Abstract
Evidence suggests that pollutants like particulate matter and heavy metals significantly
impact health. This study investigated the determinants and sources of indoor PM2.5 heavy metals
and assessed the health risk to children in Durban. Thirty households of mothers participating
in the mother and child in the environment (MACE) birth cohort study were assessed for PM2.5
heavy metals. Multivariate linear regression was used to identify the determinants of PM2.5 heavy
metals, while Pearson correlation and principal component analysis identified their sources. The
health risk for children was assessed using measured metal concentrations. Proximity to industry,
wall type, house age, and presence of windows increased some PM2.5 heavy metals, while cross
ventilation reduced indoor PM2.5 As and Cu levels. Pearson correlation and principal component
analysis indicated household, traffic, industrial, and natural sources as potential contributors. The
health index was greater than 1, and cancer risk values for PM2.5 As and Pb exceeded acceptable
levels. The findings highlight the toxicity of indoor air due to heavy metals and the potential for
adverse health outcomes in children. To protect vulnerable groups, it is essential to prevent exposure
to high-risk metals.