Abstract
M.Tech. (Mechanical Engineering)
This study investigated process development of recovering base oils from waste lithium based lubricating grease using a novel combination of thermal degradation in an aqueous caustic solution and solvent extraction. Lubricating greases consist of a thickening agent dispersed in mineral or synthetic oil, forming a colloidal suspension [1]. Large and increasing volumes of used lubricating oil and grease are produced each year and are considered hazardous wastes. During operation, grease suffers mechanical and thermal degradation [2]. Subsequently, it is regarded as waste and it must be disposed. The waste oil should be collected and recycled not only to prevent the environmental pollution but also to preserve natural resources. Solvent extraction is the preferred method to recycle waste lubricants as it is cost-effective and requires no further purification of the product [3]. The influence of extraction temperature, agitation strength, extraction time, degrading agent concentration, degrading agent-to-grease and solvent-to-sludge mixing ratios on base oil recovery from waste lubricating grease was investigated. This study further optimised the process by studying the influence of various degrading agents (LiOH, NaOH and KOH) and solvents (n-hexane, toluene, heptane, butane, hexanol and acetone) on oil recovery. Oil recovery was enhanced by increase in both extraction temperature, time and agitation speed. The optimum extraction time was found to be 12 minutes. KOH was found to be the optimum degrading agent compared to LiOH and NaOH. Oil recovery also increased from 8.04% to 36.87% with increase in KOH m/m from 5% to 30%. The recovery also increased with an increase of solvent-to-sludge ratio up to 1:6. n-Hexane gave the highest recovery of 74.39% while acetone gave the lowest of 7.43%. A solvent recovery of 82.6% to 88% was obtained through fractional distillation. The study also investigated the differences between virgin and recycled oil using atomic absorption (AA), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR). Rheological studies of waste grease derived oil (WGDO) were also performed. ICP results showed traces of some elements such as Fe, Cu, Si, Ni and Al at a concentration of less than 0.9 mg/L. Oxidation was observed to occur at a band length of 1716 cm-1 while additives were identified at 1670 - 1725 cm-1. The oil viscosity slightly increased with increasing shear rate at temperatures between 60°C and 120°C. The shear rate was varied from 200 to 1000 1/s, with a viscosity convergence at 100°C. A financial economic model was applied to investigate the feasibility of the recycling technology. For 800 kg/day treatment plant, an investment of R 6,031,304.27 is required with a potential return on investment of 40%. Recovery was found to be favourable option compared to landfilling as it offers both economic and environmental benefits.