Abstract
This study explores the challenges teachers faced in implementing inclusive education amid crises, using the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study. An interpretive research paradigm was adopted, emphasizing participants' experiences over theoretical assumptions. The study employed a qualitative approach, including one-on-one semi-structured interviews, to gather data from 12 teachers across three schools in South Africa, representing three socioeconomic contexts. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that barriers to inclusive education during the crisis include inadequate training, insufficient resources, poor parental involvement, increased teacher workloads, and internet connectivity challenges. Teachers, particularly in lower socioeconomic contexts, struggled to adapt to remote learning environments, exacerbating inequalities among students. Additionally, compliance with health protocols and managing absenteeism posed further challenges. The study concludes by recommending crisis-specific training programs, equitable resource allocation, stronger parental engagement, teacher support systems, and enhanced health protocols to ensure more effective implementation of inclusive education during future crises. These findings underscore the need for flexible educational policies and proactive strategies to mitigate the impact of crises on vulnerable students and their educators..