Mitigation of Ulaanbaatar city's air pollution - from source aportionment to ultra-low emission lignite burning stoves
- Lodoyasamba, S., Pemberton-Pigott, C.
- Authors: Lodoyasamba, S. , Pemberton-Pigott, C.
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Domestic stoves , Emissions , Air pollution - Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar , Clean energy
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:6245 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8189
- Description: The extraordinary air pollution in Ulaanbaatar (up to 4 200 μg m-3) was monitored using Nucleopore® filters and particle counters. Particle analysis confirmed low temperature coal combustion as the major air quality problem in poor districts. High time-resolution PM 2.5 data showed particles are emitted during the ignition of lignite fires. Over 50% of all PM comes from the ignition phase of stoves lighted in the morning and in the late afternoon after people arrive home from work. A laboratory (modelled on the SeTAR Centre Laboratory, University of Johannesburg) was established to quantify domestic stove emissions. Measured particulate matter was as much as 12 g m-3 of flue gases. Data analysis uses the SeTAR Centre Heterogeneous Testing Protocols and analytical methods. A combustor testing programme led rapidly to the development of an extremely clean-burning cooking and space heating stove that has been developed and brought to market within a single year. An acceptable 9 kW low-emission (up to 99% reduction of PM 2.5) and high efficiency (50% fuel savings) crossdraft cooking and space heating stove was developed and is being piloted for large scale production in Ulaanbaatar at this time.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Lodoyasamba, S. , Pemberton-Pigott, C.
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Domestic stoves , Emissions , Air pollution - Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar , Clean energy
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:6245 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8189
- Description: The extraordinary air pollution in Ulaanbaatar (up to 4 200 μg m-3) was monitored using Nucleopore® filters and particle counters. Particle analysis confirmed low temperature coal combustion as the major air quality problem in poor districts. High time-resolution PM 2.5 data showed particles are emitted during the ignition of lignite fires. Over 50% of all PM comes from the ignition phase of stoves lighted in the morning and in the late afternoon after people arrive home from work. A laboratory (modelled on the SeTAR Centre Laboratory, University of Johannesburg) was established to quantify domestic stove emissions. Measured particulate matter was as much as 12 g m-3 of flue gases. Data analysis uses the SeTAR Centre Heterogeneous Testing Protocols and analytical methods. A combustor testing programme led rapidly to the development of an extremely clean-burning cooking and space heating stove that has been developed and brought to market within a single year. An acceptable 9 kW low-emission (up to 99% reduction of PM 2.5) and high efficiency (50% fuel savings) crossdraft cooking and space heating stove was developed and is being piloted for large scale production in Ulaanbaatar at this time.
- Full Text:
Optimising the imbaula stove
- Kimemia, D.K., Annegarn, H.J., Robinson, J., Pemberton-Pigott, C., Molapo, V.
- Authors: Kimemia, D.K. , Annegarn, H.J. , Robinson, J. , Pemberton-Pigott, C. , Molapo, V.
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Imbaula stoves , Domestic stoves , Fuel combustion , Stove ignition , Basa njengo Magogo
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:6238 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8179
- Description: In South Africa, human and environmental health implications from domestic solid fuel combustion have spurred interest in cleaner alternative sources of energy and better combustion technologies. Field research among wood and coal burning informal settlements in Johannesburg has shown that the most prevalent mode of combustion is self-made imbaula (brazier) stoves, manufactured from discarded 20 L steel drums. Such stoves are made without any measure of performance optimisation, leading to fuel inefficiency and high emissions - previous field surveys have indicated that the number, size and placement of primary and secondary air inlets (taken as holes below and above the fire grate respectively) vary over a wide range, starting from an extreme with no holes below the grate [1]. Researchers at SeTAR Centre, University of Johannesburg, have set out to develop an enhanced imbaula, by investigating performance in terms of size and distribution of primary and secondary air inlets, and height of grate level. The test imbaulas are constructed out of standard 20 L drums with a height of 360 mm and diameter of 295 mm. A range of hole configurations has been designed, from which selected test configurations are fabricated for experimental evaluation of thermal and emissions properties, using the SeTAR heterogeneous testing protocol. The results indicate that higher hole densities (above and below the grate) lead to higher power outputs and lower specific CO emissions, but with lower thermal efficiency. Further, results indicate that adequate air holes below the grate (primary air) are more important for proper combustion in an imbaula; however this should be synchronised with secondary air in-lets (above the grid) in order to have congruence of all the performance criteria. This study should lead to the development of a set of criteria that can further enhance emissions reductions and fuel efficiency obtained by top-down stove ignition methods (Basa njengo Magogo) for imbaula type stoves.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Kimemia, D.K. , Annegarn, H.J. , Robinson, J. , Pemberton-Pigott, C. , Molapo, V.
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Imbaula stoves , Domestic stoves , Fuel combustion , Stove ignition , Basa njengo Magogo
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:6238 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8179
- Description: In South Africa, human and environmental health implications from domestic solid fuel combustion have spurred interest in cleaner alternative sources of energy and better combustion technologies. Field research among wood and coal burning informal settlements in Johannesburg has shown that the most prevalent mode of combustion is self-made imbaula (brazier) stoves, manufactured from discarded 20 L steel drums. Such stoves are made without any measure of performance optimisation, leading to fuel inefficiency and high emissions - previous field surveys have indicated that the number, size and placement of primary and secondary air inlets (taken as holes below and above the fire grate respectively) vary over a wide range, starting from an extreme with no holes below the grate [1]. Researchers at SeTAR Centre, University of Johannesburg, have set out to develop an enhanced imbaula, by investigating performance in terms of size and distribution of primary and secondary air inlets, and height of grate level. The test imbaulas are constructed out of standard 20 L drums with a height of 360 mm and diameter of 295 mm. A range of hole configurations has been designed, from which selected test configurations are fabricated for experimental evaluation of thermal and emissions properties, using the SeTAR heterogeneous testing protocol. The results indicate that higher hole densities (above and below the grate) lead to higher power outputs and lower specific CO emissions, but with lower thermal efficiency. Further, results indicate that adequate air holes below the grate (primary air) are more important for proper combustion in an imbaula; however this should be synchronised with secondary air in-lets (above the grid) in order to have congruence of all the performance criteria. This study should lead to the development of a set of criteria that can further enhance emissions reductions and fuel efficiency obtained by top-down stove ignition methods (Basa njengo Magogo) for imbaula type stoves.
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The uncontrolled cooking test : measuring three-stone fire performance in northern Mozambique
- Robinson, J., Ibraimo, M., Pemberton-Pigott, C.
- Authors: Robinson, J. , Ibraimo, M. , Pemberton-Pigott, C.
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Uncontrolled cooking test , Cooking systems - Mozambique
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:6077 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10735
- Description: The assessment of cooking system performance in developing countries is a continued area of interest, with laboratory testing methods often being unrepresentative of real world use, and field based methods tending to be resource intensive with high levels of variability. This paper presents the Uncontrolled Cook Test (UCT), a relatively low cost field testing protocol that assesses the task-based performance of the system when cooking any meal and operated as per local conditions and practice. A total of 29 UCTs were conducted in households in a study village in rural northern Mozambique, all on wood-burning three stone fires. The UCT proved a capable method for the assessment of cooking system performance and, critically, returned a data set with less variation than is typically reported by existing field test methods, so offering the potential to use fewer resources to detect a statistically significant difference between baseline and ‘improved’ stove results.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Robinson, J. , Ibraimo, M. , Pemberton-Pigott, C.
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Uncontrolled cooking test , Cooking systems - Mozambique
- Type: Article
- Identifier: uj:6077 , http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10735
- Description: The assessment of cooking system performance in developing countries is a continued area of interest, with laboratory testing methods often being unrepresentative of real world use, and field based methods tending to be resource intensive with high levels of variability. This paper presents the Uncontrolled Cook Test (UCT), a relatively low cost field testing protocol that assesses the task-based performance of the system when cooking any meal and operated as per local conditions and practice. A total of 29 UCTs were conducted in households in a study village in rural northern Mozambique, all on wood-burning three stone fires. The UCT proved a capable method for the assessment of cooking system performance and, critically, returned a data set with less variation than is typically reported by existing field test methods, so offering the potential to use fewer resources to detect a statistically significant difference between baseline and ‘improved’ stove results.
- Full Text:
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