Abstract
South Africa's persistent energy shortages and high utility costs have led to increased interest in rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, understanding their economic and environmental viability in urban residential contexts remains limited. This study investigates the feasibility of integrating rooftop solar PV systems with local energy storage and grid electricity in residential housing complexes in Benoni, Gauteng Province. A hybrid energy system was proposed and modeled using detailed consumption data from a typical community in Benoni. The system includes rooftop PV installations, lithium-ion storage, and connection to the national grid. A techno-economic analysis was conducted over a 25-year project lifespan to evaluate energy cost, payback period, net present cost, and carbon dioxide emissions. The optimal system configuration-Solar PV + Storage + Grid-achieved average annual utility bill savings of USD 30,207, with a payback period of 1.0 year, a net present cost (NPC) of USD 40,782, and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 101.7%. Annual utility costs were reduced from USD 30,472 to USD 267, and the system resulted in a net reduction of 130 metric tons of CO2 emissions per year. The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) was USD 0.0071/kWh. The integration of rooftop solar PV and energy storage with grid electricity presents a highly cost-effective and environmentally sustainable solution for residential communities in urban South Africa. The findings support policy initiatives aligned with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7: "Affordable and Clean Energy".