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A review on Botswana coal potential from a pyrolysis and gasification perspective

- Makoba, Mmoloki, Botha, Daniel Erich, Rapoo, Mpho Thabang, Szabo', Las'zlo' Zsolt, Shomana, Thapelo, Agachi, Paul Serban, Muzenda, Edison

Characterization of Botswana coal from two coal fields : Mabesekwa and Mmamabula to determine its coal rank

- Makoba, Mmoloki, Moalosi, Taboka, Agachi, Paul S., Muzenda, Edison, Mamvura, Tirivaviri A.

Effect of co-digestion of food waste and cow dung on biogas yield

- Makhura, Emmanuel Pax, Muzenda, Edison, Lekgoba, Tumeletso

  • Authors: Makhura, Emmanuel Pax , Muzenda, Edison , Lekgoba, Tumeletso
  • Date: 2020
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference Proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/463760 , uj:41400 , Citation: Makhura, E.P., Muzenda, E., Lekgoba, T. 2020. Effect of co-digestion of food waste and cow dung on biogas yield. , DOI: http://doi.or g/10.1051/e3sconf/202018101005
  • Description: Abstract: This paper aims at finding the effect of co-digestion of cow dung and food waste on total biogas yield. Biogas production was improved through co-digestion of cow dung and food waste (FW) containing a small fraction of inoculum under mesophilic temperature (37ºC) over a retention time of 24 days. Codigestion ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 for cowdung/foodwaste were used for the study on anaerobic digestion on the co digested matter. Tests were carried out starting with the preparation of substrates, substrate characterization to determine the moisture content (MC), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS) and ultimately batch anaerobic digestion experiments under thermophilic conditions (370C). The moisture content, volatile solids and total solids for food waste were 78, 22 and 90.7% respectively while the characteristics for cow dung were 67.2, 32.8 and 96.0 % respectively. From the study, a mixing ratio of cow dung: food waste of 1:2 was found to be the optimum substrate mixture for biogas production at 25595.7 Nml. The accumulated gas volumes of 18756.6, 14042.5, 13940.8 and 13839.1 Nml were recorded for cow dung: food waste ratios of 2:1, 1:1, 1:3 and 3:1 respectively. For a co-digestion containing more of the food waste than cow dung, a higher volume of biogas is produce.
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Integrated and consolidated review of plastic waste management and bio-based biodegradable plastics : challenges and opportunities

- Mazhandu, Zvanaka S., Muzenda, Edison, Mamvura, Tirivaviri A., Belaid, Mohamed, Nhubu, Trust

The development of a Waste Tyre Pyrolysis production plant business model for the Gauteng Region, South Africa

- Nkosi, Nhlanhla, Muzenda, Edison, Mamvura, Tirivaviri A., Belaid, Mohamed, Patel, Bilal

  • Authors: Nkosi, Nhlanhla , Muzenda, Edison , Mamvura, Tirivaviri A. , Belaid, Mohamed , Patel, Bilal
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Batch pyrolysis , Business model , South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/457906 , uj:40651 , Nhlanhla, N., et al.: The development of a Waste Tyre Pyrolysis production plant business model for the Gauteng Region, South Africa.
  • Description: Abstract: Some of today’s modern life challenges include addressing the increased waste generation and energy deficiencies. Waste tyres have been identified as one of the key environmental concerns due to their non-biodegradable nature and bulk storage space demand. Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process with the potential to address the growing waste tyre problem, energy deficits, and material recovery by converting waste tyres to pyrolysis oil that can be used as a fuel. This study seeks to critically evaluate the feasibility of constructing and operating a waste tyre processing facility and then subsequently marketing and selling the pyrolysis secondary end products by developing a financial business model. The model encompasses costing, procurement, installation, commissioning, and operating a batch pyrolysis plant in Gauteng, South Africa. To achieve the study objectives, an order of magnitude costing method was used for model construction. The results showed the feasibility and sustainability of operating a 3.5 tonne per day batch waste tyre pyrolysis plant in Gauteng Province, South Africa, with a 15-year life span and a projected payback period of approximately 5 years. It was concluded that for the pyrolysis plant to be successful, further treatment steps are required to improve the process economics; also, a stable and sustainable product market should exist and be regulated in South Africa.
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A review of experimental scope, designs and methods from intermediate-fast pyrolysis of biomass

- Charis, Gratitude, Danha, Gwiranai, Muzenda, Edison, Nkosi, Nhlanhla P.

  • Authors: Charis, Gratitude , Danha, Gwiranai , Muzenda, Edison , Nkosi, Nhlanhla P.
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Experimental , Ntermediate-fast , Pyrolysis
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/404768 , uj:33960 , Citation: Charis, G. et al. 2019. A review of experimental scope, designs and methods from intermediate-fast pyrolysis of biomass.
  • Description: Abstract: Intermediate and fast pyrolysis (IFP) for the recovery of bio-oil from organic matter have gained the attention of researchers in their attempt to increase the contribution of renewables into the energy mix. Current research has focused on equipment configuration and variables for higher yields of the oils; methods of upgrading the oils for compatibility with existing fuel infrastructure and engines, and various tests to characterize the products or test their applicability as fuels. This paper reviews the progress in experimental work around intermediate- fast pyrolysis (hot vapour residence~1-20s; moderate to high liquid yields) in the past twelve years. The review focuses on the experimental scope, equipment used, preparation of raw materials, experimental design and characterization of bio-oils. Experimental work covering actual applications of the oils are not covered in this review paper. The feedstocks mostly researched on in IFP were rice husks, followed by pinewood, Jatropha curcas cake and rapeseed respectively. Most IFP studies have been done on woody biomass (over 100 different feedstocks) due to their consistency, followed by agricultural residues then herbaceous energy crops. Lignocellulosics proved to be the veteran organic feedstocks (~95% of IFP) ahead of non- lignocellulosic biomass (~5%). The most applied technologies in recent years, were fluidized bed followed by the free fall reactors. For the experimental design, most papers reviewed used the simple single parameter method, while a few used the central composite rotatable design and full factorial design methods. The characterization tests mostly conducted on the oils were the pH, viscosity, Karl Fischer titration and calorific value.
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Acacia tortilis encroacher bush as a bioenergy source

- Charis, Gratitude, Danha, Gwiranai, Muzenda, Edison, Nkosi, Nhlanhla P.

  • Authors: Charis, Gratitude , Danha, Gwiranai , Muzenda, Edison , Nkosi, Nhlanhla P.
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Component , Formatting , Style
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/404784 , uj:33962 , Citation: Charis, G. et al. 2019. Acacia tortilis encroacher bush as a bioenergy source.
  • Description: Abstract: Invasive and encroaching (IE) species have posed a threat to biodiversity in ecosystems, rangeland productivity, groundwater generation, the environment and economy is savannah ecosystems like Botswana and Namibia. While de- bushing of large diameter stocks have yielded huge economic returns for countries like Namibia through a lucrative charcoal and fuelwood or chips, smaller diameter ones usually have no economic value, especially shrubs that encroach space in cities and towns. The goal of this study is to explore possible means of deriving economic value from the encroachers, which are currently disadvantaging Botswana through reduced rangeland productivity and de-bushing costs. Pyrolysis has received attention as a potentially low cost thermochemical method that can efficiently utilize such lignocellulosic residues. The primary goal is to use the bio-oil in stationary engine applications for power generation, especially in remote areas of sparsely populated Botswana, where it has been deemed uneconomic to connect them to the national grid...
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Bio-oil from pine residues- yields, quality and potential applications

- Charis, Gratitude, Danha, Gwiranai, Muzenda, Edison, Nkosi, Nhlanhla P.

  • Authors: Charis, Gratitude , Danha, Gwiranai , Muzenda, Edison , Nkosi, Nhlanhla P.
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Bioenergy , Bio-oil , Fuel
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/407073 , uj:34250 , Citation: Charis, G. et al. 2019. Bio-oil from pine residues- yields, quality and potential applications.
  • Description: Abstract: Pyrolysis has received attention as a potentially low cost thermochemical method that can efficiently utilize lignocellulosic residues. The bioenergy derived can bring many socio-economic benefits, especially to remote areas in developing nations like Zimbabwe. This study explores the potential valorization of pine residues to bioenergy from sawmills located in such remote areas through pyrolysis. Characterization of these residues indicated that they could be a good feedstock for pyrolytic conversion due to the relatively high volatile matter (79.16%) , low ash content (0.83%) and high gross calorific value (17.6 MJ/kg). This study focuses on the actual pyrolysis and characterization of the product bio-oil, comparing its properties to conventional fuels. The primary goal is to use the bio-oil in stationary engine applications for power generation in such remote areas, in a country with a 40% electricity access and only 19% of rural areas electrified. The optimum pyrolysis temperature was found at 500oC, while the optimum primary condenser temperature with the best quality oil, was at 110oC. At the condenser temperature of 125oC the bio-oil appeared to have decomposed to a lower viscosity substance, while at 140oC most of the substance volatized.
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Biochemical methane potential analysis using cow dung, chicken manure and pig manure under mesophilic conditions

- Belaid, Mohamed, Matheri, Anthony Njuguna, Mdluli, Nomkhosi Princess, Muzenda, Edison

  • Authors: Belaid, Mohamed , Matheri, Anthony Njuguna , Mdluli, Nomkhosi Princess , Muzenda, Edison
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Anaerobic digestion , Mono-digestion , Co-digestion
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/403895 , uj:33863 , Citation: Belaid, M. et al. 2019. Biochemical methane potential analysis using cow dung, chicken manure and pig manure under mesophilic conditions.
  • Description: Abstract: In this study, we compared methane production by anaerobic mono-digestion and co-digestion of cow dung, chicken manure and pig manure under mesophilic conditions at the temperature of 37 0 C using a ratio of 1:1. C/N ratio, pH, VS/TS and sulphur content were the parameters investigated. Results indicated that co-digesting of cow dung; pig manure and chicken manure enhanced biogas production and methane content. The results also imply that pig manure cannot be used alone to produce methane as it produced low methane. Chicken manure produced more on the first day (272 Nml) compared to pig manure (257.4 Nml) and cow dung (80.5 Nml). On the ninth day, chicken produced 884 .9 Nml and then on the tenth day it went up again to 1095.6 Nml, reached its peak on day 13 and stopped, chicken yielded better results compared to the cow dung and pig manure because chicken had a higher VS/TS percent which is desirable for methane production. Pig manure started producing methane on the first day which was 257.4 Nml and stopped on the second day with the volume of 262.3 Nml. Pig manure showed poor results compared to cow dung and chicken manure.
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Design of a biodigester to treat cow dung in Botswana

- Valela, Innocent, Muzenda, Edison

  • Authors: Valela, Innocent , Muzenda, Edison
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Biogas , Cow dung , Design
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/403986 , uj:33871 , Citation: Valela, I. & Muzenda, E. 2019. Design of a biodigester to treat cow dung in Botswana.
  • Description: Abstract: The biogas potential of Botswana, a cattle rich nation is explored using dung as a substrate. Biogas could be a good renewable and clean substitute for other forms of energy in rural Botswana, however, the technical and socio-economic potential remains largely unexploited. In this study, the cattle dung was characterized, followed by a lab-scale experiments on the biogas potential yields from the dung. The bio-digester design was selected using the multi criteria decision analysis. From the six digester models that were evaluated for selection, the KVIC was found to be the most suitable with its size ranging from 10 to 100 m3. The bio-digester was subsequently designed using data and mathematical models obtained from literature. The biogas plant was designed for Lemcke’s cattle farm, the best selected site, with 5000 herds. The feedstock was found to have an in-situ density of 1410 kg/m3 with a total solids (TS) content of 18.9%, volatile solids (TS) content of 80%. The suitable digester size was found to be 20 m3. An energy audit showed that the plant had a potential to produce a surplus of 45.3 MWh of energy annually.
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Determination of the least impactful municipal solid waste management option in Harare, Zimbabwe

- Nhubu, Trust, Muzenda, Edison

  • Authors: Nhubu, Trust , Muzenda, Edison
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Municipal solid waste management , Life cycle assessment , Life cycle impacts
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/404136 , uj:33879 , Citation: Nhubu, T. & Muzenda, E. 2019. Determination of the least impactful municipal solid waste management option in Harare, Zimbabwe. Processes 2019, 7, 785; doi:10.3390/pr7110785
  • Description: Abstract: Six municipal solid waste management (MSWM) options (A1–A6) in Harare were developed and analyzed for their global warming, acidification, eutrophication and human health impact potentials using life cycle assessment methodology to determine the least impactful option in Harare. Study findings will aid the development of future MSWM systems in Harare. A1 and A2 considered the landfilling and incineration, respectively, of indiscriminately collected MSW with energy recovery and byproduct treatment. Source-separated biodegradables were anaerobically treated with the remaining non-biodegradable fraction being incinerated in A3 and landfilled in A4. A5 and A6 had the same processes as in A3 and A4, respectively, except the inclusion of the recovery of 20% of the recoverable materials. The life cycle stages considered were collection and transportation, materials recovery, anaerobic digestion, landfilling and incineration. A5 emerged as the best option. Materials recovery contributed to impact potential reductions across the four impact categories. Sensitivity analysis revealed that doubling materials recovery and increasing it to 28% under A5 resulted in zero eutrophication and acidification, respectively. Increasing material recovery to 24% and 26% under A6 leads to zero acidification and eutrophication, respectively. Zero global warming and human health impacts under A6 are realised at 6% and 9% materials recovery levels, respectively.
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Optimization of Biogas Production from sewage sludge

- Belaid, Mohamed, Matheri, Anthony Njuguna, Lelosa, Itumeleng Constance, Muzenda, Edison, Ramatsa, Ishmael

Pilot scale tar production from Morupule coal dust through flash pyrolysis

- Tamu, Abigail, Muzenda, Edison, Rapoo, Mpho T., Patel, Bilal

  • Authors: Tamu, Abigail , Muzenda, Edison , Rapoo, Mpho T. , Patel, Bilal
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Coal dust , Flash pyrolysis , Proximate analysis
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/404827 , uj:33968 , Citation: Tamu, A. et al. 2019. Pilot scale tar production from Morupule coal dust through flash pyrolysis.
  • Description: Abstract: The fourth industrial revolution promotes green and cleaner processes, pyrolysis being one of the strategies for waste utilization. In Palapye, Botswana, dust produced in the process of mining, beneficiation and utilization of coal at Morupule Mine and Power Plants causes serious health hazards to the employees, residents of Palapye and surrounding communities. Pyrolysis of coal dust is one of the wastes to energy technique that can be adopted to utilize waste coal dust. Botswana relies on imported tar to upgrade dusty roads while it has sufficient resources to produce its own tar from coal. One of the main products for pyrolysis of coal dust is tar which can be used to construct roads and pavements. This study utilizes coal dust from Morupule coal mine for tar production using flash pyrolysis in a batch reactor at pilot scale. Morupule coal dust was characterized before pyrolysis and the highest recorded yield is 22.9% kg at 600 ﹾC.
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Pilot scale tar production from Morupule coal dust through flash pyrolysis

- Tamu, Abigail, Muzenda, Edison, Rapoo, Mpho T., Patel, Bilal

  • Authors: Tamu, Abigail , Muzenda, Edison , Rapoo, Mpho T. , Patel, Bilal
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Coal dust , Flash pyrolysis , Proximate analysis
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/404828 , uj:33967 , Citation: Tamu, A. et al. 2019. Pilot scale tar production from Morupule coal dust through flash pyrolysis.
  • Description: Abstract: The fourth industrial revolution promotes green and cleaner processes, pyrolysis being one of the strategies for waste utilization. In Palapye, Botswana, dust produced in the process of mining, beneficiation and utilization of coal at Morupule Mine and Power Plants causes serious health hazards to the employees, residents of Palapye and surrounding communities. Pyrolysis of coal dust is one of the wastes to energy technique that can be adopted to utilize waste coal dust. Botswana relies on imported tar to upgrade dusty roads while it has sufficient resources to produce its own tar from coal. One of the main products for pyrolysis of coal dust is tar which can be used to construct roads and pavements. This study utilizes coal dust from Morupule coal mine for tar production using flash pyrolysis in a batch reactor at pilot scale. Morupule coal dust was characterized before pyrolysis and the highest recorded yield is 22.9% kg at 600 ﹾC.
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Waste to energy opportunities in Botswana : a case study review

- Charis, Gratitude, Danha, Gwiranai, Muzenda, Edison, Patel, Bilal

  • Authors: Charis, Gratitude , Danha, Gwiranai , Muzenda, Edison , Patel, Bilal
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Case study , Conversion , Energy
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/404776 , uj:33961 , Citation: Charis, G. et al. 2019. Waste to energy opportunities in Botswana : a case study review.
  • Description: Abstract: The need for efficient solid waste management practices has become more pressing, especially in developing nations largely experiencing a population boom in urban areas. Currently, however, it is only developed nations that have embraced resource efficient practices and technologies to produce energy, heat, fuels and compost from solid waste. This paper reviews such global trends and best practices as a benchmark against current practices within the context of Botswana. It also reviews the opportunities for Waste to Energy (WtE) in this developing nation by taking a solid waste inventory. A literature survey revealed that Botswana is still operating in the previous policy direction of keeping the society clean to avoid the hygienic effects of waste. The collection and disposal of waste is partly decentralized with several private players...
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Analysis of the biogas productivity from dry anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste

- Matheri, Anthony Njuguna, Sethunya, Vuiswa Lucia, Belaid, Mohamed, Muzenda, Edison, Ntuli, Freeman

Bioenergy; a substitute and cleaner energy option

- Agbenyeku, Emem-Obong Emmanuel, Muzenda, Edison, Msibi, Mandla Innocent

  • Authors: Agbenyeku, Emem-Obong Emmanuel , Muzenda, Edison , Msibi, Mandla Innocent
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Anthropogenic , Biomass , Global warming
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/250343 , uj:26085 , Citation: Agbenyeku, E.E., Muzenda, E. & Msibi, M.I. 2017. Bioenergy; a substitute and cleaner energy option. 2nd International Engineering Conference (IEC 2017) Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
  • Description: Abstract: The early man used energy in the form of food as power source for himself. Man further used energy from the sun for warmth and drying processes. With the advent of civilization and advancement, even more energy was needed to meet up with everyday industrialization demands. This led to a persistent pursuit and exploitation of the earth’s resources in the likes of coal and petroleum. Fossil fuels were continually burned and used with little or no mind for sustainability and consequential impacts on the future. Estimates reveal that, at this level of exploitation, petroleum may not last another half century. The unfortunate reality however, remains that our planet is now edged with catastrophic events like global warming, ozone layer depletion and acid rain due to mans’ reckless exploitation of nature. The increased level of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere is mostly anthropogenic, born from the combustion of fossil fuels. Acts of man have not only endangered humans and our habitats but also fostered multitude of environmental impacts causing global climate changes. Energy is one of the most significant resource for any country, and the search for fuels and renewable energy the world over is inevitable. The exploration of forms of renewable energy in present day is often directed towards biomass resources. These energy forms are called ‘renewable’ because they are constantly replenished and inexhaustible. Renewable energy technologies utilize these sources and convert them into usable forms of energy like electricity, heat, or mechanical power. These technologies are often described as ‘clean’ or ‘green’ because they produce little or no pollutants. This paper therefore, sheds light on bioenergy as an area commanding global attention as a source for cleaner energy options. Among the biomass conversion processes addressed herein, methane production from organic wastes could be most economically feasible in South Africa within the limitations of scale and location.
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Design considerations for an engineered landfill

- Manyuchi, Musaida Mercy, Mbohwa, Charles, Muzenda, Edison

  • Authors: Manyuchi, Musaida Mercy , Mbohwa, Charles , Muzenda, Edison
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Design considerations , Landfill , Leachate control
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/260152 , uj:27385 , Citation: Manyuchi, M.M., Mbohwa, C. & Muzenda, E. 2017. Design considerations for an engineered landfill.
  • Description: Abstract: An engineered landfill presents an opportunity for proper waste management that allows resource recovery from waste. However, for this to be achieved several technical parameters must be considered when designing a sanitary landfill. These technical parameters include proper site selection with minimal environmental and hydrological negative impacts, selection of a liner network that will not allow the leachate to infiltrate into the ground. Furthermore, there is need to have an integrated network for monitoring the movement of the waste as well as quality of the leachate. The surface drainage at a landfill site must also be well understood as well as daily covering measures to avoid pests and pathogens coming outside the designated landfill site. Although, landfills present a potential for proper municipal waste management, the human capital aspect is also critical and must be considered.
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Energy Efficiency as a drive towards sustainable development

- Agbenyeku, Emem-Obong Emmanuel, Muzenda, Edison, Msibi, Mandla Innocent

  • Authors: Agbenyeku, Emem-Obong Emmanuel , Muzenda, Edison , Msibi, Mandla Innocent
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Efficiency , Energy , Energy conservation
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference proceedings
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10210/250332 , uj:26083 , Citation: Agbenyeku, E.E., Muzenda, E. & Msibi, M.I. 2017. Energy Efficiency as a drive towards sustainable development. 2nd International Engineering Conference (IEC 2017) Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
  • Description: Abstract: It has long been established that the economic development of any nation is deeply associated to its energy consumption levels. Over the years however, the insistent increase in the demand for energy triggered a significant utilization of fossil fuels which adversely impacted the environment. This paper therefore, in line with the numerous efforts made around the world, including in South Africa, offers further insight to the significance of the efficient use of energy and its conservation. Hence, it is pertinent to note that one unit of energy saved at the consumer end evades 2.5-3 times fresh capacity addition. Moreover, such savings via the efficient use of energy can be achieved at less than one-fifth of the cost of new capacity generation. Considering that the per capita consumption in South Africa is likely to grow with growth in economy, thereby increasing the energy demand, the efficient use and conservation of energy has become even more crucial. In simple terms, per capita energy consumption is greatly indicative of the wellbeing of human life. The dismal levels of energy inefficiency the world over, has impacted the atmosphere and caused climate changes. The resultant rise in global temperature affects the complex web of systems that permit life to flourish on earth such as rainfall, wind patterns, ocean currents and distribution of plant and animal species. For these reasons, energy conservation programmes get carbon credit from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which emphasizes how energy efficiency is key to all enterprises, especially for energy intensive industries. As such, any successful energy conservation programme needs the commitment of top management in giving equal importance in their corporate objective as manpower, raw material, production and sales. Furthermore, the paper posits that in actualizing the critical energy saving potential envisaged in South Africa, there should be efforts from entrepreneurs, State Agencies and the Government as “energy conservation is always a win-win situation for all stakeholders”.
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Evaluation of polymeric membranes efficacy for the water filtration system prototype

- Empompo, Jonathan Bambokela, Muzenda, Edison, Belaid, Mohammed, Matheri, Anthony Njuguna

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