Abstract
Renewable energy sources (RES), such as Solar Photovoltaics (PV), present valuable pathways for meeting near-zero carbon objectives. However, the intermittent nature of solar PV necessitates reliable energy storage solutions. This study extended beyond solar (PV), evaluating the merits and limitations of various electrochemical battery technologies, such as Lithium Ferro-Phosphate (LFP), Lead-acid (Pb-acid), and Vanadium Redox Flow batteries (VRFB), coupled with PV systems. The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER Pro) software was employed to develop the techno-economic model and the simulations. The study considered Scenarios A and B, with distinct BESS usable capacities of 1.17 MWh and 2.34 MWh, respectively. LFP BESS emerged as the better option, consistently exhibiting unmatched economic performance across different scenarios compared to Pb-Acid and VRFB in large-scale stationary energy storage applications. In addition to BESS systems technoeconomic feasibility, this analysis also considers the environmental implications of these storage solutions. Batteries offer an eco-option that supports sustainability goals by reducing carbon dioxide emissions and harmful pollutants. This emphasizes the importance of taking an approach when choosing energy storage technologies, considering cost effectiveness, technical capabilities, and environmental and social impacts. The research suggests tailoring the selection of energy storage systems to meet energy system needs, financial limitations, and overall strategic goals. For the commercial and industrial (C&I) sector, LFP batteries are the most economically viable and environmentally responsible option for large-scale, stationary storage solutions.