Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a key transcription factor that controls the antioxidant response to oxidative stress, especially after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). This review examines NRF2's emerging role as a complementary biomarker in radiobiological dosimetry for assessing radiation exposure and its potential health effects. When cells encounter IR, the resulting reactive oxygen species (ROS) interfere with the NRF2 repressor KEAP1, leading to NRF2 activation and the expression of cytoprotective genes such as HO-1, NQO1, and GCLC. Evidence suggests that NRF2 levels increase in a dose- and time-dependent manner, primarily at low to moderate radiation doses, highlighting its potential for early detection of radiation exposure. However, at high doses (>8 Gy), NRF2 activation may be suppressed due to apoptosis or irreversible damage, which limits its reliability in those situations. The review also compares NRF2 with other biomarkers used in biodosimetry, discussing its advantages, such as sensitivity and early response, along with its limitations, including variability in activation at high doses and expression influenced by other oxidative factors. The authors introduce a comprehensive radiobiological model that illustrates how low-dose IR exposure affects NRF2 expression patterns, thereby improving the understanding of dose-dependent oxidative stress mechanisms. Additionally, the role of NRF2 in inflammation and general health risk assessment is emphasized, suggesting broader applications beyond biodosimetry. Overall, NRF2 holds significant promise for use in evaluating radiation exposure, developing radioprotection strategies, and informing future radiobiological research frameworks.