. This study carried out an extensive study on the effect of scanning speed on material efficiency by varying the speed between 0.01 to 0.1m/sec. The samples are wire brushed and cleaned with acetone after each deposition to remove un-melted particles from the surface of the deposit. The substrate is weighed before and after deposition. A formula was developed to calculate the material efficiency and the scanning speed was compared with the powder efficiency obtained. The results are presented and discussed. The study revealed that the optimum scanning speed exists for this study at 0.01m/sec, above and below which the powder efficiency will drop.
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Densification of agro‑residues for sustainable energy generation: an overview

- Ibitoye, Segun E., Jen, Tien‑Chien, Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Akinlabi, Esther T.

Influence of scanning speed on the intermetallic produced in-situ in laser metal deposited TiC/Ti6Al4V composite

- Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo

Characterizing the effect of processing parameters on the porosity of laser deposited titanium alloy powder

- Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo, Shukla, Mukul, Pityana, Sisa

  • Authors: Mahamood, Rasheedat M. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Shukla, Mukul , Pityana, Sisa
  • Date: 2014
  • Subjects: Laser metal deposition , Medical implants , Porosity , Processing parameters , Titanium alloy
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: uj:4739 , ISSN 2078-0966 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11725
  • Description: Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) is an additive manufacturing technique that produces parts layer by layer directly from the Computer Aided Design (CAD) file. Highly customized parts with complex shapes such as medical implants can well be manufactured using the LMD process. LMD has been used to produce a wide range of patient specific (customized) parts. Porous parts are of particular importance as medical implants because they can potentially aid the healing process and proper integration of the implant with the body tissues. In this research porous samples of titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) were produced using the LMD process. Spherical shaped Ti6Al4V powder of particle size ranging between 150 to 200 μm was used. The effect of laser power and scanning speed on the shape, size and degree of porosity of the deposited tracks was investigated. The results showed that as the laser power was increased and the scanning speed decreased, the degree of porosity was reduced. The size of the porosity was also found to reduce as the laser power was increased.
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Laser power and scanning speed influence on intermetallic and wear behaviour of laser metal deposited titanium alloy composite

- Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo

  • Authors: Mahamood, Rasheedat M. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Intermetallic , Laser metal deposition , Processing parameters
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/214836 , uj:21332 , Citation: Mohamood, R.M & Akinlabi, E.T. 2016. Laser power and scanning speed influence on intermetallic and wear behaviour of laser metal deposited titanium alloy composite.
  • Description: Abstract: Ti6Al4V, an aerospace alloy, is the most widely produced titanium alloy because of its exciting properties such as high strength to weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance properties. Despite these properties of this titanium alloy, the wear property is poor because of its chemical property that makes it react with other material it comes in contact with. Therefore, there is need for surface modification of the titanium alloy if it will be used in application where it will come in contact will other material in rubbing or sliding action. TiC has been used to improve the wear resistance property of titanium alloy with success. Laser metal deposition (LMD) process, an additive manufacturing process, is an advanced manufacturing process for achieving part with the desired surface property as well as for producing complex part directly from the three dimensional (3D) computer aided design (CAD) model of the part. Processing parameter has a great influence on the resulting properties of the deposited part using LMD. This research investigates the influence of laser power and scanning speed on the in-situ formation of titanium aluminide (Ti3Al) during laser metal deposition of TiC/Ti6Al4V composite and its overall effect on the wear resistance behaviour of the deposited composites. The laser power was changed between 1.8 and 3.0 kW and the scanning speed was changed between 0.05 and 0.1 m/s. It was found that, the intermetallic produced increased as the scanning speed was reduced from 0.1 to 0.05 m/s. The intermetallic formed at low scanning speed was found to decrease as the laser power was increased from 1.8 to 3.0 kW, while it was found to increase as the laser power was increased at higher scanning speed. The wear resistance property increases as the intermetallic formation increases. This study revealed that finding an optimum process parameter is important in achieving better properties in laser metal deposition of TiC/Ti6Al4V composite. The optimum process parameter was found to be at laser power of 1.8 kW and scanning speed of 0.05 m/s based on the process parameters considered in this study.
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Functionally graded material: an overview

- Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo, Shukla, Mukul, Pityana, Sisa

  • Authors: Mahamood, Rasheedat M. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Shukla, Mukul , Pityana, Sisa
  • Date: 2012
  • Subjects: Functionally graded material
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: uj:5342 , ISSN 978-988-19252-2-0 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9887
  • Description: Functionally Graded Material (FGM) belongs to a class of advanced material characterized by variation in properties as the dimension varies. The overall properties of FMG are unique and different from any of the individual material that forms it. There is a wide range of applications for FGM and it is expected to increase as the cost of material processing and fabrication processes are reduced by improving these processes. In this study, an overview of fabrication processes, area of application, some recent research studies and the need to focus more research effort on improving the most promising FGM fabrication method (solid freeform SFF) is presented. Improving the performance of SFF processes and extensive studies on material characterization on components produced will go a long way in bringing down the manufacturing cost of FGM and increase productivity in this regard.
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Process parameter optimization for laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V/TiC composites

- Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo

  • Authors: Mahamood, Rasheedat M. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo
  • Date: 2015-01-15
  • Subjects: Laser material deposition , Microhardness , Process parameters , Titanium composites , Aluminum composites
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: uj:5134 , ISBN 9789384935108 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14100
  • Description: Laser material deposition process is an additive manufacturing technology that is used to produce functional parts directly from the three dimensional (3D) model of the part. It offers a lot of advantages in the surface modification of components, in the repair of existing worn parts, as well as for building parts that is made up of composites and functionally graded materials. This is possible because the laser metal deposition process can handle more than one material simultaneously. Processing parameters are of great importance in achieving the desired properties. Ti6Al4V is the most widely used titanium alloy in the aerospace industry. This is because of its excellent properties. However, the wear resistance behavior of these materials is not impressive because of the surface damage that occurs when they are used in applications that involves contact loadings. In this study, the effect of laser power and scanning velocity on the microstructure, the microhardness and the wear resistance properties of Ti6Al4V/TiC composites has been thoroughly investigated in order to optimize these process parameters. The Ti6Al4V/TiC composites were laser deposited with a composition ratio of 50 W% Ti64 and 50 W% TiC and at 50% overlap percentage. The laser power was varied from 1 to 3.8 kW and the scanning speed was varied between 0.03 and 0.1 m/s. The results shows that the optimum process parameters is at a laser power of about 2.0 kW and the scanning speed of about 0.055 m/s.
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Laser metal deposition of Ti6Al4V : a study on the effect of laser power on microstructure and microhardness

- Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo, Shukla, Mukul, Pityana, Sisa

  • Authors: Mahamood, Rasheedat M. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Shukla, Mukul , Pityana, Sisa
  • Date: 2013
  • Subjects: Laser metal deposition process , Laser power , Ti6Al4V , Macroscopic banding , Microhardness , Microstructure
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: uj:4896 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12610
  • Description: The effect of laser power on the resulting microstructure and microhardness of laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V powder on Ti6Al4V substrate has been investigated. The tracks were deposited using 99.6 % pure Ti6Al4V powder of particle size ranging between 150 - 200 μm on 99.6% Ti6Al4V substrate. The laser power was varied between 0.8 - 3.0 kW while the scanning speed, powder flow rate and the gas flow rate were kept at the values of 0.005 m/sec, 1.44 g/min and 4 l /min respectively. The microstructure and the microhardness were studied using the optical microscope and the Vickers hardness tester respectively. Layer band or macroscopic banding was observed in all the samples which is phenomenon as it was only reported in the literature for multi-layer deposits. The literature attributed re-melting of the previous layers by the succeeding layers as being responsible for their formation. This study has revealed that this band could be as a result of shrinkage happening in the fusion zone as a result of the interaction of the deposited powder and the melt pool created by the substrate material. This study also reveals the relationship between the microstructure, the average microhardness and the laser power which are comprehensively discussed. The higher the laser power, the lower the density of columnar prior beta grain structure. Also the average microhardness increases as the laser power increases.
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The role of transverse speed on deposition height and material efficiency in laser deposited titanium alloy

- Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo, Shukla, Mukul, Pityana, Sisa

  • Authors: Mahamood, Rasheedat M. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Shukla, Mukul , Pityana, Sisa
  • Date: 2013
  • Subjects: Additive manufacturing , Laser metal deposition , Material efficiency , Titanium alloy
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: uj:4895 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12609
  • Description: The most commonly used aerospace titanium alloy, Ti6Al4V, was deposited on Ti6Al4V plate of dimension 72 x 72 x5mm. The laser power of 3 kW, powder flow rate of 1.44 g/min and gas flow rate of 4 l/min were used throughout the deposition process. The transverse/ scanning speed was varied between 0.005 to 0.095 m/sec according to established result of the preliminary study that produces full dense and pore free deposits. The mass of the deposited powder was obtained by weight the substrate before deposition and reweighing after deposition. The substrate and the deposits were thoroughly cleaned using wire brush and acetone to remove unmelted powder particles from the surface of the substrate and the deposit. The height and width of the deposits were measured with Venier Caliper and the material efficiencies were determined using developed equations. The effect of the scanning speed on the material efficiency and deposit height were extensively studied and the results showed that for the set of processing parameter used in this study the optimum scanning speed is approximately 0.045 m/sec.
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Gas flow rate and scanning speed influence on microstructure and microhardness property of laser metal deposited titanium-alloy

- Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo

  • Authors: Mahamood, Rasheedat M. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Additive Manufacturing , Gas flow rate , Laser Metal Deposition
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/244682 , uj:25307 , Citation: Mahamood, R.M. & Akinlabi, E.T. 2017. Gas flow rate and scanning speed influence on microstructure and microhardness property of laser metal deposited titanium-alloy.
  • Description: Abstract: Laser metal deposition process is an additive manufacturing technology that is capable of producing three dimensional components as well as repair of an existing worn out components. Processing parameters play an important role on the resulting properties of the processed materials using the laser metal deposition process. This study investigates the influence of gas flow rate and scanning speed on the microstructural and microhardness properties of laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V, an important titanium alloy used in the aerospace industries. Nd-YAG laser was used in this work with the maximum laser power of 4.0 kW. The laser power used was 3.0 kW and the powder flow rate of 2.88 g/min was maintained throughout the experiments. The scanning speed was set between 0.01 and 0.04 m/s while the gas flow rate was varied between 1 and 4 l/min. The microstructures of the samples were studied using optical microscope while the microhardness profiling was conducted using microhardness indenter. The results showed that, as the scanning speed was increased, the microstructure changed from fine basketweave structure to coarse martensitic structure. The microhardness was found to increase with increasing scanning speed. By increasing the gas flow rate results in decrease in microhardness values while the microstructure was observed to change from martensitic structure to basketweave structure. The result from this study is especially useful in repair application in order to achieve the desired properties.
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Effect of laser power and powder flow rate on dilution rate and surface finish produced during laser metal deposition of titanium alloy

- Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo, Owolabi, Moses G.

Effect of scanning speed and gas flow rate on surface roughness of LMD titanium-alloy

- Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo

  • Authors: Mahamood, Rasheedat M. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Additive Manufacturing , Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) , Process parameter
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/214824 , uj:21329 , Citation: Mahamood, R.M & Akinlabi, E.T. 2016. Effect of scanning speed and gas flow rate on surface roughness of LMD titanium-alloy.
  • Description: Abstract: This study investigated the effect of scanning speed and gas flow rate on surface finish produced during the laser metal deposition process of Ti6Al4V, an important aerospace alloy. In this work, Nd-YAG laser was employed with coaxial powder deposition nozzle attached to the end effector of a Kuka robot. The laser power was maintained at 3.0 kW and the powder flow rate at a value 2.88 g/min. The scanning speed was varied between 0.01 and 0.05 m/s and the gas flow rate was varied between 1 and 5 l/min. A total of ten samples were produced and the surface roughness was measured using the average of five measurements from each sample. The microstructure was also studied with optical microscope to relate it to the surface roughness. The results showed that, the average surface finish increased as the scanning speed was increased. Conversely, as the gas flow rate was increased the average surface roughness was reduced. In optimizing the laser metal deposition process, the processing parameters need to be optimized. The results from this study will assist in choosing the right powder flow rate and scanning speed especially in applications such as repair and surface modification.
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Scanning speed and powder flow rate influence on the properties of laser metal deposition of titanium alloy

- Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo

  • Authors: Mahamood, Rasheedat M. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Additive manufacturing , Mechanical properties , Optical microscopy
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/238165 , uj:24416 , Citation: Mahamood, R.M. & Akinlabi, E.T. 2017. Scanning speed and powder flow rate influence on the properties of laser metal deposition of titanium alloy.
  • Description: Abstract: Ti4Al4V is an important aerospace alloy because of its excellent properties that include high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance. In spite of these impressive properties processing titanium is very challenging which contributes to the high cost of the material. laser metal deposition, an important additive manufacturing method is an excellent alternative manufacturing process for Ti6Al4V. The economy of this manufacturing process also depends on the right combination of processing parameters. The principal aim of this study is to know the optimum processing parameters that will result in deposit with sound metallurgical bonding with the substrate with proper mechanical property and better surface finish. This will help to reduce the need for expensive secondary finishing operations using this manufacturing process. This study investigates the influence of scanning speed and the powder flow rate on the resulting properties of the deposited samples. Microstructure, Microhardness and surface finish of Ti6Al4V samples that were produced using the laser metal deposition process over a range of scanning speeds, ranging from 0.02 to 0.12 m/s and powder flow rate of ranging from 0.72 to 6.48 g/min...
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An Overview of TIG Welding of Ti6Al4V : Recent Developments

- Omoniyi, Peter O., Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Jen, Tien-Chien, Akinlabi, Esther T.

Gas flow rate and powder flow rate effect on properties of laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V

- Pityana, Sisa, Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo, Shukla, Mukul

  • Authors: Pityana, Sisa , Mahamood, Rasheedat M. , Akinlabi, Esther Titilayo , Shukla, Mukul
  • Date: 2013
  • Subjects: Gas flow rate , Microhardness , Microstructure , Powder flow rate , Laser metal deposition , Additive manufacturing technology
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: uj:4849 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12516
  • Description: Tracks of Ti6Al4V powder were deposited on Ti6Al4V substrate using Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) process, an Additive Manufacturing (AM) manufacturing technology, at a laser power and scanning speed maintained at 1.8 kW and 0.005 m/s respectively. The powder flow rate and the gas flow rate were varied to study their effect on the physical, metallurgical and mechanical properties of the deposits. The physical properties studied are: the track width, the track height and the deposit weight. The mechanical property studied is the Microhardness profiling using Microhardness indenter at a load of 500g and dwelling time of 15 μm. The metallurgical property studied is the microstructure using the Optical microscopy. This study revealed that as the powder flow rate was increased, the track width, track height and the deposit weight were increased while as the powder flow rate was increased, the track width, track height and the deposit weight decreased. The results are presented and discussed in detail.
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