Abstract
This study investigates the application of a PID controller with a fractional derivative component (PIDDμ),
optimized using the stochastic fractional search (SFS) technique, for load frequency control (LFC) in power
systems. Additionally, solar PV and battery energy storage systems (BESS) and flywheel energy storage systems
(FESS) are integrated as backup sources to enhance the LFC performance. To assess the effectiveness of the
proposed approach, three error metrics—Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE), Integral Time Multiplied Square
Error (ITSE), and Integral of Absolute Error (IAE)—are evaluated. The results are compared with recent
optimization-based LFC techniques across various scenarios. It is found that the SFS-PIDDμ achieves
IAE=0.006786, ITSE=1.07e-05, and ITAE=0.01853, which are significantly lower than the error values produced
by other LFC techniques. Furthermore, integrating solar PV, along with BESS and FESS, further reduces
these error values. The graphical LFC responses of the SFS-PIDDμ outperform other optimization-based LFC
techniques. The robustness of the approach is also validated against random load changes of varying magnitudes
and for broader parametric variations.