Abstract
This research delves into the influence of computer-generated imagery (CGI) and special effects on the depiction of female superheroes in popular superhero movies. The investigation centres on three specific films: Catwoman (2004), Wonder Woman (2017), and Captain Marvel (2019). Throughout history, male characters have predominantly dominated the superhero genre, often relegating female characters to stereotypical and one-dimensional roles. The utilization of CGI has amplified and distorted gender portrayals, resulting in hypersexualized depictions of female characters (Bukatman 1994:4; Herbozo et al., 2004), while males are typically portrayed as rugged and muscular (Baker and Raney, 2007). This study probes the influence of digital special effects on the shaping of gender identities within superhero films, particularly concerning the female leads. The examination encompasses multiple aspects such as costume design, representation of the female physique, utilization of superpowers, and the presentation of feminist ideals. The analysis is underpinned by theoretical frameworks rooted in theories of representation and feminism. Employing thematic analysis, the focus is directed towards the depiction of the female body, costume choices, and superhuman abilities, aiming to elucidate disparities between female superheroes and their male counterparts, as well as the perpetuation of gender stereotypes within media portrayals. The findings underscore advancements in the portrayal of female heroines, while concurrently acknowledging the persistent sway of established stereotypes. Ultimately, recent digital renderings of female superheroes, exemplified by Catwoman, Wonder Woman, and Captain Marvel, exhibit varying degrees of challenging or reinforcing prevailing stereotypes seen in movies led by male protagonists. Catwoman (2004), through its sexualized representation, tends to reinforce existing stereotypes, whereas Wonder Woman (2017) and Captain Marvel(2019) lean towards subverting these norms by offering multifaceted and empowering female protagonists. The inclusion of women in production, audience impact, and feminist perspectives have collectively contributed to a more favourable depiction of female heroes in contemporary times (Cocca, 2021).