Abstract
Introduction: Posterior tibial nerve (PTN) cross-sectional area (CSA) reference values for the diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) using ultrasound imaging exist in several countries but not in South Africa (SA). Therefore, the objective was to measure the CSA reference values for PTN in SA. Methods: Ultrasound CSA measurements of PTN in both ankles on 112 participants were performed, the mean measurement was recorded, and the effect of race, age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Results: In this study, the primary variables age and BMI affect the CSA measurement of the PTN. A positive correlation was found between PTN asymptomatic size and age (r = 0.196, P < 0.05), size and BMI (r = 0.200, P < 0.05). Age (categories) had a mean value of 3.17 for the age group 36-45 years (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9-3.4). The mean BMI was 30.0 kg/m(2) (CI 28.57-31.08). As for the asymptomatic PTN, a mean CSA reference value of 0.10 cm(2) was obtained. Conclusion: With increase in age and BMI, a greater PTN measurement will occur. Race appears to be a contributing factor, but further research is needed in this regard. The reference CSA value for normal PTN should be set at 0.10 cm(2) for all racial groups for a basic musculoskeletal ultrasound exam protocol in South Africa.