Abstract
Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the most common ocular surface diseases, which
is caused by decreased tear production or increased evaporation. It is a growing public health
concern as it influences the quality of life and work and visual function.
Aim: This review will update health care professionals about some of the latest research
concerning DED and its treatment.
Method: An extensive literature search was conducted on studies that investigated the
aetiology, pathophysiology and treatment options of DED.
Results: The search returned 51 articles that were included in this review. All reviewed papers
showed that DED is characterised by the loss of homeostasis, resulting in tear film instability,
hyperosmolarity and inflammation of the ocular surface.
Conclusion: The causes of DED are complicated and multifactorial but currently, inflammation
of the ocular surface is believed to be the main cause. The many different potential topical and
systemic treatments have evolved to provide a targeted and effective treatment option from
which clinicians can choose. Most of the potential new drugs have been designed to control
inflammation and restore the usual or normal quantity of tears.
Contribution: The goal of treatment should be to improve the patient’s symptoms and/or
may be even the signs if present, and a good relationship between the patient and doctor is
crucial for the management plan.