Abstract
1.1 Introduction Colonisation of Africa between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, changed the culture of indigenous African people (Kuada, 2010). Cultural change, due to the influence of colonialism, forced changes in African beliefs, traditions, cultural identity, social norms, community structures, leadership and economics. (Falola & Sanchez, 2014). The collective influence of the imposed colonial changes has affected the current ability of African leaders to lead effectively in so far as meeting the demands of their followers (Jackson, 2016). These imposed colonial effects influence African leadership until today. Colonisation was formalised by German Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, in November 1884, when 14 countries including Europe, United Kingdom and America, decided to exploit Africa. The purpose was to agree on the division of the African continent between the 14 countries that attended the Berlin Colonial Conference. The aim was broadly to leverage resources and people in Africa to the benefit of the colonising entity. Africa was not present (Wingo, 2016). ..
M.Phil. (Personal and Professional Leadership)