Abstract
I aimed to evaluate the role of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) in managing the collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in Muyexe and Matiyane, located in Limpopo Province, South Africa. To do this, I gathered data from tribal authorities and local communities through semi-structured face-to-face interviews, involving a total of 148 respondents from both villages. Participants were selected using a combination of purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data were analyzed with thematic content analysis. My study identified two main categories of TEK used in managing NTFP harvesting: TEK in the form of rules and regulations, and TEK in the form of taboos. The enforcement of laws and sanctions for violations emerged as the most important factor affecting the effectiveness of local institutions in managing NTFP collection. I emphasize that, beyond modernization, agreed-upon rules and taboos governing resource collection play vital roles in conserving mopane trees (Colophospermum mopane) and marula trees (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra). The findings suggest a need for adaptable local management systems that strengthen TEK among communities involved in managing or overseeing NTFP collection, thereby promoting long-term livelihood security and conserving marula and mopane woodland communities.