Abstract
Osteoporosis is regarded as the most progressive of all mitochondrial bone disorders in humans (Phetfong et al., 2016). Osteoporosis causes bones to weaken, increasing the probability of bone fractures (Sozen et al., 2017). The field of regenerative medicine (RM) offers the potential to heal tissues and organs damaged by injuries, chronic disease, or aging (Mason and Dunnill, 2008). The most promising form of RM is stem cell (SC) therapy due to the characteristics that SCs portray including the ability to self-renew and differentiate into a variety of cell lineages (Polak and Bishop, 2006). Research shows that the transplantation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) enables the formation and strengthening of new bones, aids in an increase of bone consistency and reduces fracture associated outcomes (Hu et al., 2018). The benefits of using ADMSCs in SC therapy include the absence of ethical problems, as a minimally invasive process efficiently isolates ADMSCs from adipose tissues, resulting in a high cell abundance and yield (Frese et al., 2016). In vitro, ADMSCs require the presence of both biological and chemical growth factors (GFs) within their culture medium for successful differentiation into osteogenic cell lineages (Trentz et al., 2010). Despite the presence of GFs, ADMSCs are preferentially differentiated into adipogenic lineages (Lee et al., 2014) and therefore, the use of GFs in conjunction with a mechanical stimulant such as photobiomodulation (PBM) is necessary for the control of lineage specific differentiation (Akyol et al., 2015). Photobiomodulation is the application of visible and near-infrared (NIR) light by coherent or incoherent light sources to cells and tissues (Anders et al., 2019). When endogenous chromophores absorb light, photochemical and photophysical responses occur (De Freitas and Hamblin, 2016). An increased mitochondrial oxidative metabolism induced by PBM, facilitates cell function, proliferation, migration, and tissue regeneration (De Freitas and Hamblin, 2016). Treatment of ADMSCs using PBM, promoted the growth, development, and differentiation of SCs into various cell lineages...
M.Tech. (Biomedical Sciences)