Abstract
This work investigates the stability and regeneration of HZSM-5 and Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts in the ethanol-to-hydrocarbon conversion. The catalysts were characterised using different techniques and evaluated at 623 K and 7 h−1 for 96 h TOS with two regeneration cycles. HZSM-5 showed high stability with 100% ethanol conversion, while Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts maintained 100% stability for 48 h before dropping. Regenerated catalysts were comparable to the originals in terms of product distribution, stability, and performance. HZSM-5 preferred BTX, while Ni-doped catalysts favoured C5-C8, C9-C12, and C12+ synthesis. The regeneration process restored catalytic activity, especially for the Ni-doped catalysts, extending their life and reducing replacement costs.
•HZSM-5 outperformed Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst, maintaining ∼100% ethanol conversion over 96-h TOS.•HZSM-5 catalyst favoured BTX, Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts preferred C5-C8, C9-C12, and C12+ HCs.•Regenerated catalysts showed similar performance and product distribution as pure catalysts.•Regeneration process revived Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts, extending their lifespan.